Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Psychologically |
PsychologicallyAdverb1. With regard to psychology; "war that caught them in its toils either psychologically or physically"; "the event was very damaging to the child psychologically1". 2. In terms of psychology; "classify poetry psychologically". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "psychologically" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1788. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Psychology is a collection of academic, clinical and industrial disciplines concerned with the hows and whys of behavior, thought-processes, emotions, motivations, relationships, potentials and pathologies. It might be said that many related disciplines live under the same name including: experimental psychology, which focuses on basic and applied science; humanistic psychology, which uses qualitative research rather than conventional statistical methods to investigate the subjective experience of human beings; clinical psychology and counselling psychology, which focus primarily on helping people overcome or better manage pathologies as well as transcend perceived limitations; and Industrial/Organizational Psychology, which applies psychological principles to people working in organizations.Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science, in part, by studying the behavior of individuals (alone or in groups) rather than the behavior of the groups or aggregates themselves. While psychological questions were asked in antiquity (c.f., Aristotle's De Memoria et Reminiscentia or "On Memory and Recollection"), psychology emerged as a separate discipline only recently. The first person to call himself a "psychologist", Wilhelm Wundt, opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879.
The root of the word psychology (psyche) means "soul" or "spirit" in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term), though its emergence as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis' reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes").
Until about the end of the 19th Century, psychology was regarded as a branch of philosophy. Experimental psychology, as introduced by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 at Leipzig University in Germany, did not contain any religious implications. In the 1890s, Sigmund Freud invented and utilized a therapeutic method of uncovering repressed wishes, known as psychoanalysis. Since then, psychology typically considered primarily behavior (e.g., the behaviorism of John B. Watson and later psychologists), the mind (i.e., cognitive psychology), or both. Today it would be rare to find someone who considered psychology the study of immaterial minds, let alone souls. However, there are many psychologists who believe in the soul and bring spirituality into their psychological work. Of course, like all sciences that have broken off from philosophy, purely philosophical questions about the mind are still studied by philosophers; the name of the philosophical subdiscipline which studies those questions is philosophy of mind or philosophical psychology.
Experimental psychology, the field founded by Wilhelm Wundt and William James, focuses on general and basic questions concerning behavior, mental states, or both, including theories of pathology which are also important to clinical psychology.
Humanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. It stresses a phenomenological view of human experience and seeks to understand human beings and their behavior by conducting qualitative research. The humanistic approach has its roots in existentialist thought (see Heidegger, Nietzsche, Sartre and Kierkegaard). The founding theorists behind this school of thought are Abraham Maslow who presented a hierarchy of human needs, Carl Rogers who created and developed client centered therapy, and Fritz and Laura Perls who helped create and develop ‘gestalt therapy’.
Clinical and counseling psychology both focus on understanding and treatment of behavioral or mental problems. Psychiatry is the medical field specializing in mental health issues, thereby overlapping with clinical psychology. Clinical and counselling psychologists often work in co-operation with psychiatrists, social workers, psychiatric nurses and 'lay' counselors. Psychiatrists are often involved in providing psycho-pharmacological care including antidepressant, antianxiety, antipsychotic and mood-stabilizing medication. Services aimed at mental or behavioral problems are also often provided by traditional healers and religious counselors. Fields such as neuroscience, political science, media studies and gender studies have also come to be seen as closely related to psychology.
Applied psychology is a more general term, referring not just to clinical applications but also to education, counseling, industry/organizational psychology, ergonomics, (and so on, please list if you can think of some).
Topics in psychology
Major Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Schools of Thought
- abnormal psychology
- applied psychology
- attitude and social influence
- the brain and nervous system
- comparative psychology
- cognition
- conditioning
- consciousness
- developmental psychology
- emotion
- the experimental analysis of behavior
- humanistic psychology
- language and language acquisition
- learning
- memory
- mental health disorders
- motivation
- perception
- personality
- physiological psychology
- reinforcement
- research methods
- the senses
- perception
- psychological testing
- psychopharmacology
- psychotherapy
- qualitative psychological research
- reasoning and decision making
- sexuality and gender role
- shyness
See List of psychologists
- psychoanalysis
- behaviorism
- radical behaviorism
- Gestalt
- introspective
- humanism
- functionalism
- structuralism
Divisions and Approaches in Psychology (these might be overlapping, of course)
Some related disciplines:
- analytical psychology
- behavioral medicine
- behavioral psychology
- biobehavioral health
- biological psychology
- cognitive psychology
- cognitive neuroscience
- clinical psychology and counselling psychology
- critical psychology
- developmental psychology
- educational psychology
- emotional clearing
- evolutionary psychology
- experimental psychology
- health psychology
- individual differences psychology
- industrial and organizational psychology
- medicinal psychology
- medical psychology
- neuropsychology
- personality psychology
- physiological psychology
- popular psychology, self-help, and alternative therapy
- positive psychology
- psychoanalysis
- psychohistory
- psychometrics
- psychonomics
- psychophysics
- psychophysiology
- psychotherapy a branch of psychiatry as well.
- social psychology
- transpersonal psychology
For a full list of topics, please see the list of psychological topics.
- artificial consciousness
- cognitive science
- complex systems
- computer science and captology
- economics and marketing
- ethology
- game theory
- history
- hypnotherapy
- linguistics and especially psycholinguistics
- literature, literary theory, and critical theory
- neurolinguistic programming
- neuroscience
- parapsychology
- philosophy of mind
- philosophy of psychology
- psychometrics
- psychophysics
- simplicity theory
- sociology
- socionics
- systems theory
External links
- American Psychiatric Association
- American Psychological Association
- American Psychological Society
- AmoebaWeb Psychology Resources
- BehaveNet Clinical Capsules
- British Psychological Society
- A Century of Psychology (APA)
- Advanced Psychiatry
- Encyclopedia of Psychology
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Pictures of famous psychologists
- Psychology Conferences
- Society of Behavioral Medicine
- Society of Biological Psychiatry
- Society for Neuroscience
- Society for Research on Nicotine & Tobacco
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Psychology."
Crosswords: Psychologically |
| English words defined with "psychologically": addiction ♦ constricted, cool ♦ deeply, dependence, dependency ♦ factually, father-figure ♦ jolted ♦ laden, light ♦ oppressed ♦ profoundly ♦ shaken ♦ traumatic ♦ unconstricted ♦ warm. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "psychologically": addicted drinker ♦ postcardware ♦ Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | This place is psychologically damaging (Roswell; writing credit: Ronald D. Moore; Gretchen J. Berg) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Experts often treat psychologically based impotence using techniques that decrease anxiety associated with intercourse. (references) | |
While conditions such as muscle dysmorphia, a history of physical or sexual abuse, or a history of engaging in high-risk behaviors may increase the risk of initiating or continuing steroid abuse, researchers agree that most steroid abusers are psychologically normal when they start abusing the drugs. (references) | ||
Business | Alleged EPR members who were released on December 5 claimed that they had been psychologically abused while being held. (references) | |
Economic History | Moldova | Moldovan consumers have perhaps not grown accustomed psychologically to sales pitches which may be considered the norm in Western markets. (references) |
Human Rights | Lebanon | They also alleged that they were psychologically tortured when authorities threatened their families. (references) |
Ecuador | The victims reported that the police beat them, burned them with cigarettes, applied electric shocks, or threatened them psychologically. (references) | |
Political Economy | Japan | There continued to be some credible reports that police and prison officials physically and psychologically abused prisoners and detainees. (references) |
Women | Pakistan | Women are reluctant to file charges because of societal mores that stigmatize divorce and make women economically and psychologically dependent on their relatives. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | The Vietnam war, both materially and psychologically, affected our overall defense posture. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Psychologically" is generally used as an adverb (general) -- approximately 98.28% of the time. "Psychologically" is used about 291 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adverb (general) | 98.28% | 286 | 17,222 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.72% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Total | 100.00% | 291 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "psychologically": psychologically-disturbed. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
impaired psychologically | 11 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "psychologically"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 心理地. (various references) | |
Danish | psykologisk kenkendelige træk (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity), psykologisk genkendelig egenart (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
Dutch | psychologische onderscheidingsmiddelen (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
Finnish | psykologisesti tunnistettavat piirteet (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity), psykologisesti tunnistettava identiteetti (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
French | signes de reconnaissance psychologique (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
German | psychologische. (various references) | |
Greek | στοιχεία "ψυχολογικής" αναγνώρισης (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
Italian | psicologicamente. (various references) | |
Korean | 심리학 으로. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ychologicallypsay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | sinais de reconheciemnto psicológico (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
Romanian | din punct de vedere psihologic. (various references) | |
Spanish | signos psicológicos de reconocimiento (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity), elementos subliminales de reconocimiento de una marca o producto (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
Swedish | psykologiska kännetecken (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity), psykologisk identitet (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity), inre kännetecken (psychologically recognisable features, psychologically recognisable identity). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Psychologically" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: pschologically, pyschologically, sychologically. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "psychologically" (pronounced sī'kulÄ"jiklē) |
| 9 | -k u l Ä" j i k l ē | ecologically. |
| 8 | -u l Ä" j i k l ē | biologically, chronologically, ideologically, pathologically, physiologically, theologically. |
| 7 | -l Ä" j i k l ē | logically. |
| 5 | -j i k l ē | strategically, tragically. |
| 4 | -i k l ē | academically, acoustically, aerobically, aerodynamically, aesthetically, algebraically, alphabetically, analytically, angelically, apologetically, artistically, astronomically, authentically, automatically, basically, categorically, characteristically, classically, cosmetically, democratically, demographically, diplomatically, dogmatically, domestically, dramatically, drastically, economically, ecstatically, emphatically, energetically, enthusiastically, erratically, ethnically, euphemistically, fantastically, forensically, generically, genetically, geometrically, geopolitically, graphically, heroically, hypothetically, hysterically, idiotically, ironically, linguistically, logistically, lyrically, mechanically, metaphorically, microscopically, musically, numerically, optically, organically, phonetically, poetically, prolifically, publically, publicly, radically, realistically, rhetorically, rhythmically, sarcastically, specifically, sporadically, stoically, stylistically, symmetrically, synthetically, systematically, systemically, terrifically, thematically, uncharacteristically, undiplomatically, unrealistically, vertically, volcanically. |
| 3 | -k l ē | alchemically, anatomically, athletically, biweekly, blankly, briskly, brusquely, chemically, darkly, frankly, grotesquely, likely, medically, meekly, newsweekly, obliquely, paradoxically, practically, prickly, quickly, sickly, sleekly, slickly, sparkly, starkly, thickly, typically, uniquely, unlikely, weakly, weekly. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-g-h-i-l-l-l-o-o-p-s-y-y" | |
-2 letters: psychological. | |
-3 letters: phycological. | |
-4 letters: psychically, psychologic. | |
-5 letters: alcoholics, choplogics, physically, physiology, psychology. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-c-g-h-i-l-l-l-o-o-p-s-y-y" | |
+5 letters: psychopathologically. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Quotations: Speeches 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Derivations 12. Rhymes | 13. Anagrams 14. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
