Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Problem Solving

Definition: Problem Solving

Problem Solving

Noun

1. The area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems.

2. The thought processes involved in solving a problem.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 


Specialty Definition: Problem Solving

DomainDefinition

Health

A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Problem solving

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Problem solving is part of thinking and occurs if an organism or an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state.

Beginning with the early experimental work of the Gestaltists in Germany (e.g., Duncker, 1935), and continuing through the sixties and early seventies, research on problem solving was typically conducted with relatively simple, laboratory tasks (e.g., Duncker’s "X-ray" problem; Ewert & Lambert’s 1932 "disk" problem, later known as Tower of Hanoi) that were novel to subjects (e.g., Mayer, 1992). Simple novel tasks were used for various reasons: they had clearly defined optimal solutions, they were solvable within a relatively short time frame, subjects’ problem solving steps could be traced, and so on. The underlying assumption was, of course, that simple tasks, such as the Tower of Hanoi, captured the main properties of "real" problems, and that the cognitive processes underlying subjects’ solution attempts on simple problems were representative of the processes engaged in when solving "real" problems. Thus, simple problems were used for reasons of convenience, and generalizations to more complex problems were thought possible. Perhaps the best known and most impressive example of this line of research is the work by Newell and Simon (1972).

However, beginning in the seventies, researchers became increasingly convinced that empirical findings and theoretical concepts derived from simple laboratory tasks were not generalizable to more complex, real-life problems. Even worse, it appeared that the processes underlying CPS in different domains were different from each other (Sternberg, 1995). These realizations have led to rather different responses in North America and Europe.

In North America, initiated by the work of Herbert Simon on learning by doing in semantically rich domains (e.g., Anzai & Simon, 1979; Bhaskar & Simon, 1977), researchers began to investigate problem solving separately in different natural knowledge domains (e.g., physics, writing, chess playing) thus relinquishing on their attempts to extract a global theory of problem solving (e.g., Sternberg & Frensch, 1991). Instead, these researchers have frequently focused on the development of problem solving within a certain domain, that is on the development of expertise (e.g., Anderson, Boyle, & Reiser, 1985; Chase & Simon, 1973; Chi, Feltovich, & Glaser, 1981). Areas that have attracted rather intensive attention in North America include such diverse fields as reading (Stanovich & Cunningham, 1991), writing (Bryson, Bereiter, Scardamalia, & Joram, 1991), calculation (Sokol & McCloskey, 1991), political decision making (Voss, Wolfe, Lawrence, & Engle, 1991), managerial problem solving (Wagner, 1991), lawyers’ reasoning (Amsel, Langer, & Loutzenhiser, 1991), mechanical problem solving (Hegarty, 1991), problem solving in electronics (Lesgold & Lajoie, 1991), computer skills (Kay, 1991), game playing (Frensch & Sternberg, 1991), and personal problem solving (Heppner & Krauskopf, 1987).

In Europe, two main approaches have surfaced, one initiated by Donald Broadbent (1977; see Berry & Broadbent, 1995) in Great Britain and the other one by Dietrich Dörner (1975, 1985; see Dörner & Wearing, 1995) in Germany. The two approaches have in common an emphasis on relatively complex, semantically rich, computerized laboratory tasks that are constructed to be similar to real-life problems. The approaches differ somewhat in their theoretical goals and methodology, however. The tradition initiated by Broadbent emphasizes the distinction between cognitive problem solving processes that operate under awareness versus outside of awareness, and typically employs mathematically well-defined computerized systems. The tradition initiated by Dörner, on the other hand, is interested in the interplay of the cognitive, motivational, and social components of problem solving, and utilizes very complex computerized scenarios that contain up to 2,000 highly interconnected variables (e.g., Dörner, Kreuzig, Reither, & Stäudel’s, 1983, LOHHAUSEN project; Ringelband, Misiak, & Kluwe, 1990). The two traditions are described in detail by Buchner (1995).

To sum up, researchers’ realization that problem solving processes differ across knowledge domains and across levels of expertise (e.g., Sternberg, 1995) and that, consequently, findings obtained in the laboratory cannot necessarily be generalized to problem solving situations outside the laboratory, has during the past two decades, led to an emphasis on real-world problem solving. This emphasis has been expressed quite differently in North America and Europe, however. Whereas North American research has typically concentrated on studying problem solving in separate, natural knowledge domains, much of the European research has focused on novel, complex problems, and has been performed with computerized scenarios (see Funke, 1991, for an overview).

References

Amsel, E., Langer, R., & Loutzenhiser, L. (1991). Do lawyers reason differently from psychologists? A comparative design for studying expertise. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 223-250). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. B., & Reiser, B. J. (1985). Intelligent tutoring systems. Science, 228, 456-462.

Anzai, K., & Simon, H. A. (1979). The theory of learning by doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-140.

Beckmann, J. F., & Guthke, J. (1995). Complex problem solving, intelligence, and learning ability. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 177-200). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Berry, D. C., & Broadbent, D. E. (1995). Implicit learning in the control of complex systems: A reconsideration of some of the earlier claims. In P.A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 131-150). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bhaskar, R., & Simon, H. A. (1977). Problem solving in semantically rich domains: An example from engineering thermodynamics. Cognitive Science, 1, 193-215.

Brehmer, B. (1995). Feedback delays in dynamic decision making. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 103-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Brehmer, B., & Dörner, D. (1993). Experiments with computer-simulated microworlds: Escaping both the narrow straits of the laboratory and the deep blue sea of the field study. Computers in Human Behavior, 9, 171-184.

Broadbent, D. E. (1977). Levels, hierarchies, and the locus of control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 181-201.

Bryson, M., Bereiter, C., Scardamalia, M., & Joram, E. (1991). Going beyond the problem as given: Problem solving in expert and novice writers. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 61-84). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Buchner, A. (1995). Theories of complex problem solving. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 27-63). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Buchner, A., Funke, J., & Berry, D. C. (1995). Negative correlations between control performance and verbalizable knowledge: Indicators for implicit learning in process control tasks? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 166-187.

Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55-81.

Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5, 121-152.

Dörner, D. (1975). Wie Menschen eine Welt verbessern wollten [How people wanted to improve the world]. Bild der Wissenschaft, 12, 48-53.

Dörner, D. (1985). Verhalten, Denken und Emotionen [Behavior, thinking, and emotions]. In L. H. Eckensberger & E. D. Lantermann (Eds.), Emotion und Reflexivität (pp. 157-181). München, Germany: Urban & Schwarzenberg.

Dörner, D. (1992). Über die Philosophie der Verwendung von Mikrowelten oder "Computerszenarios" in der psychologischen Forschung [On the proper use of microworlds or "computer scenarios" in psychological research]. In H. Gundlach (Ed.), Psychologische Forschung und Methode: Das Versprechen des Experiments. Festschrift für Werner Traxel (pp. 53-87). Passau, Germany: Passavia-Universitäts-Verlag.

Dörner, D., Kreuzig, H. W., Reither, F., & Stäudel, T. (Eds.). (1983). Lohhausen. Vom Umgang mit Unbestimmtheit und Komplexität [Lohhausen. On dealing with uncertainty and complexity]. Bern, Switzerland: Hans Huber.

Dörner, D., & Wearing, A. (1995). Complex problem solving: Toward a (computer-simulated) theory. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 65-99). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Duncker, K. (1935). Zur Psychologie des produktiven Denkens [The psychology of productive thinking]. Berlin: Julius Springer.

Ewert, P. H., & Lambert, J. F. (1932). Part II: The effect of verbal instructions upon the formation of a concept. Journal of General Psychology, 6, 400-411.

Eyferth, K., Schömann, M., & Widowski, D. (1986). Der Umgang von Psychologen mit Komplexität [On how psychologists deal with complexity]. Sprache & Kognition, 5, 11-26.

Frensch, P. A., & Funke, J. (Eds.). (1995). Complex problem solving: The European Perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Frensch, P. A., & Sternberg, R. J. (1991). Skill-related differences in game playing. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 343-381). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Funke, J. (1991). Solving complex problems: Human identification and control of complex systems. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 185-222). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Funke, J. (1993). Microworlds based on linear equation systems: A new approach to complex problem solving and experimental results. In G. Strube & K.-F. Wender (Eds.), The cognitive psychology of knowledge (pp. 313-330). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Funke, J. (1995). Experimental research on complex problem solving. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 243-268). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Funke, U. (1995). Complex problem solving in personnel selection and training. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 219-240). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Groner, M., Groner, R., & Bischof, W. F. (1983). Approaches to heuristics: A historical review. In R. Groner, M. Groner, & W. F. Bischof (Eds.), Methods of heuristics (pp. 1-18). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hayes, J. (1980). The complete problem solver. Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute Press.

Hegarty, M. (1991). Knowledge and processes in mechanical problem solving. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 253-285). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Heppner, P. P., & Krauskopf, C. J. (1987). An information-processing approach to personal problem solving. The Counseling Psychologist, 15, 371-447.

Huber, O. (1995). Complex problem solving as multi stage decision making. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 151-173). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hübner, R. (1989). Methoden zur Analyse und Konstruktion von Aufgaben zur kognitiven Steuerung dynamischer Systeme [Methods for the analysis and construction of dynamic system control tasks]. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 36, 221-238.

Hunt, E. (1991). Some comments on the study of complexity. In R. J. Sternberg, & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 383-395). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hussy, W. (1985). Komplexes Problemlösen - Eine Sackgasse? [Complex problem solving - a dead end?]. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 32, 55-77.

Kay, D. S. (1991). Computer interaction: Debugging the problems. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 317-340). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kluwe, R. H. (1993). Knowledge and performance in complex problem solving. In G. Strube & K.-F. Wender (Eds.), The cognitive psychology of knowledge (pp. 401-423). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Kluwe, R. H. (1995). Single case studies and models of complex problem solving. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 269-291). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kolb, S., Petzing, F., & Stumpf, S. (1992). Komplexes Problemlösen: Bestimmung der Problemlösegüte von Probanden mittels Verfahren des Operations Research – ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz [Complex problem solving: determining the quality of human problem solving by operations research tools - an interdisciplinary approach]. Sprache & Kognition, 11, 115-128.

Krems, J. F. (1995). Cognitive flexibility and complex problem solving. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 201-218). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lesgold, A., & Lajoie, S. (1991). Complex problem solving in electronics. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 287-316). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Mayer, R. E. (1992). Thinking, problem solving, cognition. Second edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Müller, H. (1993). Komplexes Problemlösen: Reliabilität und Wissen [Complex problem solving: Reliability and knowledge]. Bonn, Germany: Holos.

Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Putz-Osterloh, W. (1993). Strategies for knowledge acquisition and transfer of knowledge in dynamic tasks. In G. Strube & K.-F. Wender (Eds.), The cognitive psychology of knowledge (pp. 331-350). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Riefer, D.M., & Batchelder, W.H. (1988). Multinomial modeling and the measurement of cognitive processes. Psychological Review, 95, 318-339.

Ringelband, O. J., Misiak, C., & Kluwe, R. H. (1990). Mental models and strategies in the control of a complex system. In D. Ackermann, & M. J. Tauber (Eds.), Mental models and human-computer interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 151-164). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Schaub, H. (1993). Modellierung der Handlungsorganisation. Bern, Switzerland: Hans Huber.

Sokol, S. M., & McCloskey, M. (1991). Cognitive mechanisms in calculation. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 85-116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Stanovich, K. E., & Cunningham, A. E. (1991). Reading as constrained reasoning. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 3-60). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Sternberg, R. J. (1995). Conceptions of expertise in complex problem solving: A comparison of alternative conceptions. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European Perspective (pp. 295-321). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Sternberg, R. J., & Frensch, P. A. (Eds.). (1991). Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Strauß, B. (1993). Konfundierungen beim Komplexen Problemlösen. Zum Einfluß des Anteils der richtigen Lösungen (ArL) auf das Problemlöseverhalten in komplexen Situationen [Confoundations in complex problem solving. On the influence of the degree of correct solutions on problem solving in complex situations]. Bonn, Germany: Holos.

Strohschneider, S. (1991). Kein System von Systemen! Kommentar zu dem Aufsatz "Systemmerkmale als Determinanten des Umgangs mit dynamischen Systemen" von Joachim Funke [No system of systems! Reply to the paper "System features as determinants of behavior in dynamic task environments" by Joachim Funke]. Sprache & Kognition, 10, 109-113.

Van Lehn, K. (1989). Problem solving and cognitive skill acquisition. In M. I. Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive science (pp. 527-579). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Voss, J. F., Wolfe, C. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Engle, R. A. (1991). From representation to decision: An analysis of problem solving in international relations. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 119-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Wagner, R. K. (1991). Managerial problem solving. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms (pp. 159-183). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Problem solving."

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Crosswords: Problem Solving

English words defined with "problem solving": calculation, computation ♦ figuring ♦ reckoning ♦ workshop. (references)
Specialty definitions using "problem solving": case based reasoning, control inference engine, current state ♦ evolutionary computation, expert system ♦ initial state ♦ NAPSS, Nursing Education Research ♦ problem state ♦ QLISP ♦ S-Lang, symbolic reasoning. (references)

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Commercial Usage: Problem Solving

DomainTitle

Books

  • Data Abstraction and Problem Solving with C++: Walls and Mirrors (3rd Edition) (reference)

  • Problem Solving, Abstraction, and Design Using C++ (3rd Edition) (reference)

  • The Art of Problem Solving Accompanied by Ackoff's Fables (reference)

  • Problem Solving Abstracting Design Using C++ (AP Version) (reference)

  • Programming and Problem Solving With Ada 95 (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  • Sa-Go Gaebal Yeon-Gu = Korean Journal Of Thinking And Problem Solving (reference)

    (more periodical examples)

  

Theater & Movies

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Problem Solving

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Neuropsychological tests measure memory, problem solving, attention, counting, and language. (references)

In the past year, NIA-supported investigators also have looked at ways to improve standardized tests of memory, language, and other neuropsychological components in hopes of being able to better predict future development of AD. In one study, scientists at Harvard and the Massachusetts General Hospital examined whether it was possible to identify aspects of the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale to predict which people with "questionable" AD have a high likelihood of converting to a diagnosis of AD over time (Daly et al., 2000). The CDR is a semi-structured clinical interview that stages AD from 0 (normal) to 0.5 (questionable), 1.0 (mild), 2.0 (moderate), and 3.0 (severe), based on an assessment of six categories of function (memory, orientation, judgment and problem solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, and personal care). (references)

Economic History

New Zealand

Both sales presentations and problem solving techniques are used successfully in New Zealand as approaches to selling. (references)

Australia

Australian industry is known for its ingenuity and practical approach to problem solving. (references)

Human Rights

Guatemala

One of the most successful reform efforts has been the creation of justice centers, which bring together judges, public defenders, prosecutors, private law practitioners, police, municipal representatives, military officers, and civil society in a team approach to dispute resolution and problem solving. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Expressions: Problem Solving

Expressions using "problem solving": Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases ♦ heuristic problem solving. Additional references.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Problem Solving

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

problem solving

524

problem solving steps

16

math problem solving

94

problem solving training

13

creative problem solving

66

decision making and problem solving

13

problem solving skill

60

dynamics group group problem solving strategy

12

problem solving technique

53

critical thinking problem solving

11

problem solving strategy

33

group problem solving strategy

10

math problem solving word

30

corrosion exchanger fouling heat problem solving

10

problem solving activity

24

problem solving conflict resolution

9

problem solving exercise

20

problem solving flow chart

9

8d problem solving

20

article problem solving

8

algebra problem solving

19

computer problem solving

8

problem solving lesson plan

19

creative institute problem solving

8

business problem solving

18

teaching problem solving

7

problem solving for team

18

problem solving skill training

7

problem solving game

18

mathematics problem solving

7

problem solving model

17

mathematical problem solving

7

future problem solving

17

problem solving test

6

group problem solving

17

problem solving software

6

problem solving tool

16

effective math problem solving

6

problem solving process

16

essay problem solving

6
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Problem Solving

Language Translations for "problem solving"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Danish

  

heuristisk problemloesning (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), arkitektur for interaktiv problemløsing ved hjælp af samarbejdende data-og videnbaser (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

heuristische probleemoplossing (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), architectuur voor interactieve probleemoplossing door samenwerkende data-en kennisbases (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

vuorovaikutteisen ongelmanratkaisun rakenne tieto-ja tietämyskantojen yhteistoiminnalla(ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), heuristinen ongelmanratkaisu (heuristic problem solving). (various references)

   

French

  

résolution des problèmes. (various references)

   

German

  

verteilte und gemeinsame Problemlösung (distributed and cooperative problem solving), heuristische Lösungsmethode (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), Architektur für interaktive Problemlösung durch Zusammenwirken von Daten-und Wissensbasen (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

Ευρετική λύση προβλήματος (heuristic problem solving). (various references)

   

Italian

  

soluzione euristica di problemi (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), architettura per la soluzione interattiva dei problemi mediante un impiego coordinato di basi di dati e di basi di conoscenze (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

oblempray olvingsay

   

Portuguese

  

solução de problemas por heurística (heuristic problem solving), resolução de problemas por método heurístico (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), arquitectura para a solução interactiva de problemas pela cooperação de bases de dados e conhecimento (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

способность к решению задач (problem solving ability). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

solución heurística de problemas (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM), arquitectura para solución interactiva de problemas con la cooperación de bases de datos y de conocimientos (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

heuristisk problemlösning (heuristic problem solving), ESTEAM (Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases, ESTEAM). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Misspellings: Problem Solving

Misspellings

"Problem Solving" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: problem sokving, problem solveing, problemsolving. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: Problem Solving

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "b-e-g-i-l-l-m-n-o-o-p-r-s-v"

-4 letters: morselling, reblooming.

-5 letters: bromelins, glorioles, impellors, misenroll, misgovern, morseling, neologism, observing, oligomers, omnivores, overbills, overboils, overspill, prolonges, repolling, resolving, soilborne, spillover, spoonbill.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Crosswords
3. Usage: Commercial
4. Quotations: Non-fiction 		5. Expressions
6. Expressions: Internet
7. Translations: Modern
8. Derivations 		9. Anagrams
10. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.