Radical

Definitions: Radical

Radical

Adjective

1. (used of opinions and actions) far beyond the norm; "extremist political views"; "radical opinions on education"; "an ultra conservative".

2. Markedly new or introducing radical change; "a revolutionary discovery"; "radical political views".

3. Arising from or going to the root; "a radical flaw in the plan".

4. (linguistics) of or relating to or constituting a linguistic root; "a radical verb form".

5. (botany) especially of leaves; located at the base of a plant or stem; especially arising directly from the root or rootstock or a root-like stem; "basal placentation"; "radical leaves".

Noun

1. (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule.

2. An atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule than has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule; "in the body free radicals are high-energy particles that ricochet wildly and damage cells".

3. A person who has radical ideas or opinions.

4. A character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram.

5. A sign placed in front of an expression to denote that a root is to be extracted.

6. (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem".

Date "radical" was first used: 14th century. (references)

Domain	Definitions
Literature	Radical An ultra-Liberal, verging on republican opinions. The term was first applied as a party name in 1818 to Henry Hunt, Major Cartwright, and others of the same clique, who wished to introduce radical reform in the representative system, and not merely to disfranchise and enfranchise a borough or two. Lord Bolingbroke, in his Discourses on Parties, says, "Such a remedy might have wrought a radical cure of the evil that threatens our constitution." Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Radical is derived from the Latin word radix, which means "pertaining to the root(s)". In various fields of endeavor, it can mean:

in sociology:
- one who advocates thoroughgoing analysis or change "at the root"
in politics:
- (at the extreme) a supporter of a revolutionary social movement
- a counterpart to a conservative; see Radical Republican
in chemistry, either an atom or molecule with at least one unpaired electron, or a group of atoms, charged or uncharged, that act as a single entity in reaction. These two definitions are not functionally identical. (see radical (chemistry)).
in mathematics:
- the n-th radical or root of a number a, written as , which is a number whose n-th power is a (see radical (mathematics)).
- the Jacobson radical of a ring, which is an important ideal.
in linguistics, a part of a Chinese character (see radical (Chinese character)).

Radical (chemistry)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The term radical can have two distinct meanings in chemistry. The first is that a radical is an atom or molecule with free unpaired electrons. This causes them to be highly reactive as they try to bond these electrons with other atoms. In this sense, a radical is no different from a free radical. In the other sense, a radical is a collection of atoms that act as a common entity in reaction. For example, the ammonium ion, NH₄⁺, is a radical in that it can react as a single entity:

NH₄OH + NaHSO₄ → Na(NH₄)SO₄ + H₂O

Radicals in this second sense are often enclosed in parentheses in the expressions of chemical formulas (in this case the radical is the trivalent phosphate anion, PO₄^3-):

Fe₃(PO₄)₂

Radicals, depending on whether they are largely ionic or covalent in character, may also be referred to as a polyatomic ion or a functional group. A radical, such as ferrocyanide, with a central metal atom and dominated by coordination chemistry with ligands, would be called a complex ion.

It needs to be understood that radicals in the first sense may not be radicals in the second sense, and vice versa (though there are radicals that have both properties, for example the superoxide anion is both a functional group and has an unpaired electron). An example of the first kind of radical is the hydroxyl radical, an example of the second is the ammonium ion. Simple examination of the Lewis structure of ammonium will reveal a completed octet around the central nitrogen, hence it has no unpaired electrons.

Historically, the term radical in the second sense was in common use by the second decade of the 20th century, long before the concept of spin angular momentum was discovered by Dirac.

Radical (Chinese character)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A radical (from Latin radix, meaning "root") is a basic identifiable component of every Chinese character, namely, of the Chinese Hanzi, the Japanese Kanji, and the Korean Hanja. The name is an English translation of the characters 部首 (bu4 shou3 in Chinese; bushu in Japanese; busu in Korean), literally meaning "partial head", where "head" means "the most important (part)".

Radicals are used in Chinese dictionaries, Kanji-Japanese dictionaries, and Hanja-Korean dictionaries to order characters in sets by the number of strokess they contain.

Full characters are ordered according to their initial radicals, which fall into roughly 214 types (give or take 1 or 2, depending on the dictionary). Then these are subcategorised by their total number of strokes.

This principle of categorisation is exploited by everybody who must learn to write Han characters: The vast number of Chinese characters can be much more easily memorized if they are mentally decomposed into their constituent radicals.

How to use radicals in dictionary

The commonly used system, known as the "radical-and-stroke-count" method, makes use of the fact that Chinese characters (total number very approximately 5,000-50,000) are assembled from some 1,000-2,000 subcomponents. Of those subcomponents a few hundred are designated as "radicals" for indexing purposes. The most commonly encountered radicals are very basic ideograms, representing simple concepts like "man (人)," "sun (日)," or "tree (木)". The steps involved in looking up a character are (a) identify the radical under which the character is most likely to have been indexed; (b) find the section of the dictionary associated with that radical; (c) count the number of brush or pen strokes in the non-radical portion of the character; (d) find the pages listing characters under that radical that have that number of additional strokes; (e) find the appropriate entry or experiment with different choices for steps a and c.

For example, (信) (man standing next to his words(mouth with sound) meaning truth, faith, fidelity, sincerity, trust, confidence, reliance, or devotion. This particular character is composed of the radical for "man," and 7 additional strokes. To look this up one by the multi-radical method, [1] one finds the radical for "man" in the dictionary (most dictionaries will have an index page to help with this step) and then passes through 1 additional stroke, 2 additional strokes, etc. until one finds entries for 7 additional strokes. If the radical chosen by the user matches the radical used by the dictionary compiler (not a problem in this simple example, but it can be tricky), and if both user and dictionary compiler count strokes the same way (occasionally a problem), the entry will be found.

List of radicals

The following is the list of radicals in order of the number of strokess. The list is from Radical-Stroke Index of Unihan Database [1]

Synonyms: Radical

Synonyms: basal (adj), extremist (adj), revolutionary (adj), ultra (adj), base (n), chemical group (n), free radical (n), group (n), radical sign (n), root (n), root word (n), stem (n), theme (n). (additional references)

Antonym: cauline (adj). (additional references)

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Cause	Rudiment. egg, germ, embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus, seed, stem, stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule, radicle, semen, sperm.
	Adjective: caused; v; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial; aboriginal; protogenal; radical; embryonic, embryotic; in embryo, in ovo; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, having a common origin.
Change	Conversion; (gradual change); revolution; (sudden or radical change) inversion; (reversal); displacement; transference.
Completeness	Exhaustive, radical, sweeping, thorough-going; dead.
Importance	Paramount, essential, vital, all-absorbing, radical, cardinal, chief, main, prime, primary, principal, leading, capital, foremost, overruling; of vital; importance.
Improvement	Reformer, radical.
	Reform, reformation; revision, radical reform; second thoughts, correction, limoe labor, refinement, elaboration; purification; oxidation; repair; (restoration); recovery.
Intrinsicality	Adjective: derived from within, subjective; intrinsic, intrinsical; fundamental, normal; implanted, inherent, essential, natural; innate, inborn, inbred, ingrained, inwrought; coeval with birth, genetous, haematobious, syngenic; radical, incarnate, thoroughbred, hereditary, inherited, immanent; congenital, congenite; connate, running in the blood; ingenerate, ingenite; indigenous; in the grain; Noun: bred in the bone, instinctive; inward, internal; to the manner born; virtual.
Number	Positive, negative; rational, irrational; surd, radical, real; complex, imaginary; finite; infinite; impossible.
Remedy	Cure, treatment, regimen; radical cure, perfect cure, certain cure; sovereign remedy.
Revolution	Noun: revolution, bouleversement, subversion, break up; destruction; sudden change, radical change, sweeping organic change; change of state, phase change; quantum leap, quantum jump; clean sweep, coup d'etat, counter revolution.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	Beyond the fact that you are a brilliant Jewish physician who was born in Hungary and studied for a while in Paris, and that certain radical theories of yours have alienated the respectable medical community so that you have severed your connections with various hospitals and branches of the medical fraternity, beyond this I can deduce little. (The Seven-Per-Cent Solution; writing credit: Arthur Conan Doyle; Nicholas Meyer) Listen, looking at it very simply musicology and ethnically, the Rutles were essentially Imperical maleonglece of a rhythmically radical yet verbally passé and temporally transcended lyrically content welded with historically innovative melodical material transposed and transmogrified by the ankus of the Rutland ethic experience which elevated them from essentially alpha exponents of in essence merely beta potential harmonic material into the prime cultural exponents of Aloin condensic comic standard form (The Rutles; writing credit: Eric Idle) They're an ancient commune of feminists, so radical, so militant, so left of center they they eat their men. (Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death; writing credit: J.F. Lawton) Whoa radical misperception, dude, I'm weirder than you know. (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles; writing credit: Kevin Eastman; Peter Laird)
Lyrics	And when the radical priest ("Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard"; performing artist: Paul Simon) Now watch what you say or they'll be calling you a radical, ("The Logical Song"; performing artist: Supertramp)
Clever	The radical invents the views. When he has worn them out, the conservative adopts them. (references; author: Mark Twain)
Movie/TV Titles	Radical Harmonies (2002) Swat Kats: The Radical Squadron (1993) Radical Politics (1993) Manobra Radical (1991) Fera Radical (1988)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Domain	Title
Books	The Clinically Organ-Confined Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: Natural History, Selection Criteria for Radical Prostatectomy & Prognostic Factors Based (reference) Self-Actualization and the Radical Gospel (reference) An Affront to the Gospel?: The Radical Barth and the Southern Baptist Convention (American Academy of Religion Academy Series, N0 56) (reference) Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (reference) Agnes Smedley: The Life and Times of an American Radical (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Journal From The Radical Reformation (reference) Radical Historians Newsletter (reference) Radical Philosophy (reference) Radical Statistics (reference) Radical Teacher (reference) (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies	Fred Hammond & Radical For Christ - Live (reference) Radical Jack (reference) Portrait of a Radical / The Jesus Movement (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	Radical Piano: Modernist Masterpieces From The First Half Of The 20th Century (reference) Mystical Radical God (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	Radical Boarding (Jewel Case) (reference) Radical Rex (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Radical changes in sea level following 1964 Alaska Good Friday Earthquake.Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Radical Quacks giving a New Constitution to John Bull.! / Designed by an Amateur Etch by G Cruikshank.Credit: National Library of Medicine.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Author	Quotation
Oscar Wilde	He thinks like a Tory, and talks like a Radical, and that's so important nowadays.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Author	Date	Quotation
Communist Manifesto	1848	Abolition of the family! Even the most radical flare up at this infamous proposal of the Communists. (reference)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Many free radical scavengers are known. (references)
		Treatment with radical surgery or radiation is equally effective. (references)
		A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron in its outer shell. (references)
Business		This perception has been abetted by the more radical position taken by many in France. (references)
		A 19- year-old right-wing radical who admitted committing one of the attacks was arrested in June. (references)
		In 1995, radical measures (the Juppe reform, named after the Prime Minister at that time) were introduced. (references)
Civil Liberties	Jordan	In early 2000, radical Islamists had criticized a poem published by Hawamdeh. (references)
	United Arab Emirates	A proxy server blocks material regarded as pornographic or as promoting radical Islamic ideologies. (references)
	Jordan	The charges stemmed from a book of poems written by Hawamdeh that drew criticism from radical Islamists. (references)
Economic History	Cuba (09/01)	As the revolution became more radical, hundreds of thousands of Cubans fled the island. (references)
	Yemen	The PDRY established close ties with the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and radical Palestinians. (references)
	Chile	During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932-52), the state increased its role in the economy. (references)
Human Rights	Trinidad and Tobago	In 2000 the police had arrested and charged a member of Jamat al Muslimeen, a radical group, with this murder; he has become the prosecution's main witness in the case. (references)
	Lebanon	In August 2000, Syria released Shaykh Heshem Mingara, a radical Sunni member of the Islamic Unification Movement ("Tawheed"), who was arrested by Syrian forces in 1985 and transferred to Syria. (references)
	Eritrea	An unknown number of persons suspected of association with the Ethiopian Mengistu regime, radical Islamic elements, or suspected terrorist organizations remained in detention without charge, in some cases for years. (references)
Minorities	Yugoslavia	Jewish community members believe that the perpetrators were members of a radical nationalist group. (references)
	India	In October several days of Hindu-Muslim riots in Malegaon occurred after radical Muslims marched in support of Usama bin Laden at a political rally. (references)
	India	HRW, in its World Report 2001, has noted that attacks against Christians have increased significantly since the BJP came to power in March 1998. However, other NGO's have noted that Christians continue to be targets of violence and harassment by radical Hindu groups who accuse them of converting Hindus through bribes and coercion. (references)
Political Economy	Argentina	The Radical Civic Union (UCR) is the country's oldest party. (references)
	Trinidad	The rank and file do not widely support radical opposition to government policies. (references)
	Ukraine	Also on the left are the radical Progressive Socialist Party, the Peasant party, and the moderate Socialist Party. (references)
Political Rights	Chile	Lagos is a member of the center-left Concertacion Coalition, which includes his Socialist Party, the Christian Democratic Party, the Party for Democracy (of which Lagos is also a member), and the Radical Social Democrat Party. (references)
	Austria	This coalition received widespread criticism due to the nature of the FPO, which has been characterized by many observers as a "right wing populist party with radical elements." The percentage of women in government or politics does not correspond to their percentage of the population. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Michael Chertoff	That's correct. And a lot of people consider him to be the kind of brains or the philosopher behind bin Laden's organization. He is a physician, he's from Egypt, he is someone who has been a radical terrorist for a long period of time.
Rush Limbaugh	First we have a bunch of Left-wing radical kooks threatening to sue McDonald's and now we have the secretary of Health and Human Services sounding like he's ready to piggyback on it.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Speaker	Term	Phrase(s)
Andrew Jackson	1829-1837	Nothing short of a radical change in the action of the Government upon the subject can, in my opinion, remedy the evil.
Lyndon B. Johnson	1963-1969	The radical extremism of their Government has isolated the Chinese people behind their own borders.
Jimmy Carter	1977-1981	But now the Soviet Union has taken a radical and an aggressive new step.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

"Radical" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 94.71% of the time. "Radical" is used about 2,702 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Adjective (general or positive)	94.71%	2,559	3,562
Noun (singular)	5.25%	142	26,554
Noun (proper)	0.04%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	2,702	N/A

Expressions using "radical": acetyl radical ♦ alcohol radical ♦ aldehyde radical ♦ alkyl radical ♦ allyl radical ♦ azido radical ♦ azo radical ♦ benzoyl radical ♦ benzyl radical ♦ cacodyl radical ♦ compound radical ♦ cyanide radical ♦ cyano radical ♦ ethanoyl radical ♦ ethyl radical ♦ free radical ♦ Free Radical Scavengers ♦ hydrazo radical ♦ Hydroxyl Radical ♦ make more radical ♦ methyl radical ♦ methylene radical ♦ modified radical mastectomy ♦ propyl radical ♦ radical axis of two circles ♦ radical catalyst ♦ radical change ♦ radical cystectomy ♦ radical expression ♦ radical hysterectomy ♦ radical leaf ♦ radical mastectomy ♦ Radical Neck Dissection ♦ radical nitrate NO3 ♦ radical operation ♦ radical pitch ♦ radical plane ♦ radical prostatectomy ♦ radical quantity ♦ radical sign ♦ radical stress ♦ radical superoxide ♦ radical surgery ♦ radical vessels ♦ radical vinegar ♦ radical word ♦ radix radical ♦ sudden or radical change inversion ♦ under the radical sign ♦ uranyl radical ♦ vinyl radical. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "radical": radical-chic, radical-conservative, radical-democratic, radical-ecological, radical-feminist, radical-inducing, radical-led, radical-moderate, radical-nationalist, radical-ness, radical-radical, radical-reform, radical-secular-socialist, radical-seeming, radical-socialist, Radical-socialists.
	Ending with "radical": anti-radical, hydroxyl-radical.
	Containing "radical": student-radical-turned-management-consultant.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Language		Translations for "radical"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		rrënjësor (fundamental, root), rrënjë (base, foothold, radix, root, stem), radikal (residue, thoroughgoing), themelor (basal, basic, Cardinal, constitutive, essential, fundamental, main, primal, primary, prime, principal, seminal, ultimate, underlying), themel (base, bedrock, footing, foundation, foundations, groundwork, juice, quiddity, reason, substratum, substructure), thelbësor (Cardinal, elemental, essential, imperative, mattery, overriding, vital), natyror (inartificial, matter of course, native, natural, naturalistic, unaffected, unstarched, untaught), i plotë (all out, big, broad, clear, close, complete, comprehensive, crowded, dead, direct, dyed in the wool, entire, flush, fraught, full, gross, integral, out and out, outright, overall, perfect, plenary, Plumb, plummy, pregnant, round, sheer, solid, thorough, thoroughgoing, total, unabbreviated, uncut, unquestioning, utter, whole), fillestar (apprentice, beginner, catechumen, departure, elementary, freshman, incipient, infantile, initial, learner, neophyte, novice, preliminary, prime, primitive, primordial, recruit, rookie, tiro, youngling). (various references)

Arabic		‏فطري (congenital, connate, fungoid, fungous, fungus, habitual, inborn, inbred, indigenous, inherent, innate, native, natural, primitive), ‏متطرف (drastic, excessive, extravagant, extreme, extremist, immoderate, inordinate, intemperate, unrestrained), ‏مجمع الذرات, ‏نهائي (conclusive, definitive, eventual, extreme, final, firm, irrevocable, peremptory, ultimate), ‏تعبير جذري, ‏علامة الجذر, ‏جوهري (cardinal, essential, fundamental, intrinsic, intrinsical, main, material, overriding, pivotal, prime, quintessential, substantial), ‏جذري (basic, revolutionary), ‏جذر الكلمة (stem, theme), ‏أساسي (absolute, alkaline, basal, base, capital, cardinal, close, constitutional, formal, fundamental, imperative, indispensable, innate, inward, leading, main, major, material, momentous, nub, organic, overriding, paramount, piece de resistance, primal, primary, principal, right, staple, substantial, ultimate, underling), ‏أصلي (authentic, bona fide, ethnic, ethnical, fundamental, genetic, genetical, original, overriding, premier, prime, primordial, pristine, proper, pukka, true), ‏راديكالي, ‏شخص متطرف (ultra). (various references)

Bulgarian		съществен (essential, formal, fundamental, integral, integrant, intimate, intrinsic, material, meaty, substantial, substantive, underlying, vital), радикален (thorough, thoroughgoing), радикал (group, radicle), цялостен (across the board, all around, all out, complete, intact, integral, integrate, mass, organic, overall, teetotal, thorough, total, whole), коренен, корен (radix, root, stub, stump), вроден (congenital, connate, connatural, elemental, glandular, inborn, inbred, indigenous, inherent, innate, native, natural, temperamental, unconditioned, untaught, untutored), основен (abecedarian, alkali, alkaline, basal, basic, bottom, capital, essential, fundamental, general, grade, gut, key, key note, main, organic, pivotal, polar, primal, prime, primitive, primordial, principal, rudimental, rudimentary, substantial, thorough, thoroughgoing, tonic, ultimate, underlying), знак за корен, екстремист (extremist, jacobin, out-and-outer, ultra, wild man), пълен (absolute, alive, all out, ample, beefy, clear, compendious, complete, corpulent, dead, entire, exhaustive, explicit, fat, fleshy, fraught, full, grand, implicit, intact, integral, integrate, lousy, murky, out and out, outright, overall, overblown, perfect, plenary, portly, profound, pursy, rank, replenished, replete, riddle, right, round, sheer, stark, stout, substantial, teetotal, thoroughgoing, thorough-paced, total, unabbreviated, universal, unmitigated, unqualified, unreserved, utter, vast, very, well fed, whole, whole-footed, whole-hog), присъщ (immanent, incidental, indigenous, inherent, innate, intrinsic, native, natural, proper, resident), изчерпателен (detailed, exhaustive, vast). (various references)

Chinese		基 (base, basic, foundation), � �本 (Essential, fundamental), � � (basis, root). (various references)

Czech		radikální (drastic), radikál (extremist, stand-patter), základní (basal, basic, Cardinal, elementary, essential, fundamental, funded, overriding, primary, primitive, principal, rudimentary, standard, staple, ultimate, underlying), základ (basis, foundation, ground-in, pedestal, principle, radix, root, rudiment), kořen (root, stump), kmen (base, bole, stem, stock, strain, tribe). (various references)

Danish		radikal (group). (various references)

Dutch		radicaal (group, radically, thoroughly), stam (bole, boll, clan, ethnic group, microbial strain, phylum, race, root, shaft, stem, strain, tree-trunk, tribe, trunk), grondig (radically, thoroughgoing, thoroughly). (various references)

Esperanto		radikalulo, radikalo, radikala. (various references)

Finnish		radikaali (group). (various references)

French		radical (radically, radix). (various references)

German		Radikal (categorical, drastic, flat, group, radical element, radical species, radical substance, radically, root, sweeping, total, ultra), Wurzel (n., radix, root, root of the weld, stem, word root). (various references)

Greek		ριζικός (radicular), ρίζα (group, radix, root, stem, tuber, word root). (various references)

Hebrew		שרשי (basic, deep rooted, firm, fundamental, rooty), שרשון (rootlet), קצו� י (drastic, extreme, extremist, last, mortal, terminal, ultra), �"ורש ש� וים, ר�"יקלי, ר�"יקל. (various references)

Hungarian		radikális (hard line), mélyreható (perspicacious, thorough), gyökeres (rooted, rooty). (various references)

Icelandic		róttækur, róttæklingur, gagnger. (various references)

Indonesian		radikal (drastic). (various references)

Italian		radicale (energetic, rad, radically, root, stem, sweeping, word root). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		過激 (extreme), 部首 , 矯激 (eccentric, extreme), ラテン語 (labyrinth, Latin, Latvia, lavatory, lover, radical realism, radish, radon, rapid fire, ravioli, rough, rubber, rubber cement, rubber racket, rubber silk, rubber sole, rubber tile), ラジウ� 療法 (final effort before the end, last, last lap, last spurt, lathe, radiator, radicalist, radio, radio car, Radio City, radio compass, radio control, radio controlled models, radiocarbon test, radio-cassette, radio-cassette player, radioisotope, radiometer, radiosonde, radium therapy, RAS, raster, raster file, Remote Access Server, roster, rusk), 抜本的 (drastic), 急進的 , 急進主義者 , 急進 (rapid progress), 急激 (precipitous, sudden), � �基 , 先鋭 (acute, sharp), 尖鋭 (acute, sharp). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		ラディカル , ラジカル , きゅうし�"しゅぎしゃ, きゅうし�"てき, きゅうし�" (baseball chief umpire, centripetal, communication by carrier pigeon, jump, no medical examinations, old retainer, papule, pimple, rapid progress, rest assured, sudden rise, urgent message or dispatch), きゅう�'き (classical drama, precipitous, sudden), きょう�'き (classical Chinese opera, eccentric, extreme, pincer attack, pincer movement), ぶしゅ, ばっぽ�"てき (drastic), せ�"えい (acute, clear, sharp, signs of a ship), か�'き (extreme, opera), �"�"き (chance of marriage, energy, marriageable age, patience, perseverance, the present term, this season). (various references)

Korean		과격한 (Rampant). (various references)

Manx		fraueoilagh, fraueoil (rooty), bunneydagh (authoritative, basic, elemental, firsthand, fundamental, fundamentalist, original, primitive, primordial, rudimentary, underlying, vital). (various references)

Papiamen		radikal. (various references)

Pig Latin		adicalray.(various references)

Portuguese		radical (bolshevik, group, rabid, radically, radicle, root, thorough). (various references)

Romanian		radical (entirely, jacobin, left, radically, root), rãdãcinã (base, race, radix, root). (various references)

Russian		растущий из корня, радикальный (thoroughgoing), радикал (grit, group, pinko, sansculotte), фундаментальный (basal, fundamental), корневой, корень (radix, root), коренной (autochthonal, fundamental, molar, root), основной (basal, basic, best, elemental, essential, fundamental, key, main, most basic, overriding, primal, primary, prime, primitive, principal, underlying), знак корня. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		radikal. (various references)

Spanish		radical (Cardinal, radically, radicle, root). (various references)

Swedish		radikal (forward, left wing, left winger, sweeping), grundlig (close, exhaustive, in depth, out and out, out-and-out, profound, searching, sound, thorough, thoroughgoing). (various references)

Thai		โ�"ยรากฐาน, ทั่วถึง, ซึ่งเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งใหญ่, คนหัวรุนแรง. (various references)

Turkish		radikal (jacobin, rad, root and branch, sweeping), köktenci (jacobin), kökten, köksel, köklü (deep rooted, deepseated, deep-seated, essential, ineradicable, inveterate, root and branch, rooted, sweeping), köken (authorship, basis, bedrock, beginning, birth, derivation, descent, etymon, extraction, genesis, lineage, origin, origination, paternity, pedigree, principle, provenance, root, seeds, spore, spring, wellhead, wellspring, womb), köke ait olan, kök işareti (radical sign), kök halinde olan, kök (base, etymon, Fang, grass roots, ground form, origin, radical word, radix, rhizo-, root, stem), esas (authentic, basal, base, basic, basis, beginnings, broad, central, constitutive, corner stone, element, elemental, essence, extract, footing, fortification, foundation, fundamental, guiding, heartbeat, intrinsic, main, master, nub, parent, pith, pith and marrow, pivotal, postulate, principal, principle, quiddity, staple, substance, sum, the merits, the nub, ultimate, underlying), ana nota (generator, prime). (various references)

Ukranian		радикальний (eradicative), радикал, фундаментальний (pukka), корінь (radix, root, stock), корінний (aboriginal, fundamental, native born), кореневий (primitive), основний (basal, base, basic, basilar, capital, central, chief, first, foremost, fundamental, key, main, master, organic, primary, primitive, principal, quintessence, staple, substantial, ultimate, underlying), знак кореня, природний (artless, careless, connatural, elemental, inbred, indigenous, matter of course, native, natural, physic, unartful, unlabored, unlaboured, untaught, untutored). (various references)

Vietnamese		gốc (coppice-clump, cradle, group, origin, principle, sprang, spring, sprung). (various references)

Welsh		Rhyddfrydwr (Liberal), gwreiddiol (original, rooted). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Language	Period	Translations
Late Latin	300-700	radicalis. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Derivations
	Words beginning with "radical": radicalise, radicalised, radicalises, radicalising, radicalism, radicalisms, radicalization, radicalizations, radicalize, radicalized, radicalizes, radicalizing, radically, radicalness, radicalnesses, radicals. (additional references)
	Words ending with "radical": antiradical, ultraradical. (additional references)
	Words containing "radical": antiradicalism, antiradicalisms, sporadically, ultraradicals. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Radical" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: artical, radecal, Radic, rad-ical, Radicale, radicial, radicle, Radikale, Radinal, Radiocom, Radisa, Radoslav, ratical, redical, retical, ridic, Ruzicka. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "radical" (pronounced ra"dukul)
5	-d u k u l	medical, methodical.
4	-u k u l	aeronautical, agrochemical, allegorical, anarchical, anatomical, anthropological, article, barnacle, biblical, biochemical, chemical, Chronicle, clavicle, clerical, clinical, commonsensical, coracle, cortical, cuticle, diacritical, domical, epochal, equivocal, etymological, farcical, follicle, geophysical, grammatical, hierarchical, hypothetical, impractical, maniacal, meteorological, miracle, monocle, mythical, nautical, numerical, obstacle, Oracle, oratorical, particle, photochemical, pinnacle, polemical, political, pontifical, practical, quizzical, receptacle, reciprocal, satirical, skeptical, spectacle, tentacle, typical, unequivocal.
3	-k u l	acoustical, alphabetical, analytical, ankle, antithetical, apolitical, archaeological, archeological, astrological, astronautical, astronomical, asymmetrical, atypical, autobiographical, bicycle, bifocal, biographical, biological, biomedical, biotechnological, botanical, brickle, buckle, cackle, categorical, cervical, chronological, chuckle, circle, classical, comical, conical, crackle, critical, cubicle, cycle, cyclical, cylindrical, cynical, debacle, dermatological, diabolical, dialectical, ducal, ecclesiastical, ecological, economical, ecumenical, egotistical, electrical, electrochemical, electromechanical, elliptical, empirical, encircle, encyclical, epidemiological, eschatological, ethical, ethnical, evangelical, fanatical, fecal, fickle, fiscal, focal, freckle, galenical, geographical, geological, geometrical, geopolitical, gonococcal, grackle, granduncle, graphical, gynecological, hackle, heckle, helical, heretical, heterocercal, historical, honeysuckle, Huckle, hypercritical, hypocritical, hysterical, icicle, identical, ideological, illogical, immunological, inimical, ironical, jackal, knuckle, lackadaisical, lexical, liturgical, local, logical, logistical, lyrical, magical, mathematical, matriarchal, mechanical, meikle, metallurgical, metaphorical, metaphysical, methodological, metrical, Mickle, morphological, motorcycle, muckle, musical, mystical, mythological, neoclassical, neurological, nickel, Nickle, Nicol, nonelectrical, nonpolitical, nonsensical, nonsurgical, nontechnical, ontological, optical, ornithological, paradoxical, pathological, patriarchal, pedagogical, periodical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacological, philosophical, phonological, physical, physiological, pickle, popsicle, preclinical, problematical, prototypical, psychical, psychological, pumpernickel, puritanical, rabbinical, radiological, ramshackle, rankle, rascal, recycle, rhetorical, ruckle, runkle, sabbatical, semiclassical, semicylindrical, semitropical, serological, shackle, shekel, sickle, sociological, Sokol, sparkle, speckle, spherical, sprinkle, statistical, stereotypical, stickle, strategical, suckle, surgical, symmetrical, tabernacle, tackle, tactical, technical, technological, teleological, testicle, theatrical, theological, theoretical, tickle, tinkle, topical, toxicological, trickle, tricycle, tropical, twinkle, typographical, tyrannical, umbilical, uncle, uncritical, uneconomical, unethical, unicycle, unshackle, untypical, vehicle, vertical, viatical, virological, vocal, whimsical, Winkle, wrinkle, zoological.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-a-c-d-i-l-r"
	-1 letter: acarid, cardia, racial, radial.
	-2 letters: acari, acrid, alcid, caird, craal, daric, drail, laari, laird, liard, lidar.
	-3 letters: acid, alar, aria, arid, aril, cadi, caid, card, carl, clad, dial, dirl, laic, laid, lair, lard, lari, liar, lira, raia, raid, rail, rial.
	-4 letters: aal, aid, ail, air, ala, arc, cad, car, dal, lac, lad, lar, lid, rad, ria, rid.
	-5 letters: aa, ad, ai, al, ar, id, la, li.
	Words containing the letters "a-a-c-d-i-l-r"
	+1 letter: caldaria, cardinal, radicals.
	+2 letters: caldarium, cardinals, cuadrilla, radically, radicular.
	+3 letters: acaricidal, acrylamide, aldermanic, calibrated, cardinally, cavaliered, charladies, cuadrillas, epicardial, eradicable, larvicidal, matricidal, miracidial, myocardial, parricidal, patricidal, placarding, radicalise, radicalism, radicalize.
	+4 letters: acrylamides, aeromedical, antiradical, articulated, artiodactyl, calendaring, calendrical, caramelised, caramelized, cardinalate, cardinality, chancroidal, declaration, declarative, desacralize, diacritical, diametrical, dictatorial, discardable, drastically, endocardial, fratricidal, icosahedral, irradicable, irradicably, paradisical, paradoxical, paramedical, pericardial, pyramidical, radicalised, radicalises, radicalisms, radicalized, radicalizes, radicalness, recanalized, redactional, rhapsodical, straitlaced, triadically.
	+5 letters: accreditable, achlorhydria, appendicular, artiodactyls, bactericidal, cardinalates, cardinalship, clairaudient, clapboarding, declarations, desacralized, desacralizes, distractable, dramatically, heraldically, ineradicable, ineradicably, intercalated, intracardial, matriculated, melodramatic, paradisaical, paradisiacal, paramedicals, parfocalized, radicalising, radicalizing, radiological, recalibrated, saccharoidal, sardonically, sporadically, ultraradical, uncalibrated.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

52 61 64 69 63 61 6C

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

⁼

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

.-. .- -.. .. -.-. .- .-..

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010010 01100001 01100100 01101001 01100011 01100001 01101100

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#82 &#97 &#100 &#105 &#99 &#97 &#108

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0052 0061 0064 0069 0063 0061 006C

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

Expression	Frequency per Day
free radical	203
new radical	185
radical	176
dreamer radical	103
ace radical	54
radical prostatectomy	44
fairy radical	30
radical hysterectomy	23
edward radical	23
radical entertainment	23
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Radical

Definitions: Radical

Radical

Adjective

Noun

Specialty Definitions: Radical

Specialty Definition: Radical

Radical (chemistry)

Radical (Chinese character)

Eight strokes

Synonyms: Radical

Synonyms within Context: Radical

Cause

Change

Completeness

Importance

Improvement

Intrinsicality

Number

Remedy

Revolution

Crosswords: Radical

Modern Usage: Radical

Screenplays

Lyrics

Clever

Movie/TV Titles

Commercial Usage: Radical

Books

Periodicals

Theater & Movies

Music

High Tech

Image Slideshow: Radical

Illustrations:Radical

Computer Images:Radical

Photo Album: Radical

Familiar Quotations: Radical

Oscar Wilde

Historic Usage: Radical

Communist Manifesto

Non-Fiction Usage: Radical

Spoken Usage: Radical

Michael Chertoff

Rush Limbaugh

Speeches: Radical

Andrew Jackson

Lyndon B. Johnson

Jimmy Carter

Usage Frequency: Radical

Expressions: Radical

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Radical

free radical

new radical

radical

dreamer radical

ace radical

radical prostatectomy

fairy radical

radical hysterectomy

edward radical

radical entertainment

Modern Translations: Radical

Albanian

Arabic

Bulgarian

Chinese

Czech

Danish

Dutch

Esperanto

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Hungarian

Icelandic

Indonesian

Italian

Illustrations:
Radical

Computer Images:
Radical