Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Ratification |
RatificationNoun1. Making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it; "the ratification of the treaty"; "confirmation of the appointment". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "ratification" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1651. (references) |
Etymology: Ratification \Rat`i*fi*ca"tion\, noun. [Compare to the French expression ratification.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Military | In NATO standardization, the declaration by which a member nation formally accepts, with or without reservation, the content of a standardization agreement. See also implementation; NATO standardization agreement; reservation. (references) |
Public Administration | Confirmation, sanction (proposed . . . . ratification of treaties by a simple majority of both houses of Congress). Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonym: RatificationSynonym: confirmation (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Assent | Ratification, confirmation, corroboration, approval, acceptance, visa; indorsement; (record). |
Compact | Ratification, completion, signature, seal, sigil, signet. |
Consent | Settlement, ratification, confirmation, adjustment. |
Evidence | Secondary evidence; confirmation, corroboration, support; ratification; (assent); authentication; compurgation, wager of law, comprobation. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Ratification |
| English words defined with "ratification": Affirmance ♦ confirmation, Consignation ♦ Homologation. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Ratification" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses. French (confirmation, credit, ratification). |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Magna Carta | 1215 | In the first place we have granted to God, and by this our present charter confirmed for us and our heirs forever that the English Church shall be free, and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate; and we will that it be thus observed; which is apparent from this that the freedom of elections, which is reckoned most important and very essential to the English Church, we, of our pure and unconstrained will, did grant, and did by our charter confirm and did obtain the ratification of the same from our lord, Pope Innocent III, before the quarrel arose between us and our barons: and this we will observe, and our will is that it be observed in good faith by our heirs forever. (reference) |
US Constitution | 1791 | Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788. (reference) |
Amendment to US Constitution | 1795-1992 | After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | In all other respects the Treaty will enter into force for each Power at the date of the deposit of its ratification. (reference) |
Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | It covered exhaustively consideration of the Amendment in Congress, ratification by the states, then existing practices in racial segregation, and the views of proponents and opponents of the Amendment. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | That the need exists for the ratification of new legislation and the revision of current legislation in order for both privatization and restructuring to proceed demonstrates reform's dependency upon the political process. (references) | |
Children | Burundi | The National Assembly voted in favor of the ratification of the Additional Protocol Against Child Soldiers late in the year. (references) |
Burundi | There was no information on whether the decree had been issued or whether the Government deposited its instrument of ratification of the Additional Protocol. (references) | |
Burundi | With the approval of the National Assembly, the President has the authority to issue a decree ratifying the Protocol and to transmit an instrument of ratification. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Macedonia | In 1997 Macedonia became a signatory to the European Union (EU) Convention on Citizenship, but the ratification bill had not yet been implemented by year's end. (references) |
Eritrea | At year's end, public debate on the draft laws was ongoing; such debate is required prior to submission of the draft laws to the provisional National Assembly for amendment and ratification. (references) | |
Economic History | Honduras | The treaty awaits legal ratification in both countries. (references) |
Human Rights | Panama | The President appoints nine Supreme Court magistrates to 10-year terms, subject to Legislative Assembly ratification. (references) |
Trinidad and Tobago | There has been some progress toward establishing a regional Caribbean Court of Justice, which would replace appeals to the Privy Council; the measure awaits ratification by the member states. (references) | |
Eritrea | At independence the Government chose to retain the Ethiopian legal system but made some modifications to it. The Government has developed new commercial, penal, and criminal codes, which remained ready for ratification by the National Assembly, although ratification had not occurred by year's end. (references) | |
Political Economy | COSTA RICA | BITs with Korea and Switzerland require ratification by the Legislative Assembly. (references) |
SWITZERLAND | Ratification has been concluded in every country except France, Ireland, and Belgium. (references) | |
VENEZUELA | The Venezuelan government is also working to get a new Industrial Property Law approved by the National Assembly (Congress), as well as promoting the ratification of the WIPO treaties. (references) | |
Political Rights | Congo | The Government did not pursue the ratification of the proposed constitution drafted in 1998; after it was disseminated in 1998 to the press, many leaders of political parties, NGO's, and religious organizations criticized it as undemocratic. (references) |
Trade | Costa Rica | A Free Trade Agreement with Chile awaits ratification by the Costa Rican Legislative Assembly. (references) |
Yemen | The draft for this value added tax has received ministerial approval and is awaiting parliamentary ratification., expected before the end of 2001. (references) | |
Women | Niger | Women's groups so far have been silent on the ratification, allegedly due to fear of reprisals. (references) |
Niger | Islamic groups criticized the ratification and complained that they were not consulted beforehand. (references) | |
Croatia | This ratification represents implementation of the final element of the previous year's "Beijing Plus Five" platform on international legal instruments on women. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Lesotho | In June the Government conveyed its ratification of Convention 105 concerning the prohibition of forced or compulsory labor to the ILO. (references) |
Armenia | In November the Government acceded to the convention and two protocols: however, the ratification process had not been completed by year's end. (references) | |
Costa Rica | Committee members were also involved in a consultative process to encourage ratification of ILO Convention 182 on elimination of the worst forms of child labor, which the Legislative Assembly approved on July 30. The Ministry of Labor maintains an Office for the Eradication of Child Labor, which cooperates with projects sponsored by the ILO, U.N. Development Program, and other entities. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | Unexpected delay occurring in the ratification by Spain, he requested to be informed of the cause. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | A new treaty of amity, navigation, and commerce has been concluded with the Kingdom of Sweden, which will be submitted to the Senate for their advice with regard to its ratification. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | By information just received that additional article to the treaty will be obtained and transmitted to this country as soon as it can receive the ratification of the Mexican Congress. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment must be aggressively pursued. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | I also want to ask you for a constructive bipartisan dialogue this year to work to build a consensus which I hope will eventually lead to the ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Ratification" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Ratification" is used about 405 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 405 | 13,877 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "ratification": non-ratification. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
constitution ratification | 16 |
ratification | 10 |
debate ratification | 4 |
802.11g ratification | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "ratification"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaan | bekragtiging (confirmation, sanction). (various references) | |
Albanian | ratifikim (confirmation), sanksionim (authorization, imprimatur, sanction, sanctions, validation), miratim (acceptance, acclamation, adoption, approbation, approval, assent, confirmation, consent, countenance, enactment, endorsement, Favor, favour, goodwill, imprimatur, indorsement, leave, ok, okay, okey, recognition, sanction, validation, warrant). (various references) | |
Arabic | موافقة (accession, agreement, approval, assent, consent, convenience, endorsement, fitness, indorsement, ok, okay, okey, propriety, sanction, suitability), تصديق (approving, attestation, belief, certificate, confirmation, credence, credit, ok, okay, okey, sanction), إقرار (authorization, avowal, endorsement, indorsement, sanction, stabilization). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | ратифициране (sanction), потвърждаване (affirmation, confirmation, validation, verification). (various references) | |
Chinese | 批准 (Approve, Approved, Approving, authorise, authorised, Authorize, Authorized, Authorizing, ratified, ratify, Ratifying). (various references) | |
Czech | ratifikace, schválení (adoption, approbation, approval, endorsement, passing, sanction, say so). (various references) | |
Dutch | ratificatie, bekrachtiging (confirmation, ministerial decree extending..., sanction, validation). (various references) | |
Esperanto | ratifo. (various references) | |
Farsi | قبولی (Approbation), تصویب (Approbation, Approval, Okay, Passage, Resolution, Sanction), تصدیق (Acknohledgement, Admission, Testimony), انعقاد (Coalescence). (various references) | |
French | ratification. (various references) | |
German | Ratifizierung, Ratifikation, Bestätigung (acknowledgement, acknowledgment, affirmation, attestation, authentication, certification, confirm, confirm primitive, confirmation, confirmed reservation, corroboration, endorsement, reassurance, recognition, reinforcement, upholding, validation, verification). (various references) | |
Greek | επικύρωση (authentication, confirmation, probate, sanction, validation, visa). (various references) | |
Hebrew | אשור (acknowledgment, affirmation, approbation, approval, authentication, authorization, certificate, charter, confirmation, corroboration, endorsement, o.k., sanction), אשרור, רטיפיקצי". (various references) | |
Hungarian | ratifikálás, megerősítés (affirmation, belaying, establishment, piling, reinforcement, succour), jóváhagyás (acquiescence, adhesion, affirmation, approbation, approval, assent, confirmation, consent, counter-signature, endorsement, imprimatur, indorsation, indorsement, sanction, validation), becikkelyezés (coding, enactment). (various references) | |
Icelandic | staðfesting. (various references) | |
Indonesian | pengesahan (legalization, validation), mengesahkan (affirm), isbat (affirmation, confirmation, positive). (various references) | |
Italian | ratifica (confirmation, sanction), omologazione (approval, certification, official approval, sanction). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 追認 (confirmation), 批准 (ratify). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ひじゅ" (ratify), ついに" (confirmation). (various references) | |
Manx | shickyraghey (affirm, affirmation, assure, certify, certifying, convince, ensure, make sure, ratify, ratifying, secure, verify, vouch). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | atificationray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | ratificação (acknowledgement, acknowledgment, confirmation, high-sounding, passage), homologação (affirmation, confirmation, qualification, sanction, statement), confirmação (acknowledgement, acknowledgment, affirmation, confirmation, referencing, reiteration, statement, testimony, verification). (various references) | |
Romanian | ratificare. (various references) | |
Russian | утверждение (affirmance, affirmation, allegation, assertion, asseveration, averment, claim, lament, maintenance, predicate, predication, proposition, testimony), ратификация (confirmation, validation). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | ratifikacija, potvrđivanje (affirmation, attestation, substantiation, validation). (various references) | |
Spanish | ratificación (affirmation, endorsement, indorsation, indorsement). (various references) | |
Swedish | ratificering, bekräftelse (acknowledgement, affirmation, attestation, certification, confirm, confirm primitive, confirmation, corroboration, seal). (various references) | |
Thai | การให้สัตยาบัน, การอนุมัติ (sanction). (various references) | |
Turkish | tasdik (attestation, confirmation, ok, okay, validation), onaylama (acceptance, appro, approval, attestation, carriage, certification, confirmation, corroboration, legitimation, recognition, subscription, validation), onay (acknowledgement, affirmation, approbation, approval, assent, backing, certification, confirmation, endorsement, indorsement, legitimation, o.k., ok, okay, sanction, visa, vise). (various references) | |
Ukranian | ратифікація (confirmation, validation), затвердження (approbation, approval, proving, validation). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự thông qua, sự phê chuẩn (affirmation, sanction, validation). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | sanctio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "ratification": ratifications. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "ratification": gratification, interstratification, stratification. (additional references) | |
Words containing "ratification": gratifications, interstratifications, stratifications. (additional references) | |
| |
"Ratification" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: eradification, factification, irradification, rasterisation, ratificatione, restification, retification, tariffication. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "ratification" (pronounced ra'tufukā"shun) |
| 11 | r a' t u f u k ā" sh u n | gratification. |
| 9 | -t u f u k ā" sh u n | certification, decertification, fortification, identification, notification, quantification, recertification, rectification, sanctification. |
| 8 | -u f u k ā" sh u n | acidification, amplification, classification, codification, deification, disqualification, diversification, edification, falsification, gasification, intensification, magnification, modification, nullification, ossification, pacification, personification, purification, qualification, ramification, reclassification, reunification, saponification, unification, verification, vilification. |
| 7 | -f u k ā" sh u n | pontification, suffocation. |
| 6 | -u k ā" sh u n | adjudication, advocation, allocation, application, authentication, avocation, communication, complication, convocation, dedication, desiccation, domestication, duplication, education, equivocation, eradication, excommunication, explication, implication, indication, intoxication, invocation, medication, misallocation, misapplication, miscommunication, multiplication, prefabrication, prognostication, provocation, reallocation, rededication, replication, revocation, vindication. |
| 5 | -k ā" sh u n | abdication, altercation, bifurcation, clarification, confiscation, demarcation, detoxication, detoxification, disembarkation, dislocation, echolocation, electrification, embarkation, evocation, fabrication, gentrification, glorification, indemnification, justification, location, lubrication, misidentification, mummification, obfuscation, publication, relocation, simplification, sophistication, specification, syndication, telecommunication, vacation, vocation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, activation, adaptation, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alphabetization, alteration, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, augmentation, authorization, automation, aviation, balkanization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, coagulation, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communization, compensation, compilation, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, divination, documentation, domination, donation, dramatization, duration, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, facilitation, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gastrulation, generalization, generation, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, gradation, graduation, granulation, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indentation, indexation, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, machination, magnetization, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscreation, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, nucleation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, punctuation, quotation, radiation, radicalization, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recitation, reclamation, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, recuperation, redecoration, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanitation, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, specialization, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, summation, superstation, tabulation, taxation, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, vibration, victimization, violation, visitation, visualization, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-c-f-i-i-i-n-o-r-t-t" | |
-3 letters: initiator. | |
-4 letters: antiriot, artifact, citation, fraction, friction, raincoat, traction. | |
-5 letters: actinia, antiair, anticar, antifat, arnatto, carotin, citator, faction, fanatic, fiction, frantic, infarct, infract, introit, noritic, ocarina, ricotta, taction, tantric, titania, titanic. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-c-f-i-i-i-n-o-r-t-t" | |
+1 letter: gratification, ratifications. | |
+2 letters: gratifications, stratification. | |
+3 letters: stratifications. | |
+5 letters: fractionalization. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)52 61 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-. .- - .. ..-. .. -.-. .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010010 01100001 01110100 01101001 01100110 01101001 01100011 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)R a t i f i c a t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0052 0061 0074 0069 0066 0069 0063 0061 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)526786757275696786758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Historic 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Quotations: Speeches 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Translations: Ancient | 13. Derivations 14. Rhymes 15. Anagrams 16. Orthography | 17. Bibliography |
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