Power

  

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Power

Definition: Power

Power

Adjective

1. Supplementing or replacing manual effort; "power brakes"; "power-assisted steering".

Noun

1. Possession of controlling influence; "the deterrent power of nuclear weapons"; "the power of his love saved her".

2. (physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second).

3. Possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done; "danger heightened his powers of discrimination".

4. A state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world.

5. (of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power; "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage"; "during his first year in power".

6. One possessing or exercising power or influence or authority: "the mysterious presence of an evil power"; "may the force be with you"; "the forces of evil".

7. Physical strength.

8. A mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself.

9. A very wealthy or powerful businessman: "an oil baron".

Verb

1. Supply the force or power for the functioning of; "The gasoline powers the engines".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "power" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

Etymology: Power \Pow"er\, noun. [Old English pouer, poer, Old French poeir, pooir, French pouvoir, noun. & v., from Late Latin potere, for Latin posse, potesse, to be able, to have power. See Possible, Potent, and compare to Posse comitatus.]. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Power

DomainDefinition

Computing

POWER Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC. The IBM processor architecture on which PowerPC was based. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.

Aerospace

1. (Symbol P). Rate of doing work. 2. Luminous intensity. 3. The number of times an object is magnified by an optical system, such as a telescope. Usually called magnifying power.4. The result of multiplying a number by itself a given number of times, as the third power of a number is its cube ; the superscript which indicates this process as in 23 = 2 X 2 X 2. (references)

Electrical Engineering

The rate of transfer or absorption of energy in a system. Source: European Union. (references)

Energy

Energy that is capable or available for doing work; the time rate at which work is performed, measured in horsepower, Watts, or Btu per hour. Electric power is the product of electric current and electromotive force. (references)
 Electricity for use as energy. (references)

Language

Capacity; potency; the ability to act. . . . carbon dioxide-combining power: ability of the blood plasma to combine with carbon dioxide. Source: European Union. (references)

Mining

A. Any form of energy available for doing any kind of work; e.g., steam power and water power. Specif., mechanical energy, as distinguished from work done by hand b. Used loosely to indicate the electric current in a wire c. Rate of doing work. The foot-pound-second (fps) unit of power is the horsepower (hp), which is a rate of working equal to 550 ft.lbf/s (745.7 W). The electrical power unit, the watt, equals 107cm-gram-second (cgs) units; i.e., 107 erg/s or 1 J/s e.g., steam power and water power. Specif., mechanical energy, as distinguished from work done by hand i.e., 107 erg/s or 1 J/s. (references)

Physics

Any physical cause capable of modifying the condition of movement or of rest of a body, or of deforming it. Source: European Union. (references)
 The time rate of transferring or transforming energy, or of doing work. Source: European Union. (references)

Post & Telecom

For the purposes of power feeding in an ISDN user-network interface the term "power" can be the full operational power or backup power(see that term). Source: European Union. (references)

Solar

The amount of work or energy expended in a given amount of time. For example, the watt is a unit of power, which is defined as a joule per second. (references)

Space

The rate at which energy is supplied. See watt. (references)
 The rate of doing work ;work per unit of time. (references)

Statistics

The power of a statistical test of some hypothesis is the probability that it rejects this hypothesis under test when this hypothesis is false. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Electric power

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Electric power, often known as power or electricity, involves the production and delivery of electrical energy in sufficient quantities to operate domestic appliances, office equipment, industrial machinery and provide sufficient energy for both domestic and commercial lighting, heating, cooking and industrial processes.

History

Although electricity had been known to be produced as a result of the chemical reactions that take place in an electrolytic cell since Alessandro Volta reported doing so in 1800, its production by this means was, and still is, expensive. In 1831, Michael Faraday devised a machine that generated electricity from rotary motion, however it took almost 50 years for the technology to reach a commercially viable stage. In 1878, Thomas Edison developed and sold a commercially viable replacement for gas lighting and heating using locally generated and distributed direct current electricity. In Edison's direct current system, generating stations needed to be close to or on the consumer's premises. To combat losses, and the voltage drops at end of the distribution, extra power generating stations needed to be installed. As Edison was not able to produce a system that permitted multiple generators to be connected together, expansion of his system required whole new generating stations to be constructed. The need for additional power plants is primarily explained by Ohm's law: as losses increase in proportion to the square of the current, or load, and in proportion to the resistance, having long cable runs in the Edison system meant using dangerous voltages in some places, or expensive and large cables or both.

Nikola Tesla, who had worked for Edison for a short time and appreciated the electrical theory in a way that Edison did not, devised an alternative system using alternating current. Tesla realised that while doubling the voltage would halve the current and reduce losses by three-quarters, only an alternating current system allowed the transformation between voltage levels in different parts of the system. He went on to develop the overall theory of his system, devising theoretical and practical alternatives for all of the direct current appliances then in use, and patented his novel ideas in 1887, in thirty separate patents.

In 1888, Tesla's work came to the attention of George Westinghouse, who owned a patent for a transformer and had been operating an alternating current lighting plant in Great Barrington, Massachusetts since 1886. While Westinghouse's system could use Edison's lights and had heaters, it did not have a motor. With Tesla and his patents, Westinghouse built a power system for a gold mine in Teluride in 1891, with a water driven 100 horsepower generator powering a 100 horsepower motor over a 2.5 mile (4 km) power line. Then, in a deal with General Electric, which Edison had been forced to sell, Westinghouse's company went on to construct a power station at the Niagara Falls, with three 5,000 horsepower Tesla generators supplying electricity to an aluminium smelter at Niagara and the town of Buffalo 22 mile (35 km) away. The Niagara power station commenced operation on April 20 1895. Its opening set the scene for the electric power industry for over a hundred years.

Electric Power Today

Today, Tesla's alternating-current electric power system is still the primary means of delivering electrical energy to consumers throughout the world. While high-voltage direct current (HVDC) is used to transmit large quantities of electricity over long distances, the bulk of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply takes place using alternating current.

In many countries, electric power companies own the whole infrastructure from generating stations to transmission and distribution infrastructure. For this reason, electric power is viewed as a natural monopoly. The industry is generally heavily regulated, often with price controls and is frequently government-owned and operated. In some countries, wholesale electricity markets operate, with generators and retailers trading electricity in a similar manner to shares and currency.

See also

Further reading:

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Electricity distribution

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Electricity distribution is the penultimate process in the delivery of electric power, i.e. the part between generation and user consumption. Other processes in power delivery are transmission and retailing.

In the early days of electricity generation, direct current (DC) generators were connected to loads at the same voltage. This imposed limitations on how far the distribution system could extend because of the voltage drop. It also meant that cables and lines had to be made from relatively large diameter copper in order to carry the high currentss required to meet the demand of distributed load. (Power lost in generating heat in a conductor is proportional to the square of the current ie Losses = I2R. These losses can be reduced by reducing the resistance (R) of the conductor, hence increasing the diameter; or, more effectively, by reducing the current (I).)

The adoption of alternating current (AC) for electricity generation dramatically changed the situation. Power transformers could be used to raise the voltage from the generators and reduce it to supply loads. Increasing the voltage reduced the current and hence the size of conductors and distribution losses, making it more economic to distribute power over long distances. The ability to transform to extra-high voltages enabled generators to be located far from loads and transmission systems to interconnect generating stations and distribution networkss.

In North America, early distribution systems were single phase and used a voltage of 2200 volts corner-grounded delta. Over time, this was gradually increased to 2400 volts. As cities grew and the use of three-phase power became more widespread, most 2400 volt systems were upgraded to 2400/4160Y three-phase systems, which also benefitted from better surge suppression due to the grounded neutral. Some city and suburban distribution systems continue to use this range of voltages, but most have been converted to 7200/12470Y.

European systems used higher voltages, generally 3300 volts to ground, in support of the 220Y/380 volt power systems used in those countries. In the UK, urban sysytems progressed to 6.6 kV and then 11 kV, the most common distribution voltage.

Rural Electrification systems, in contrast to urban systems, tend to use higher voltages because of the longer distances covered by those distribution lines. 7200 volts is commonly used in the United States. Other voltages are occasionally used in unusual situations or where a local utility simply has engineering practices that differ from the norm.

In New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, single wire earth return systems (SWER) are used to electrify remote rural areas.

Electricity industry reform has led to the creation of electricity markets through the separation of contestable retailing from distribution, a natural monopoly and the separation of the monopoly transmission from generation. It also led to the development of new terminology to describe the distributor such as Line company, Wires Business and Network Company.

See also Distributed generation.

U.S. and U.K. terminology

U.S.U.K.
Grounded       Earthed
Wye or YStar

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Electricity distribution."

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Exponentiation

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In mathematics, exponentiation is a process of repeated multiplication, in much the same way that multiplication is a process of repeated addition. For example, 34 equals 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 equals 81. Here, 3 is the base, 4 is the exponent (written as a superscript), and 81 is 3 raised to the 4th power. Notice that the base 3 appears 4 times in the repeated multiplication, because the exponent is 4. In contexts where superscripts are not available, such as computer languages and e-mail, 34 is commonly written "3^4".

Raising 10 to a power is easy: for example 107 = 10,000,000 with seven zeros. Exponentiation with base 10 is often used in the physical sciences to describe large or small numbers in scientific notation; for example, 299792458 can be written as 2.99792458 × 108 and then approximated as 2.998 × 108 if this is useful. SI prefixes are also used to describe small or large quantities, but even these are based on powers of ten; for example, the prefix kilo means 103 = 1000, so a kilometre is 1000 metres.

Exponents with base 2 are used in computer science; for example, there are 2n possible values for a variable that takes n bits to store in memory. A kilobyte usually stands for 210 = 1024 bytes, but sometimes also for 103 = 1000 bytes; the term kibibyte has been suggested for the former meaning.

Exponents with base e (a transcendental number approximately equal to 2.71828) are described by the exponential function exp x = ex.

We define exponentiation of a positive real number x with a negative exponent by

x-n = 1/xn
and with a fractional exponent as
So for instance 10−3 = 0.001 and 82/3 = 4. xy where y is an arbitrary real number can then be defined by continuity.

Exponentiation of real numbers, and even complex numbers, can also be understood with the aid of the exponential function and its inverse, the natural logarithm; in general, we can define

xy = exp (y ln x).

For more on exponents in real and complex numbers, and other situations relevant to mathematical analysis, see Exponential function. That article also lists certain exponential laws (more general than the algebraic laws listed below) that apply in these situations.

Exponentiation in abstract algebra

Exponentiation can also be understood purely in terms of abstract algebra, if we limit the exponents to integers.

Specifically, suppose that X is a set with a power-associative binary operation, which we will write multiplicatively. In this very general situation, we can define xn for any element x of X and any nonzero natural number n, by simply multiplying x by itself n times; by definition, power associativity means that it doesn't matter in which order we perform the multiplications.

Now additionally suppose that the operation has an identity element 1. Then we can define x0 to be equal to 1 for any x. Now xn is defined for any natural number n, including 0.

Finally, suppose that the operation has inverses. Then we can define x-n to be the inverse of xn when n is a natural number. Now xn is defined for any integer n.

In particular, xn is defined for any integer n and any element x of a group. However, because we need only power associativity and not general associativity, the concept of exponentiation also makes sense in some other useful situations, such as the nonzero octonions.

Exponentiation in this purely algebraic sense satisfies the following laws (whenever both sides are defined):

Here, we use a division slash ("/") to indicate multiplying by an inverse, in order to reserve the symbol x-1 for raising x to the power -1, rather than the inverse of x. However, as one of the laws above states, x-1 is always equal to the inverse of x, so the notation doesn't matter in the end.

If in addition the operation is commutative and alternative, then we have some additional laws:

Here, alternativity is a condition stronger than power associativity but weaker than general associativity. So in particular, this law is satisfied in an Abelian group, such as the multiplicative group of elements from a given field that are distinct from zero.

Notice that in this algebraic context, 00 is always equal to 1. In some contexts involving calculus, it may be more useful to leave 00 undefined.

However, when exponentiation is purely algebraic, that is when the exponents are taken only to be integers, then it's generally most useful to let 00 be 1, just like every other case of x0. For example, if you expand (0 + x)n using the binomial theorem, you'll want to use 00 = 1.

If we take this whole theory of exponentiation in an algebraic context but write the binary operation additively, then "exponentiation is repeated multiplication" can be reinterpreted as "multiplication is repeated addition". Thus, each of the laws of exponentiation above has an analogue among laws of multiplication.

When one has several operations around, any of which might be repeated using exponentiation, it's common to indicate which operation is being repeated by placing its symbol in the superscript. Thus, x*n is x * ··· * x, while x#n is x # ··· # x, whatever the operations * and # might be.

Exponential notation is also used, especially in group theory, to indicate conjugation. That is, gh = h-1gh, where g and h are elements of some group. Although conjugation obeys some of the same laws as exponentiation, it's not an example of repeated multiplication in any sense. A quandle is an algebraic structure in which these laws of conjugation play a central role.

Exponentiation over sets

The above algebraic treatment of exponentiation builds a finitary operation out of a binary operation. In more general contexts, one may be able to define an infinitary operation directly on an indexed set.

For example, in the arithmetic of cardinal numbers, it makes sense to say

for any index set I and cardinal numbers ki. By taking ki = k for every i, this can be interpreted as a repeated product, and the result is kI. In fact, this result depends only on the cardinality of I, so we can define exponentiation of cardinal numbers so that kl is kI for any set I whose cardinality is l.

This can be done even for operations on sets or sets with extra structure. For example, in linear algebra, it makes sense to index direct sums of vector spaces over arbitrary index sets. That is, we can speak of

where each Vi is a vector space. Then if Vi = V for each i, the resulting direct sum can be written in exponential notation as V(+)I, or simply VI with the understanding that the direct sum is the default. We can again replace the set I with a cardinal number k to get Vk, although without choosing a specific standard set with cardinality k, this is defined only up to isomorphism. Taking V to be the field R of real numbers (thought of as a vector space over itself) and k to be some natural number n, we get the vector space that is most commonly studied in linear algebra, the Euclidean space Rn.

If the base of the exponentiation operation is itself a set, then by default we assume the operation to be the Cartesian product. In that case, SI becomes simply the set of all functions from I to S. This fits in with the exponentation of cardinal numbers once gain, in the sense that |SI| = |S||I|, where |X| is the cardinality of X. We also have |PX| = 2|X|, where PX is the power set of X. (This is where the term "power set" comes from.)

Note that exponentiation of cardinal numbers doesn't match up with exponentiation of ordinal numbers, which is defined by a limit process. In the ordinal numbers, ab is the smallest ordinal number greater than ac for c < b when b is a limit ordinal, and of course ab+1 := aba.

In category theory, we learn to raise any object in a wide variety of categories to the power of a set, or even to raise an object to the power of an object, using the exponential.

External link

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Exponentiation."

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IBM POWER

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

POWER is a RISC CPU architecture designed at IBM. The name, arguably, stands for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. POWER series CPUs are used as the main CPU in many of IBM's servers, minicomputers, workstations, and supercomputers. The POWER architecture was used to develop (and remains very similar to) the PowerPC architecture, used in all Apple Macintosh computers, some IBM workstations, as well as a number of embedded applications.

The POWER design is descended directly from the earlier IBM 801 CPU, widely considered to be the first true RISC chip design. It was used in a number of applications inside IBM hardware, but did not become public until they released the poorly-performing IBM PC/RT in the mid-1980s.

At about the same time the PC/RT was being released, IBM started the America Project, to design the most powerful CPU on the market. They were interesting primarily in fixing two problems in the 801 design in the resulting POWER design:

  1. the 801 required all instructions to complete in one clock cycle, which eliminated floating point instructions
  2. although the decoder was pipelined as a side effect of these single-cycle operations, they didn't use superscalar effects

Floating point became a focus for the America Project, and IBM were able to use new algorithms developed in the early 1980s that could support 64-bit double-precision multiplies and divides in a single cycle. The FPU portion of the design was separate from the instruction decoder and integer parts, allowing the decoder to send instructions to both the FPU and ALU (integer) units at the same time. IBM complemented this with a complex instruction decoder which could be fetching one instruction, decoding another, and sending one to the ALU and FPU at the same time, resulting in one of the first superscalar CPU designs in use.

The system used thirty-two 32-bit integer registers and another thirty-two 64-bit floating point registers, each in their own unit. The branch unit also included a number of "private" registers for its own use, including the program counter.

The 801 was a simple design, and an overcorrection to its simplicity resulted in the POWER design being more complex than most RISC CPUs. For instance, the POWER (and PowerPC) instruction set includes over 100 op-codes of variable length, many of which are variations on others. This compares (for instance) with the ARM which has only 34 instructions.

Another interesting feature of the architecture is a virtual address system which maps all addresses into a 52-bit space. In this way applications can share memory in a "flat" 32-bit space, and all of the programs can have different blocks of 32-bits each.

The first POWER1 CPUs consisted of three chips; branch, integer and floating point. These were wired together on a largish motherboard to produce a single system. POWER1 was used primarily in the RS/6000 series of workstations.

POWER2 was a product-improved POWER1 and was the longest-lived of the POWER series, released in 1993 and still in use five years later. It added a second floating-point unit, 256k of cache and 128-bit floating point math.

POWER3 followed in 1998, moving to a full 64-bit implementation, while remaining completely compatible with the POWER instruction set. This had been one of the goals of the PowerPC project and the POWER3 was the first of the IBM processors to take advantage of it. It also added a third ALU and a second instruction decoder, for a total of eight functional units.

The latest implementation is the POWER4 series which places two complete CPU cores (otherwise similar to the POWER3) on a single chip, speeds it up, and adds high-speed connections to up to three other pairs of POWER4 CPUs. They can be placed together on a motherboard to produce an 8-cpu SMP building block. When processing requires high throughput instead of high code complexity, one of a pair of cores can be turned off so that the remaining cores have the entire bus and L3 cache to themselves. The POWER4, even in single form, is considered by many to be the most powerful CPU available.

IBM plans to roll out the "POWER5" processor in 2004. Ravi Arimilli, IBM's chief microprocessor designer has said; "The Power5 chip is more of a midrange or low-end design that can drive up to the high end and then down to things like blades.". A 64-bit RISC design that will help IBM cover the entire board as far as high and low end server CPUs are being announced by Intel and AMD. This is no low-end chip however, and is slated to slowly phase out the POWER4.

The PowerPC was essentially a POWER1 CPU with some of the more basic instructions emulated in microcode, using a bus interface based on the Motorola 88000 design. This allowed IBM to use the CPU in a number of workstation machines, changing only the motherboard. Since then the PowerPC and POWER architechtures have diverged somewhat, but remain compatible at the instruction level.

The IBM RS64 family of processors is based on PowerPC (and thus POWER) and has been used in the RS/6000 and AS/400 product lines. It is optimized for commercial workloads, and does not have the floating point power expected in the POWER line. It is now mostly replaced by the POWER4.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "IBM POWER."

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Power

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article discusses power in physics. For alternative uses, see Power (mathematics), Power (international), Electric power, Statistical power and Power (sociology).

In physics, power is the amount of work done per unit of time. This is equivalent to the rate of change of the energy in a system, or the time rate of doing work, as defined by

,

where The units of power are therefore work divided by time (e.g. foot-pounds per minute, ergs per second or joules per second). The SI unit of power is the watt, which is equal to one joule per second.

Non-SI units of power include horsepower (HP), Pferdstarke (PS) and the cheval vapeur (CV). One unit of horsepower is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or the power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second, and is equivalent to about 746 watts.

The power consumption of a human is on average roughly 100 watts, ranging from 85 W during sleep to 800 W while playing a strenuous sport.

For direct current (DC) and voltage

In electrical engineering, the instantaneous power consumed by a two-terminal electrical device is the product of the voltage across the terminals and the current passing through the device. That is,

where I is the instantaneous or average direct current (DC) and U is the instantaneous or average voltage. If I is in amperes and U is in volts then P is in watts.

For sinusoidal alternating current (AC) and voltage

The average power consumed by a two-terminal electrical device is a function of the root mean square values of the sinusoidal voltage across the terminals and the sinusoidal current passing through the device. That is,

where I is the root mean square value of the sinusoidal alternating current (AC) and U is the root mean square value of the sinusoidal alternating voltage. φ is the phase angle between the voltage and the current sine functions. If I is in amperes and U is in volts then P is in watts.

This can also be called the effective power, as compared to the larger apparent power which is expressed in volt-amperes reactive (VAR) and does not include the term due to the current and voltage being out of phase.

The efficient transfer of electrical power is governed by the maximum power theorem.

External Links

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Power (international)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In the context of International relations and diplomacy such states are called Powers, Regional Powers, Great Powers or Super powers which can dominate other sovereign states.

In the field of political theory, Niccolo Machiavelli theorised early and influentially on the mechanisms of gaining and retaining political power, publishing The Prince in 1513.

Power is usually defined as the ability to impose one's will on others, or to pursue one's interests on the expense of others'. Violence or other kinds of force, or the threat of such force, can be used to exercise power (coercion).

Political analysis often personifies nation states as powers, discussing superpowers, great powers, second-order powers and "European powers", for example, with convenient simplicity as manifestations of Realpolitik. In Western thought these terms are generally qualitative terms. In current Chinese political thinking national power can be measured quantitatively using an index known as comprehensive national power. Chinese political thought also distinguishes between various forms of national power. In particular, hard power (military power) stands in contradistinction to soft power (economic or cultural or persuasive power).

Quotation

'Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely'.
(Attributed to Lord Acton, 1887.)

See also:

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Power (sociology)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Sociologists usually define power as the ability to impose one's will on others, even if those others resist in some way. The imposition need not involve coercion (force or threat of force); "power" used in the sociological sense is a separate concept from physical power or political power and in some ways is closer to what is called "influence" in everyday English.

More generally, it can be defined as the real or perceived ability or potential to bring about significant change, usually in people’s lives through the actions of others.

The exercise of power seems to be endemic to people as social and gregarious beings.

Analysis and operation of power

Power manifests itself in a relational manner: one cannot meaningfully say (pace advocates of empowerment) that a particular social actor "has power" without also specifying the other parties to the social relationship.

Power almost always operates reciprocally, but usually not equally reciprocally. To control others, one must have control over things that they desire or need, but one can rarely exercise that control without a measure of reverse control - larger, smaller, or equal - also existing. For example, an employer usually wields considerable power over his workers because he has control over wages, working conditions, hiring and firing. The workers, however, hold some reciprocal power: they may leave, work more or less diligently, group together to form a union, and so on.

Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak of the balance of power between parties to a relationship: all parties to all relationships have some power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of constraint rather than of power.

Even in structuralist social theory, power appears as a process, an aspect to an ongoing social relationship, not as a fixed part of social structure.

Types and sources of power

Power may be held through:

Theories of power

The thought of Friedrich Nietzsche underlies much 20th century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the "will to power", which he saw as the domination of other humans as much as the exercise of control over one's environment.

Some schools of psychology, notably that associated with Alfred Adler, place power dynamics at the core of their theory (where orthodox Freudians might place sexuality).

In the Marxist tradition, Antonio Gramsci elaborated the role of cultural hegemony in ideology as a means of bolstering the power of capitalism and of the nation-state.

One of the broader modern views of the importance of power in human activity comes from the work of Michel Foucault. Feminist analysis of the patriarchy often concentrates on issues of power: note the "Rape Mantra": Rape is about power, not sex.

Deconstruction often works to reveal hidden power structures and relationships.

See also:

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Power, Montana

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Power is a town located in Teton County, Montana. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 171.

Geography


Power is located at 47°42'55" North, 111°41'13" West (47.715367, -111.687054)1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.9 km² (1.5 mi²). 3.9 km² (1.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.66% is water.

Demographics


As of the census of 2000, there are 171 people, 68 households, and 51 families residing in the town. The population density is 44.0/km² (114.1/mi²). There are 71 housing units at an average density of 18.3/km² (47.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.08% White, 0.00% African American, 1.17% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 0.58% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 68 households out of which 33.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% are married couples living together, 7.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% are non-families. 22.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 2.94. In the town the population is spread out with 30.4% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.9 males. The median income for a household in the town is $38,036, and the median income for a family is $39,286. Males have a median income of $27,083 versus $13,125 for females. The per capita income for the town is $16,527. 18.6% of the population and 8.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 48.6% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Power, Montana."

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Product topology

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In topology, the cartesian product of topological spaces is turned into a topological space in the following way. Let I be a (possibly infinite) index set and suppose Xi is a topological space for every i in I. Set X = Π Xi, the cartesian product of the sets Xi. For every i in I, we have a canonical projection pi : X -> Xi. The product topology on X is defined to be the coarsest topology (i.e. the topology with the fewest open sets) which turns all the maps pi into continuous maps.

Explicitly, the topology on X can be described as follows. A subset of X is open if and only if it is a union of (possibly infinitely many) intersections of finitely many sets of the form pi-1(O), where i in I and O is an open subset of Xi. This implies that, in general, not all products of open sets need to be open in X.

We can describe a basis for the product topology in a simple way using the bases of the constituting spaces Xi. Suppose that for each i in I we choose a set Yi which is either the whole space Xi or a basis element in that space, and let B be the product of the Yi. Then, as long as Xi = Yi, that is, we choose the entire space, for all but finitely many i in I, B will be a basis element of the product space, and a complete basis is generated in this way. In particular, this means that a finite product of spaces X has a simple basis given by products of bases in the Xi.

Examples

If one starts with the standard topology on the real line R and defines a topology on the product of n copies of R in this fashion, one obtains the ordinary Euclidean topology on Rn.

The Cantor set is homeomorphic to the product of countably many copies of the discrete space {0,1} and the space of irrational numbers is homeomorphic to the product of countably many copies of the natural numbers, where again each copy carries the discrete topology.

Properties

The product topology is also called the topology of pointwise convergence because of the following fact: a sequence (or net) in X converges if and only if all its projections to the spaces Xi converge. In particular, if one considers the space X = RI of all real valued functions on I, convergence in the product topology is the same as pointwise convergence of functions.

An important theorem about the product topology is Tychonoff's theorem: any product of compact spaces is compact. This is easy for finite products, but the statement is (surprisingly) also true for infinite products, when the proof requires the axiom of choice in some form.

The product space X, together with the canonical projections, can be characterized by the following universal property: If Y is a topological space, and for every i in I, fi : Y -> Xi is a continuous map, then there exists precisely one continuous map f : Y -> X such that pi\ o f = fi for all i in I. This shows that the product space is a product in the sense of category theory.

To check whether a given map f : Y -> X is continuous, one can use the following handy criterion: f is continuous if and only if pi o f is continuous for all i in I. In other words, if we write f as a tuple of its components, f=(fi)i in I, then f is continuous if and only if each of the fi is. Checking whether a map g : X -> Z is continuous is usually more difficult; one tries to use the fact that the pi are continuous in some way.

Relation to other topological notions

Please add more results like these

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Product topology."

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Statistical power

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The power of a statistical test is the probability that the test will reject a false null hypothesis – that is, that it will not make a Type II error. The higher the power, the greater the chance of obtaining a statistically significant result when the null hypothesis is false.

Statistical tests attempt to use data from samples to determine if differences or similarities exist in a population. For example, to test the null hypothesis that the mean scores of men and women on a test do not differ, samples of men and women will be drawn, the test administered to them, and the mean score in each group compared with a statistical test. If the populations of men and women have different mean scores but the test of the sample data concludes that there is no such difference, a Type II error has been made.

Statistical power depends on the significance criterion, the size of the difference or the strength of the similarity (that is, the effect size) in the population, and the sensitivity of the data.

A significance criterion is a statement of how unlikely a difference must be, if the null hypothesis is true, to be considered significant. The most commonly used criteria are probabilities of 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001. If the criterion is 0.05, the probability of the difference must be less than 0.05, and so on. The greater the effect size, the greater the power. Calculation of power requires that researchers determine the effect size they want to detect.

Sensitivity can be increased by using statistical controls, by increasing the reliability of measures (as in psychometric reliability), and by increasing the size of the sample. Increasing sample size is the most commonly used method for increasing statistical power.

Although there are no formal standards for power, most researchers who assess the power of their tests use 0.80 as a standard for adequacy.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Statistical power."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Power

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField

POWER

EnglishPriority Output Writers Execution ProcessComputing
CAN POPEnglishCommittee against Nuclear Power Plants in New YorkN/A

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonyms: Power

Synonyms: power(a) (adj), power-assisted (adj), ability (n), baron (n), big businessman (n), business leader (n), exponent (n), force (n), great power (n), index (n), king (n), magnate (n), major power (n), might (n), mightiness (n), mogul (n), office (n), potency (n), powerfulness (n), superpower (n), top executive (n), tycoon (n), world power (n). (additional references)
Antonyms: inability (n), powerlessness (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Power

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Authority

Noun: authority; influence, patronage, power, preponderance, credit, prestige, prerogative, jurisdiction; right;Noun: authority; influence, patronage, power, preponderance, credit, prestige, prerogative, jurisdiction; right; (title); direction; government; a.

Greatness

Great quan quantity, deal, power, sight, pot, volume, world; mass, heap; (assemblage); stock; (store); peck, bushel, load, cargo; cartload, wagonload, shipload; flood, spring tide; abundance; (sufficiency).

Physical Energy

Noun: energy, physical energy, force, power; keenness; Adjective: intensity, vigor, strength, elasticity; go; high pressure; fire; rush.

Strength

Noun: strength; power; energy; vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute force; spring, elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity.

Vigor

Noun: vigor, power, force; boldness, raciness; Adjective: intellectual, force; spirit, point, piquance, piquancy; verve, glow, fire, warmth; strong language; gravity, sententiousness; elevation, loftiness, sublimity.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Power

English words defined with "power": atomic power ♦ Balance of power, Brake horse power ♦ Gin power ♦ Horse power ♦ Imperfect power, Indicated horse power, Indicated power ♦ legal power ♦ motive power ♦ nuclear power ♦ power broker, power cord, power dive, power drill, power failure, power grid, power hammer, power hunger, power loading, power module, Power of a point, power outage, power pack, power play, power saw, power steering, power system, power unit, power worker ♦ second power, Steam power, stock power ♦ Unit of power ♦ Water power, wind power. (references)
Etymologies containing "power": Wieldance. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Power" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses.

German (power).

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Modern Usage: Power

DomainUsage

Screenplays

Never underestimate the power of denial (American Beauty; writing credit: Alan Ball)

It's in my power. (Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles; writing credit: Anne Rice)

Tell me. How many times have we borrowed each other's power tools or patched up each other's kids (The Brady Bunch Movie; writing credit: Betty Thomas, written by Laurice Elehwany, Rick Copp, Bonnie Turner and Terry Turner)

Power Lloyd (Say Anything; writing credit: Cameron Crowe.)

There's serious metal fatigue in all the load-bearing members, the wiring is substandard, it's completely inadequate for our power needs, and the neighborhood is like a demilitarized zone (Ghostbusters; writing credit: Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis.)

Lyrics

By the power of the name ("El Shaddai"; performing artist: Amy Grant)

You know you've got the power (Drowning; performing artist: Backstreet Boys)

The helpless heart just can't resist their power (I Get Weak; performing artist: Belinda Carlisle)

The power of love and the power of healing (All About Soul; performing artist: Billy Joel)

For power became known to more and more people, (Rasputin; performing artist: BONEY M)

Clever

People in power need the power of prayer. (references; author: unknown)

A woman's greatest power is her vulnerability. (references; author: unknown)

All power corrupts, but we need the electricity. (references; author: unknown)

Power works best in the hands of those who don't want it. (references; author: unknown)

The task ahead of us is never as great as the Power behind us. (references; author: unknown)

Movie/TV Titles

Power Rangers Wild Force (2002)

A Climax of Blue Power (1974)

Double Headed Eagle: Hitler's Rise to Power 1918-1933 (1973)

Kid Power (1972)

Power to the People (1972)

Song Titles

The Power Of Love (performing artist: Huey Lewis & The News)

POWER OF LOVE  (performing artist: Huey Lewis & The News )

Power Of Love / Love Power (performing artist: Luther Vandross)

The Power Of Goodbye (performing artist: Madonna)

The Power (performing artist: Snap)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Power

DomainTitle

References

  • Active Power, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Advanced Power Components plc: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • American Electric Power Co Inc: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • American Power Conversion Corporation: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Alabama Power Co.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • How To Become a Power Agent in Real Estate : A Top Industry Trainer Explains How to Double Your Income in 12 Months (reference)

  • The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 [BARGAIN PRICE] (reference)

  • The Power Equity Group; A Guide for Understanding Equity and Acknowledging Diversity (reference)

  • Seaboard Air Line Railroad Company : motive power (reference)

  • Kinesics: The Power of Silent Command (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  

Theater & Movies

  

Music

  

High Tech

  • American Accessories PowerKit0 - 2 Channel Amplifier Hook Up Kit- 10g Power & Ground (reference)

  • 6ft IBM Monitor/printer/pc Grounded Power Cable M/f (reference)

  • Road Warrior International Australia New Zealand China Power Adapter Non-Grounded (reference)

  • Harmony Power System (reference)

  • Hawking Technology 24-PORT 10/100 WorkGroup Switch RM Internal Power (reference)

    (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)

  

Consumer Goods

  • KitchenAid KHM7T 7-Speed Ultra Power Plus Hand Mixer, Almond Cream (reference)

  • Black & Decker FSC414K-2 Firestorm 14.4-Volt, 4-Tool Kit--plus Free 100 Piece Power Drill Bit Set, a $19.99 Value (reference)

  • Braun Oral-B EB17-3 Power Toothbrush Replacement Brush Heads, 3 Adult Refills (reference)

  • Quick-Grip 5912ADV 12" Advantage Power Clamp (reference)

  • Alert Stamping 5000A-30GFCB Cord Reel Trinector Power Block with Circuit Breaker (reference)

    (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Power

Photos:
Power

More pictures...

Illustrations:
Power

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Power

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Power

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Shown is an older white woman, wearing sunglasses and a hat, power walking outside. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.

Here a field worker runs a power sprayer on a truck as it emits an insecticide. Credit: CDC.

AH-56 Cheyenne Full Power Test. Credit: NASA.

Skylab Shroud in Plum Brook Space Power Facility. Credit: NASA.

The Space Power Facility. Credit: NASA.

Power source for hoisting steel Jack up truck and use "fifth wheel" This could be dangerous - at least one leg broken by getting wrapped up Safety modifications made to system after individual severely injured Triangulation party of Paul A. Smith. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

Where horse power and horsepower converge Triangulation party of E. O. Heaton. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

Looking east to electric power plant on the south shore of Lake Michigan. Credit: America's Coastlines.

FAIRWEATHER moored at Marine Corps Air Station in Kaneohe Bay. During Hurricane Iwa. Power knocked out to Marine Corps Base. FAIRWEATHER cooked Thanksgiving turkeys for Marine Corps families. Credit: America's Coastlines.

The bowels of South Pole Station - the heating and power plant. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Power
 

"East coast power outage" by Flavio Masson
Commentary: "Full moon in between Union Square residential towers - photo taken on Aug 14, 2003 during the east coast power outage."		"Power Lines" by Dan Willis
Commentary: "Power lines to my house."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Power".

PlayCaptionPlayCaption
A low power chord played on a distorted electric guitar.Heavy voltage power being turned on.
A power chord bent in an upward manner on an electric guitar.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Power

AuthorQuotation

Blaise Pascal

The property of power is to protect.

Charles Reade

Beauty is power; a smile is its sword.

Elbert Hubbard

Victory; a matter of staying power.

Henry Brooks Adams

A friend in power is a friend lost.

Johann Friedrich Von Schiller

Freedom exists only with power.
Power is the most persuasive rhetoric.

John Dryden

Repentance is but want of power to sin.

Josiah Gilbert Holland

Calmness is the cradle of power.

William Penn.

For we put the power in the people.

William Pitt

Unlimited power corrupts the possessor.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Historic Usage: Power

AuthorDateQuotation

Magna Carta

1215

And let whoever in the country desires it, swear to obey the orders of the said five and twenty barons for the execution of all the aforesaid matters, and along with them, to molest us to the utmost of his power; and we publicly and freely grant leave to everyone who wishes to swear, and we shall never forbid anyone to swear. (reference)

John Locke

1690

But in this power the mother too has her share with the father. (Second Treatise of Government)

US Declaration of Independence

1776

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. (reference)

US Constitution

1791

Clause 6: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. (reference)

Amendment to US Constitution

1795-1997

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (reference)

Marbury v. Madison

1803

The judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the constitution. (reference)

Communist Manifesto

1848

Capital is, therefore, not a personal, it is a social power. (reference)

The Emancipation Proclamation

1862

And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. (Abraham Lincoln)

Abraham Lincoln

1863

The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. (The Gettysburg Address)

Treaty of Versailles

1919

The Governing Commission will alone have the power of levying taxes and dues in the territory of Saar Basin. (reference)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Power

TitleAuthorQuote

Emma

Austen, Jane

She was ready to tell every thing in her power, but on this subject questions were vain

A Christmas Carol

Dickens, Charles

The misery with them all was, clearly, that they sought to interfere, for good, in human matters and had lost the power for ever

Scarlet Letter

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

The people knew not the power that moved them thus

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

No power is without its worshippers, no fortune without its court

Cymon and Iphigenia

John Dryden

Old as I am, for ladies' love unfit, The power of beauty I remember yet.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

A power, akin to that which had often made anger or resentment fall from him, brought his steps to rest

Time Enough for Love

Robert Heinlein

Never underestimate the power of human stupidity

King Richard III

Shakespeare, William

That the Earl of Richmond Is with a mighty power landed at Milford Is colder tidings, yet they must be told

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck, John

She was the power.

Gulliver's Travels

Swift, Jonathan

This I mention as an instance of the great power of habit and prejudice

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Power

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

These imperfections in the focusing power of the eye are called refractive errors. (references)

Several examples beyond the Connecticut experience show the power of policy changes. (references)

A defect in the power plant of the cell, called mitochondria, where energy is produced. (references)

Business

Exports of electric power systems are insignificant. (references)

Its first phase is operating and selling power to Colombia. (references)

Norway, Sweden and Finland now share a common power market. (references)

Children

Czech Republic

In 1999 12 Romani families filed suit in the Constitutional Court to protest the "de facto segregation" of Romani children into special schools; however, the Constitutional Court rejected the complaint in November 1999 and stated that it did not have the power to order the Ministry of Education to create programs to end racial discrimination. (references)

United Kingdom

The DRC also has the power to conduct formal investigations, arrange conciliation, require persons to adopt action plans to ensure compliance with law, and apply for injunctions to prevent acts of unlawful discrimination. (references)

Jamaica

The Juvenile Act addresses several areas related to the protection of children, including the prevention of cruelty, a prohibition on causing or allowing juvenile begging, the power to bring juveniles in need of care or protection before a juvenile court, the treatment of juvenile offenders, the regulation and supervision of children's homes, and restrictions on employment of juveniles. (references)

Civil Liberties

Lebanon

The Taif Accord, which ended the country's 15-year civil war in 1990, reaffirmed this arrangement but resulted in increased Muslim representation in Parliament and reduced the power of the Maronite President. (references)

Hungary

Political opposition leaders claimed that the FIDESZ-led Government had extended its power within the state-owned media through its influence over personnel decisions. (references)

Fiji

The acts give the Minister of Information sole discretionary power to order a newspaper to publish a "correcting statement" if, in the Minister's view, a false or distorted article is published; however, this provision never has been used. (references)

Discrimination

Samoa

Politics and culture reflect a heritage of chiefly privilege and power, and members of certain families have some advantages. (references)

Syria

Party or government connections can pave the way for entrance into better elementary and secondary schools, access to lucrative employment, and greater power within the Government, the military, and the security services. (references)

Economic History

Singapore

Senoko Power and Power Seraya have a combined generating capacity of 6400 megawatts (MW) while Tuas Power, the second largest generation company, has a generating capacity of 2670 MW. SembCorp Cogen and Island Power, with generating capacities of 900 MW and 800 MW respectively, are the two smaller generation companies, producing mainly for chemical and petrochemical plants located in the Jurong Petrochemical Complex. (references)

Human Rights

Hong Kong

Human rights and lawyers' organizations long have expressed concern that these exceptions to the Court of Final Appeal's power of final adjudication and this interpretation mechanism could be used to limit the independence of the judiciary or could degrade the courts' authority. (references)

Nigeria

Police and security forces are empowered to make arrests without warrants if they believed that there was reason to suspect that a person had committed an offense; they often abused this power. (references)

Pakistan

Some observers claimed that the Government exiled Sharif in order to remove him from politics and to reduce the power and influence of the opposition. (references)

Indigenous People

Venezuela

In July 2000, a total of 55 of the 58 Pemon communities affected by the power lines signed an agreement with the Government that pledged to establish a commission for the demarcation of native lands and to create a development fund for indigenous people. (references)

Angola

Property laws inherited from the colonial era protected the power of large landholders and threatened the existence of traditional communities. (references)

Venezuela

In Bolivar state, the Pemon indigenous people remain highly skeptical of the Government's willingness and ability to comply with its pledges related to the completion of power lines through the Canaima National Park. (references)

Minorities

Burundi

The Tutsis, particularly southern Tutsis, historically have held power, and they dominate educated society and control the security forces. (references)

Moldova

After coming to power in February, the new Communist majority in Parliament amended several laws that strengthened the use of Russian without making it an official language. (references)

Hungary

Roma families bore the brunt of the new rules, which expand the power of local officials to remove Roma from their homes. (references)

Political Economy

INDIA

State and local authorities occasionally use their power to declare strikes "illegal" and force adjudication. (references)

Jamaica

It gained independence in 1962. Two political parties have alternated in power since the first elections under universal adult suffrage in 1944; Prime Minister P.J. Patterson's People's National Party (PNP) won 50 of the 60 seats in Parliament in national elections in 1997 that were significantly less violent than previous general election campaigns. (references)

Libya

Libya's* governing principles are derived predominantly from Qadhafi's "Green Book." In theory the country is ruled by the citizenry through a series of popular congresses, as laid out in the Constitutional Proclamation of 1969 and the Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People of 1977, but in practice Qadhafi and his inner circle control political power. (references)

Political Rights

Zimbabwe

Since 1997 the NCA, an umbrella organization comprising most of the country's important civil society groups, has advocated the creation of a new constitution that would reduce the power of the presidency and offer greater protection for civil liberties. (references)

Ecuador

On occasion the judiciary has acted to limit President Noboa's power. (references)

Nepal

If the lower house is not in session, the upper house exercises this power. (references)

Trade

Senegal

The West African Development Bank granted a CFA 6 billion loan in early 2001 to Senelec, the national power company, for the acquisition of a 20 MW turbine. (references)

Ukraine

USAID has helped develop a multi-faceted energy program for Ukraine which focuses on: 1) power sector restructuring, which has helped transform the power sector from a vertically integrated monopoly to a market system with regulatory oversight of tariffs and licensing, and power distribution based on financial bids; 2) assisting the government of Ukraine to privatize the power sector, starting with 27 distribution companies; 3) development of a coal bed methane industry; 4) improving energy production and conservation by introducing new technologies, management techniques and applying market principles; and 5) indirectly supporting Ukraine's nuclear safety performance and improving nuclear sector regulation and inspection. (references)

Guinea

Energy (hydroelectric/thermal power stations, 88.4 million USD in 1997): funders include African Development Bank, Caisse Francaise de Developpement, World Bank, Canadian International Development Agency, Saudi Development Fund, Kuwait Development Fund, European International Bank, Germany, and European Development Fund. (references)

Travel

Ecuador

The entire city could also be affected by slight to significant ash falls and resulting disruptions of water, power, communications, and transportation. (references)

Sri Lanka

Small bombs have frequently been placed against infrastructure targets such as telephone switchgear or electrical power transformers. (references)

Tunisia

MUNICIPAL POWER AND WATER ARE GENERALLY RELIABLE. (references)

Women

Poland

Abuse of power cannot be claimed when harassment occurs between persons of equal rank. (references)

Albania

The Labor Code mandates equal pay for equal work; however, while women continued to gradually gain economic power this provision was not fully implemented. (references)

Zimbabwe

Courts also do not have the power to oust an abusive spouse from a couple's home. (references)

Worker Rights

Kenya

In past years, the Minister used this power to declare strikes by bank workers and teachers illegal, although the required notice had been given; however, there were no such incidents during the year. (references)

El Salvador

Although a 1996 law gives the Ministry of Economy the power to withdraw free zone privileges from companies that violate labor regulations, there have been no instances in which this has been used or even threatened publicly. (references)

Zimbabwe

The LRA allows for the existence of multiple unions per industry, provided that each is registered with the Ministry of Public Service, Labor, and Social Welfare (MPSLSW). While the Government can deregister individual unions, the High Court has ruled that the LRA does not give the Minister the power to suspend or deregister the national umbrella labor confederation, the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU). (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

MONAD, n. The ultimate, indivisible unit of matter. (See Molecule.) According to Leibnitz, as nearly as he seems willing to be understood, the monad has body without bulk, and mind without manifestation -- Leibnitz knows him by the innate power of considering. He has founded upon him a theory of the universe, which the creature bears without resentment, for the monad is a gentlmean. Small as he is, the monad contains all the powers and possibilities needful to his evolution into a German philosopher of the first class -- altogether a very capable little fellow. He is not to be confounded with the microbe, or bacillus; by its inability to discern him, a good microscope shows him to be of an entirely distinct species.

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Power

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Dan Rather

So while the old leaders with power and the young men with guns and bombs created this war, it is the people on both sides who must find a way to live with it.

Dennis Miller

Even companies recognize the power of family.

General Richard Myers

Absolutely, and not just in Pakistan. As we've stated many time, that this war needs to be fought with all instruments of national power, not just the military. And that was a perfect example of where civil agencies made a very big find in Zubaydah.

Julia Child

I don't know. I have that there's sort of a great, sort of a great power thing that you go back into, and then there are little bits of it that come out, and there are people. That doesn't explain it very well.

Phil McGraw

That's right. And so you have got to say I feel like damaged goods here. I feel like I don't have anything good to offer. I'm unclean and impure. That's because of what he did to me and I want my power back. I'm not going to live that way.

Robert Novak

Congressman, the homeland security bill is stalled in the Senate over the issue of government employee labor unions and how much power they should have.

Rush Limbaugh

For the past two weeks I've been addressing the complete lack of reality, and reliance on myth and emotion, in the realm of nuclear power.

Sylvia Browne

Oh, yeah, and then the person won't ride her anymore. You'd be surprised at how much power your mind has. See, a person can only have power over us if we let them.

William Shatner

It's stunning. I don't know where the power switch is on the computer. I'm pretty ignorant about the technology.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Speeches: Power

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

George Washington

1789-1797Those measures having proved unsuccessful, it became necessary to convince the refractory of the power of the United States to punish their depredations.

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809Nothing shall be wanting on my part to inform as far as in my power the legislative judgment, nor to carry that judgment into faithful execution.

Harry S. Truman

1945-1953I am glad to be a part of the peaceful transfer of the vast power of the Presidency from my hands to his.

Dwight Eisenhower

1953-1961New forces and new nations stir and strive across the earth, with power to bring, by their fate, great good or great evil to the free world's future.

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963Cabling can be seen running from the missile-ready tents to power generators nearby.

Richard Nixon

1969-1974His dream for peace after World War I was shattered on the hard realities of great power politics and Woodrow Wilson died a broken man.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989History records the power of the ideas that brought us here those seven years ago.

George Bush

1989-1993Any cost in lives is beyond our power to measure.

Bill Clinton

1993-2001As the world's greatest power, we must maintain our defenses and our responsibilities.

George W. Bush

2001-2005Now and in the future, Americans will live as free people, not in fear, and never at the mercy of any foreign plot or power.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Power

"Power" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.80% of the time. "Power" is used about 31,304 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (singular)98.8%30,929276
Noun (proper)1.14%35615,102
Lexical Verb (base form)0.04%1397,576
Lexical Verb (infinitive)0.02%6143,867
                    Total100.00%31,304N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Power

The following table summarizes the usage of "power" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.
NameUsage/GenderUsage per 100
million Persons		Rank in USA
PowerLast name5,0002,665
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Derived & Related Names: Power

The following table summarizes names derived from the word "power".
 
NameGenderLanguageMeaning
AdoramN/ABiblical

Their power

AdrammelechN/ABiblical

Grandeur or power of the king

Ataroth-addarN/ABiblical

Crowns of power

HadarN/ABiblical

Power

HadoramN/ABiblical

Their power

IddoN/ABiblical

Power

JecoliahN/ABiblical

Power

RomeN/ABiblical

Power

UcalN/ABiblical

Power

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

 

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Usage in Company Names: Power

CountryNameCountryName
Canada

Ballard Power Systems Inc

China

Beijing Datang Power Generation Company Limited

Hong Kong

Orient Power Holdings Ltd

India

Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited

Ireland

Power Leisure PLC

Japan

Chubu Electric Power Company, Incorporated

Malaysia

EPE Power Corporation Berhad

Mexico

M.O.P.E.S.A. Motores Power S.A.

Pakistan

The Hub Power Company Limited

South Africa

Power Technologies Limited

 (more examples...)  

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Power


1. Power, MT
Zip Code(s): 59468
Country: USA

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Expressions: Power

Expressions using "power": 2) obscuring power ♦ A power ♦ a power of ♦ absolute power ♦ absorbed power ♦ absorbing power ♦ absorptive power ♦ abuse of power ♦ accession to power ♦ accumulative escaping power ♦ acoustic power ♦ advanced Configuration and Power Interface ♦ advanced Power Management ♦ air power ♦ altitude power test ♦ animal power ♦ apparent power meter ♦ appetite for power ♦ artesian water power ♦ at the summit of power ♦ atomic power ♦ atomic power plant ♦ attractive power ♦ auditory power ♦ automotive power ♦ auxiliary power unit ♦ average absorbed power ♦ average pulse power density ♦ backup power supply ♦ balance of power ♦ bargaining power ♦ basic stopping power ♦ be beyond one's power ♦ be in power ♦ be in the power ♦ be in the power of ♦ be shorn of one's power ♦ beyond one's power ♦ bid for power ♦ black power ♦ body power ♦ borrowing power ♦ bouncing power ♦ Brake horse power ♦ braking power ♦ buffering power ♦ buying power ♦ by power ♦ calorific power ♦ candle power ♦ CCIF reference telephonic power ♦ centrifugal power ♦ centripetal power ♦ church power ♦ climb to power ♦ colouring power ♦ combat power ♦ combined heat and power plants ♦ combined power station and seawater desalination plant ♦ commensurable in power ♦ conclusive power ♦ contingency power ♦ continue in power ♦ Conversation Power ♦ covering power ♦ craving for power ♦ craving power ♦ creative power ♦ cut off power ♦ D. C. Power Lab ♦ deprive of power ♦ descriptive power ♦ dirty power ♦ discretionary power ♦ Dispersive power ♦ distributed power ♦ distributive power ♦ distributive power of appointment ♦ do everything in one's power ♦ Dog power ♦ double minimum power points ♦ drawing power ♦ dry power ♦ earning power ♦ economic power ♦ effective isotropically radiated power ♦ effective radiated power ♦ electric power ♦ electric power consumption ♦ electric power plant ♦ electrical power ♦ electrical power center ♦ electrical power station ♦ electrical quiescent power ♦ electromotive power ♦ enemy power ♦ engine horse power ♦ engine power ♦ equivalent isotropically radiated power ♦ escaping power ♦ evaporation power. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "power": power-assertive, power-assisted, power-assisted steering, power-axes, power-ballad, power-base, power-based, power-bases, power-basic, power-behavioral, power-blocs, power-boat, power-boating, power-body, power-booster, power-boosting, power-broker, power-brokers, power-broking, power-centre, power-chordal, power-coated, power-coercive, power-conductor, power-consuming, power-containers, power-crazed, power-crazy, power-cruisers, power-cut, power-cuts, power-dependence, power-dependency, power-diffraction, power-dive, power-down, power-dressed, power-dresser, power-dressing, power-drill, power-drive, power-driven, power-duct, power-elite, power-enabling, power-engineering, power-fantasy, power-fist, power-fit, power-force, power-free, power-from-tyre, power-game, power-games, Power-gas, Power-gen, power-generating, power-gigs, power-giving, power-grab, power-groups, power-had, power-hammers, power-happy, power-heads, power-holder, power-holders, power-house, power-houses, power-hungry, power-in, power-input, power-kick, power-kiting, power-knowledge, power-laden, Power-law, power-lift, power-limiting, power-line, power-lines, power-loaded, power-loom, power-looms, power-mad, power-management, power-manipulators, power-maximizers, power-money, power-mower, power-off, power-of-two, power-on, power-on self-test, power-on-reset, power-operated, power-orientated, power-oriented, power-pack, power-packed, power-packs, power-planers, power-plant, power-plant, power-play, power-players, power-plays, power-points, power-pole, power-political, power-politics, power-pop, power-pullers, power-punch, power-related, power-relations, power-resources, power-rock, power-room, power-safe, power-sapping, power-save, power-saving, power-saw, power-seeker, power-seekers, power-seeking, power-sharers, power-sharing, power-shift, power-showers, power-source, power-state, power-station, power-station worker, power-stations, power-steered, power-steering, power-structure, power-structures, power-struggle, power-struggles, power-suit, power-surge, power-switches, power-teaser, power-the, power-thrust, power-tool, power-tools, power-to-weight, power-trike, power-tripping, power-unit, power-up, power-ups, Power-user, power-using, power-vacuum, power-war, power-weaving, power-weight ratio, power-wielding, power-wise, power-yes, power-zoom.

Ending with "power": balance-of-power, brain-power, buying-power, fire-power, Five-power, flower-power, four-power, great-power, half-power, heat-and-power, horse-power, hydro-power, labour-power, low-power, man-power, nuclear-power, sea-power, steam-power, super-power, water-power, will-power.

Containing "power": anti-power-sharing.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Power

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

power ball

20,364

power point presentation

1,197

power dvd

7,023

power ball result

1,144

power point

6,949

power wheels

1,058

power ranger

6,156

power inverter

1,052

power of attorney

2,916

power of attorney form

1,015

power ball lottery

2,611

power point viewer

1,002

austin power

2,576

ninja power ranger storm

1,001

power

2,465

power 90

978

power tool

2,126

power point background

929

power washer

1,958

jd power

824

wind power

1,747

georgia power

795

free power point template

1,692

white power

774

power supply

1,681

flower power

752

microsoft power point

1,659

max power

733

power 106

1,594

free power point background

713

power point template

1,546

power yacht

703

solar power

1,459

gm buy power

683

power boat

1,375

power management

668

power ball numbers

1,331

power quality

666

power puff girl

1,318

durable power of attorney

634
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Power

Language Translations for "power"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaans

  

sentrale (exchange, power station), mag (ability, be able, be able to, be allowed to, force, have, have the right to, may, strength, vigour). (various references)

   

Albanian

  

pushtet (arm, ascendancy, ascendency, attribution, Caesar, clout, clutches, jurisdiction, nomocracy, reign), zmadhim (aggrandizement, amplification, augment, enhancement, enlargement, exaggeration, increase, magnification, overstatement, rise, swelling), shtet (commonwealth, land, nation, polity, state), mundësi (capability, capacity, chance, eventuality, handle, ingress, likelihood, look in, odds, opportunity, possibility, potential, potentiality, presumption, probability, scope, space, wherewithal), kompetencë (ability, adequacy, authority, business, capacity, competence, competency, province, purview, reference), fuqi (capacity, energy, exponent, force, intensity, lustiness, might, output, potency, proxy, ratio, strength, vigor, vigour), forcë (coercion, effect, emphasis, energy, force, intensity, might, mightiness, muscle, nerve, pith, potency, puissance, strain, strength, vigor, vigour, violence), energji (dash, drive, dynamism, energetics, energy, gumption, might, nerve, pepper, pith, push, steam, strenuousness, vigor, vigour, vim, young blood, zip), autoritet (arm, authorities, authority, jurisdiction, prestige, pundit), aftësi (ability, accomplishment, aptitude, bent, capability, capacity, disposition, facility, faculty, flair, gift, hand, knack, know how, neatness, proficiency, qualification, science, skill, talent, value). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏حول (ability, about, alien, around, be cross eyed, bleach, capricious, commit, concerning, deed, deliver, deter, divert, encode, hand down, hand over, make, metamorphose, process, redress, refer, relocate, round, stop, switch, transfer, transmute, transpose, turn, whimsical, withdraw, work, year), ‏القوة (potential), ‏اله إو إلاهة, ‏صلاحية (reference, warrant), ‏طاقة (ability, capacity, energy, input, pizzazz), ‏سلطات (authorities, reference), ‏سلطان (authority, clutch, dominion, lordship, majesty, monarch, reign, sultan, suzerainty), ‏شغل (activate, busy, carry out, employ, engage, fill, hold, job, occupation, operate, pop on, run, switch on, task, turn on, work), ‏تاثير, سلْطة (authority), ‏حول قوة, ‏وصل الي السلطة, ‏قدرة (ability, capability, capacity, faculty, fitness, leverage, might, potency, qualification, strength), ‏قوة (ability, agency, arm, authority, birr, capacity, clout, dint, energy, faculty, force, forcefulness, forcing, hardihood, intension, intensity, iron, leverage, might, operation, potency, severity, sinew, solidity, stamina, starch, stoutness, strength, vehemence, vigor, vigour, violence, virility, virtue), ‏قوة عقلية, ‏نفوذ (authority, clout, in, influence, leverage, potency, prestige, purchase, reign, standing, tutelage, weight, weightiness), ‏مقدرة (ability, capability, energy, potency, strength), ‏سلطة (arm, chicory, command, hold, horn, influence, law, prerogative, rule, seigniory). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

власт (arm, attribution, authority, authorization, control, disposition, grasp, grip, gripe, hand, helm, hold, jurisdiction, lordship, mastership, mastery, obedience, potency, reign, rule), привеждам в действие (carry into effect, enforce, operate), привеждам в движение (actuate, gear, operate, propel, start), пълномощия (jurisdiction, papers, reference), божество (deity, divinity, godhead), бог (heaven, king, the almighty, the infinite), енергия (activity, drive, energy, force, go, go ahead, intensity, juice, lustiness, pep, pith, push, sinews, snap, spring, vigor, vigour, vim, zap, zip), много (almighty, amain, awfully, bally, deep, dozens, ever so, good deal, great deal, greatly, heartily, high, highly, hundreds, immensely, jolly, loads of, lot, lots of, many, mint, much, nice and, only too, passing, plenty, quantities, quantity, real, right, sight, simply, sopping, sorely, terrifically, thumping, to a large degree, to death, unco, unusually, vastly, very, very many, very much indeed), могъщество (dominance, might, potency), държава (commonwealth, jurisdiction, orb, polity, state), мощност (capacity, duty, force, strength), сума (amount, count, figure, heaps of, number, quantum, sum, tot, total), властник, войнство (host, soldiery), войска (army, array, militaries, militia, soldiery, troops), възможност (chance, eventuality, likelihood, look in, margin, possibility, potential, potentiality, scope, show), сила (definition, drive, dynamism, effect, energy, feck, fiber, fibre, flush, force, forcefulness, forte, goodness, hardness, impetus, intension, intensity, inwardness, kick, lustiness, medium, might, mightiness, muscle, muscularity, nerve, pith, potency, prowess, punch, sinews, snap, stamina, strength, stringency, tenacity, thews, tuck, vehemence, verve, vigor, vigour, vim, vinegar, violence, virility, virtue, virulence, vis, volume, zap, zip), способност (ability, aptness, bump, capability, capacity, competence, competency, efficiency, faculty, fitness, flair, notion, quality, sufficiency, turn), снабдявам с двигател, снабдявам с енергия, степен (degree, exponent, extent, gradations, grade, length, magnitude, notch, order, peg, pitch, prairie, rate, remove), мощ (energy, might, mightiness, momentum, muscle, potency, strength, vigor, vigour). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

力量 (force, strength). (various references)

   

Czech

  

plná moc (power of attorney, proxy, retainer, warrant), vybavit motorem, velmocenský, schopnost (ability, aptitude, capability, efficiency, faculty, hand, intellect, skill, talent, vocation), síla (force, might, pith, potency, strength, thews, vigor, vigour), opatřit motorem, motorový, mocnost, moc (authority, badly, clout, enormously, force, forcefulness, might, mighty, much, potency, strength, sway, too, very), kapacita (ability, authority, capacity, seating, volume), energie (energy, pith, sap, snap, spirit, stamina, vigor, vigour, vim), elektrifikovat (electrify). (various references)

   

Danish

  

teststyrke, styrke (force, pharmaceutical form, potency, strength, sturdiness), strøm (current, flow, stream), mekanisk kraft (force, mechanical force), kraft (force, strength, vigour), effektydelse, effekt (effect). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

macht (ability, force, strength, vigour), mogendheid. (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

potenco. (various references)

   

Faeroese

  

veldi, máttur. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

نیرومندکردن (Gird, Strengthen), نیروبخشیدن به , نیرو (Blood, Brawn, Breath, Energy, Force, Gut, Leverage, Might, Pep, Strength, Thrust, Tuck, Vigor, Vim, Vis, Zip), قدرت دیدذره بین , قدرت (Authority, Godown, Might, Nerve, Posse, Potency, Rod, Sovereignty, Vim, Vis, Zing), توان (Exponent, Potency, Valence, Vigor, Vim), سلطه نیروی برق , زوربکاربردن , زور (Dint, Energy, Hustle, Might, Push, Strain, Strength, Stunt, Thrust, Tuck, Vigor, Vim, Violence, Vis, Vivacity, Zing, Zip), اقتدار, برتری (Advantage, Excellence, Excellency, Influence, Majesty, Predominance, Preference, Prepayment, Primacy, Priority, Profit, Prominence, Supremacy, Trancscendent, Upperhand, Vantage). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

voima (force, intensity, might, strength, vigour), teho (action, capacity, effect, efficiency, impression, output). (various references)

   

French

  

puissance (potency), pouvoir (power of attorney), force (potency), énergie. (various references)

   

German

  

Potenz (ability, potency, square, virility), Macht (ability, control, force, grasp, makes, matter, might, mightiness, muscle, potency, rags, strength, sway), Leistung (accomplishment, achievement, benefit, capacity, effort, feat, merit, obligation, output, payment, performance, produce, rating, result, service, showing, work), Energie (energy, push, vigor, vigour, vitality), Strom (current, electricity, flux, gush, passage, river, stream, torrent, volley), Kraft (ability, agency, by, by dint of, by means of, by use of, by virtue of, dint, employee, energy, faculty, force, forth, fortitude, heft, help, impetus, might, on, puissance, strength, through, verdure, vigor, vigour, with, worker), Gewalt (ability, authority, coercion, control, force, grip, hold, mightiness, strength, vigour, violence). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

εξουσία (authority, control, dominion, sway), δύναμη (brawn, faculty, force, manpower, might, pithiness, potency, puissance, robustness, strength, sturdiness, thews, vigor, vigorousness, vigour, vim, virtue). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

מעצמה (superpower), יכולת (ability, capability, capacity, competence, faculty, possibility), שלטון (administration, authority, government, rule), שררה (administration, authority, dominion, rule), עוז (forcel, fortress, glory, heroism, main, might, strength, valour, vehemence, vigour), עזוז (brave, courageous, heroic, might, mighty, strength), עצמה (force, herself, intensity, might, potency, strength, vigour, volume), אילות (strength), און (potency, strength, substance, wealth), חוסן (might, strength, sturdiness, wealth), כושר (ability, aptitude, capability, capacity, faculty, propriety, worthiness), כוח (force, might, strength), הספק (capacity, output, supply), רשות (authority, control, domain, territory), סמכות (ability, authority, authorization, competence, sanction, warrant). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

hatalom (ascendancy, authority, empire, force, hank, hold, lever, leverage, lordship, mastership, mastery, might, potency, sway), áram (current, juice, stream). (various references)

   

Icelandic

  

vald. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

pangkat (degree, exponent, preferment, rank), wibawa (authority), tenaga (vigour), kuasa (able, authority, delegate, might), kekuasaan (authorization, clout, dominance, domination, hegemony, sway), daya (capacity, energy, potency, ruse, trick). (various references)

   

Italian

  

potenza (input, might, potency, puissance, strengh, strength), forza (brunt, c'mon, current, dint, force, forcefulness, kick, might, muscle, nerve, potency, puissance, sinews, spirit, strengh, strenght, strength, vigour, vim), potere (be able, be able to, be allowed, be likely, be per, can, have an effect, know, may). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

猛威 (fury, menace). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

いけん (able men left out of office, authority, different opinion, objection, opinion, unconstitutionality, view), はぶり (influence, plumage), じょうべき, けんげん (authority, jurisdiction, manifestation, offering one's opinion to one's superior, origin of rights, proposal, right to speak), けんりょく (authority, influence), けんい (authority, influence), けんせい (check, constitutional government, constraint, diversion, feint, influence, prefectural strengths, restraint, screen), けんのう (authority, donation, function, offering, presentation), けんぺい (authority, military police, uniting, unity), もうい (fury, menace), ちから (ability, agency, attainment, authority, capability, efficacy, emphasis, endeavors, energy, exertions, faculty, force, good offices, help, influence, means, might, resources, strength, stress, support, vigor), りきかん (force), パワー , いりょく (authority, influence, might, will, will power), いこう (authority, clothes rack, great deed, great effect, hereafter, idea, inclination, influence, intention, lingering odor of giver, on and after, perfume on the clothing, posthumous manuscripts, remains, switching over to, thereafter, to relax, to repose, to rest, transposition, works following the deceased), いせい (administering, and westward, authority, different name, governing, institutions bequeathed from the past, might, nocturnal emissions, oneirogmus, the opposite sex, west of), いきおい (authority, course, energy, force, impetus, influence, life, might, necessarily, spirit, tendency, vigor), せいりょく (energy, force, influence, might, potency, strength, vigor, vitality), せいい (correct location, correct meaning, correct position, force, good faith, influence, military uniform, sincerity, traveling clothes, true heart, warring against barbarians), つよさ (strength), でんげん (source of electricity), どうりょく (dynamic force, motive power), きょうじゃく (strength), りょく (strength). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

힘 (Force, Forces, Potency, Powers, VIS). (various references)

   

Manx

  

reirid, reir (according to;precedent, dictate, order, regulation), pooar (faculty, influence, province, puissance, warrant), niart (abundance, cogency, drastic, force, much, strength, validity, vehemence, weight of a blow), lheihll (action, movement, physical activity, use of limb), errear, cur pooar ayn, cur niart ayn, cur cummaght ayn, cummaght (influence, potency, province), breeaghey (energize, invigorate), bree (animation, drift, effect, energy, essence, exhalation, gist, glow, implication, importance, initiative, interpretation, inwardness, significance, stamina, validity, vigour, virtue). (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

potensia, poder (ability). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

owerpay.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

potência (candle-power, capacitance, capacity, force, intensity, might, mightiness, output, potency, potential, potentiality), poder (ability, action, afford, ascendance, ascendancy, ascendence, be able to, can, energy, force, grasp, hand, hold, inning, leverage, may, might, potency, puissance, reach, rod, ruling, to be able), força (action, dint, flush, force, might, mightiness, nerve, potency, potentiality, pressure, raciness, steam, stoutness, strain, strength, vehemence, vigor, vigour, vim, violence, vitality). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

putere mãritoare, putere (authority, backbone, capacity, degree, depth, energy, force, greatness, hold, in, jurisdiction, keenness, masterdom, mastery, measure, might, mightiness, nerve, pith, potency, puissance, punch, reign, resistance, right, rulership, sap, stamina, steam, strength, sturdiness, sway, vigor, vigorousness, vigour, vim), productivitate (capaciousness, capacity, output, pregnancy, productiveness, productivity, rating, yield), stat (country, figure, height, list, polity, remaining, state, stature, stopping), sceptru (authority, crown, rod, scepter, sceptre, sway), randament (accomplishment, benefit, capability, capacity, effect, efficacy, efficiency, load, output, outturn, performance, rating, return, yield), grãmadã (aheap, assemblage, batch, block, bulk, clamp, clump, cluster, cob, collection, congeries, crowd, drift, flock, heap, host, hulk, load, lump, mass, mountain, multitude, ocean, pack, Peck, pile, shoal, snag, stack, throng, ton, wilderness of), forţã (drive, energy, force, greatness, influence, locomotive power, measure, might, mightiness, nerve, potency, punch, sinew, strength, stress, vigor, vigour, vim, violence, weight), energie (activity, backbone, bottom, briskness, drive, energy, force, gimp, go, gumption, might, nerve, pep, pepper, peppiness, pith, pithiness, punch, sap, snap, soul, spirit, spunk, strength, vigor, vigour, vim, virtue, zip), energetic, capacitate (ability, capability, capaciousness, capacity, competence, content, efficiency, fitness, gift, mastermind, measure, output, talent, tankage, volume), autoritate (ascendency, authorities, authority, command, control, credit, cropper, faculty, force, governance, government, hold, importance, influence, jurisdiction, lordship, masterdom, mastery, rulership). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

степень (degree, exponent, extent, grade, order, pitch, rate, stage), энергия (activity, dash, energy, hustle, might, motive force, motive power, pep, vigor, vigour, vim), способность (ability, aptitude, aptness, capability, capacity, competence, facility, faculty, flair, gift, skills and talents), сила (arm, efficacy, energy, force, force of, forcefulness, libido, lustiness, might, nerve, pitch, pith, potency, strength, strengths, vehemence, vigor, vigour, vim, violence, virtue), власть (ascendancy, ascendency, attribution, authority, clutch, control, domination, governance, grip, gripe, hand, helm, hold, mastery, sway), мощь (capacity, horsepower, puissance), мощность (capacity, cardinality, mightiness, wattage), могущество (might, potency, puissance), полномочие (authority, commission, competence, competency, empowerment, full powers, procuracy, procuration, proxies, proxy), держава (astro power, superpower). (various references)

   

Scottish

  

puthar, urrainn (ability : is, author, beginner; power), treuntas (strength), treòir (direction, force, strength), neart (might, strength), lùth (activity, pith, strength, vigour), cumhachd (ability, authority), comas, comus, comas (ability, authority), brìgh (acceptation, essence, matter, meaning, nourishment, pith, sap, stuff, substance). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

potencijal (potential), pokretati (move, start), vlast (authority, control, dominance, dominion, whip hand), struja (current, stream, tide), startni, snaga (brawn, clout, firmness, force, kick, leverage, might, potency, rankness, sap, sinew, stamina, strength, sturdiness, vigor, vigour, wallop), sila (force, might, mightiness, strength), motorni (engine, motor), moć (capability, faculty, grasp, leverage, might, mightiness, potency), jačina (intensity, raciness, rankness, severity, sharpness, sinew, strenght, substantiality, tenacity, violence, volume), energija (drive, energy, pep, vigor, vigour, vim, zip), električni (electric). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

potencia (achievement, flippancy, likelihood, output, potency, yield), fuerza (boldness, clout, cogency, constraint, force, forging, heaviness, intensity, juice, kick, loudness, might, mightiness, onrush, pithiness, pressure, punch, stiffness, strength, stress, vigour, weight), energía (abandon, briskness, cassava starch, current, dash, drive, energy, forcefulness, ginger, go, liveliness, massiveness, pep, punch, push, spirit, sturdiness, vigor, vigour, zip). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

styrka (establishment, force, fortify, impact, intensity, invigorate, kick, loudness, lustiness, manpower, might, probate, prove, sinew, stamina, strength, strengthen, toughen, validate, vigor, vigour), kraft (drive, energy, force, impact, impetus, intensity, kick, lustiness, might, pith, pizzazz, potency, sinew, strength, vigor, vigour, vim, virtue, virulence), makt (ability, agency, ascendancy, authority, command, control, dominion, force, governance, in, lordship, might, potency, tooth), effekt (effect, efficiency, load, output). (various references)

   

Thai

  

พลังงานนิวเคลียร์ (nuclear energy, nuclear power). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

yetki (authority, authorization, command, competence, competency, faculty, fiat, sword, vis, warrant, warranty), yetenek (ability, accomplishment, accomplishments, aptitude, aptness, artistry, bent, caliber, calibre, capability, capacity, competence, competency, disposition, dower, dowry, efficiency, facility, faculty, fitness, flair, gift, hand, instinct, parts, prerogative, quality, skill, talent, vocation), takât, otorite (arm, authority, control, discipline, domination), kuvvet (beef, command, dint, energy, exponent, force, lustiness, main, might, pith, potency, punch, robustness, sinew, stamina, strength, thews, vigor, vigour, vinegar, vis, zing), iktidar (ability, capability, capacity, potency, potential), güç sağlamak, güç (ability, arduous, arm, baffling, capability, capacity, clout, clutch, clutches, command, control, difficult, dominance, energy, force, forcefulness, hard, intensity, iron, might, pep, pith, potency, potential, punch, rod, sinew, spirit, stamina, steam, sting, strength, stuffing, sword, tone, tricksy, vigor, vigour, vim, vis, vitality, zing), enerji (drive, energy, guts, kick, pep, pith, snap, steam, verve, vigor, vigour, vim, vinegar), elektrik vermek, derman (cure, remedy, strength), üs (base, basis, exponent, installation, installment, instalment, station), çalıştırmak (actuate, drill, drive, employ, exercise, have smb. on the payroll, make smth. work, make things hum, operate, put on, run, set to work, start, start up, switch on, task). (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

zarp (force, strength), ysgyn (force, strength), kuwwatlylyk (strength), kuwwat (might), hдkimiяet (authority, rule), gьяз (strength). (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

степінь, сила (agency, cloud, efficacy, force, iron, muscle, nerve, pith, potence, potency, strength, vehemence, vigor, vigour, wealth), міць (force, hardiness), могутність (arm, mightiness, potence, potency, puissance), можливість (chance, contingency, eventuality, feasibility, occasion, possibility, resource, scope), продуктивність (capacity, efficiency, output, out-turn, production, productiveness, productivity), право (charter, law, right), приводити в дію (actuate), потужність (energy, output, out-turn, rating, yield), двигун (engine, motor, propeller), довіра (belief, credence), держава (commonwealth, nation, nunky). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

nhiều máy đơn giản cố lên nữa nào!, cơ quan có quyền lực trời, chính quyền, khả năng (capability, faculty, possibility, potentiality, reach, room), lực (force, marrow, punch, register), năng lực sức, công suất, người cầm quyền, uy quyền người quyền thế, quyền hạn, quyền lực (attribution, authority, control, dominion, force, lordship, mastership, mastery), quyền thế (dominion, grandeur, lordship, potency), sức mạnh quyền, tài năng (bump, making, talent), thế lực (importance, reign, sway), năng suất (productiveness, productivity, yield capacity). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

pw+er, nerth (might, strength), grymuster (might), grym (force, might), gallu (ability, be able, be able to), cyfoeth (riches, wealth). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Power

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Greek700 BCE-300 CE

dynamis, dynasteia, -kratia. (various references)

Latin500 BCE-Modern

arbitratus, auctorita, divinitas, divinitatem, dominatio, dominatione, dominationem, dominationemque, dominationes, dominationis, facultas, infirmiter, multivolam, nervi, nervicis, nervo, nervos, nervum, nervus, opem, opes, opibus, ops, optio, optionem, opum, potentatus, potentia, potentiae, potentiam, potentias, potestas, potestate, potestatem, potestatemque, potestates, potestati, potestatibus, potestatis, potis, praesentia, regna, regni, regnis, regno, regnorum, regnum, vi, vim, vimque, vires, viri, viribus, virique, viris, virisque, viritas, virium, virtus, virtute, virtutem, virtutes, virtutesque, virtuti, virtutibus, virtutis, virtutisque, virtutum, virum, vis, vis vires (pl.). (various references)

German100 BCE-Modern

Potenz. (various references)

Avestan200-600

aojangha, utayûitî, xshathra. (various references)

Old English450-1100

miht, onweald. (various references)

Arabic500-Modern

sultan. (various references)

Medieval Latin700-1500

posse. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Bible Trace: Power

LanguageDateSourceRomans Chapter 7, Verse 6
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintNuni de kathrghqhmen apo tou nomou apoqanonteV en w kateicomeqa wste douleuein hmaV en kainothti pneumatoV kai ou palaiothti grammatoV
Latin405VulgateNunc autem soluti sumus a lege morientes in quo detinebamur ita ut serviamus in novitate spiritus et non in vetustate litterae
Old English990West SaxonAc nu, þonne we deade sind for þæm þe us band, sind we þære æ geæmetigd, swa þæt we þegnien on þære niwan wise þæs Gastes, and na lengra on þære ealdan wise þære gewritenan æ.
Middle English1395WyclifBut now we ben vnboundun fro the lawe of deth, in which we weren holdun, so that we seruen in newnesse of spirit, and not in eldnesse of lettre.
Renaissance English1526TyndaleBut now are we delivered fro the lawe and deed fro that whervnto we werein bondage that we shuld serve in a newe conversacion of ye sprete and not in ye olde conversacion of the letter.
Jacobean English1611King JamesBut now we are delivered from the law, that being dead wherein we were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter.
Victorian English1833WebsterBut now we are delivered from the law, that being dead by which we were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter.
Basic English1964OgdenBut now we are free from the law, having been made dead to that which had power over us; so that we are servants in the new way of the spirit, not in the old way of the letter.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Matched Bible Translations: Power

LanguageRomans Chapter 7, Verse 6
CebuanoApan gipahigawas na kita karon gikan sa kasugoan, mga patay na kita ngadto sa nag-ulipon kanato, aron magaalagad kita diha sa bag-ong kinabuhi sa Espiritu, ug dili sa ilalum sa karaang sinulat nga kalagdaan.
Croatiansada pak umrijevši onomu što nas je sputavalo, riješeni smo Zakona te služimo u novosti Duha, a ne u stareži slova.
DanishMen nu ere vi løste fra Loven, idet vi ere bortdøde fra det, hvori vi holdtes nede, så at vi tjene i Åndens nye Væsen og ikke i Bogstavens gamle Væsen.
DutchMaar nu zijn wij vrijgemaakt van de wet, overmits wij dien gestorven zijn, onder welken wij gehouden waren; alzo dat wij dienen in nieuwigheid des geestes, en niet in de oudheid der letter.
Finnishmutta nyt me olemme irti laista ja kuolleet pois siitä, mikä meidät piti vankeina, niin että me palvelemme Jumalaa Hengen uudessa tilassa emmekä kirjaimen vanhassa.
FrenchMais maintenant, nous avons été dégagés de la loi, étant morts à cette loi sous laquelle nous étions retenus, de sorte que nous servons dans un esprit nouveau, et non selon la lettre qui a vieilli.
GermanNun aber sind wir vom Gesetz los und ihm abgestorben, das uns gefangenhielt, also daß wir dienen sollen im neuen Wesen des Geistes und nicht im alten Wesen des Buchstabens.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariTetapi sekarang kita tidak lagi terikat pada hukum agama Yahudi. Kita sudah mati terhadap hukum yang dahulunya menguasai kita. Kita tidak lagi mengabdi dengan cara yang lama, menurut hukum yang tertulis. Sekarang kita mengabdi menurut cara baru yang ditunjukkan oleh Roh Allah kepada kita.
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lamatetapi sekarang kita sudah terlepas daripada hukum Taurat itu, sedang kita sudah mati lepas daripada hukum itu, yang di dalamnya kita terpegang, sehingga kita berbuat ibadat baharu yang rohani, bukannya ibadat lama yang menurut sebagaimana rukun sahaja.
LatvianBet tagad mçs esam atbrîvoti no nâves likuma, kurâ tikâm turçti, lai kalpotu jaunâ garâ, bet ne novecojuðam burtam.
MaoriKo tenei kua mawheto mai tatou i te ture, kua mate hoki tatou ki te mea i puritia ai tatou; no reira e mahi ana tatou i runga i te houtanga o te wairua, kahore i runga i te tawhitotanga o te kupu tuhituhi.
Norwegianmen nu er vi løst fra loven, idet vi er død fra det som vi var fanget under, så vi tjener i Åndens nye vesen, og ikke i bokstavens gamle vesen.
PortugueseMas agora fomos libertos da lei, havendo morrido para aquilo em que estávamos retidos, para servirmos em novidade de espírito, e não na velhice da letra.   
RumanianDar acum, am fost izbqviyi de Lege, wi skntem moryi fayq de Legea aceasta, care ne yinea robi, pentruca sq slujim lui Dumnezeu kntr`un duh nou, iar nu dupq vechea slovq.
ShuarAntsu yamaikia akupkamu emettachmin jaka asar ankant ajasuitji. Túrunar akupkamu yaunchu aarma nu iniaisar yamaikia Yusa Wakaníjiai Tsaníakur yamaram iwiaakmajai pénker wekasamniaitji.
SpanishPero ahora, habiendo muerto a lo que nos tenía sujetos, hemos sido liberados de la ley, para que sirvamos en lo nuevo del Espíritu y no en lo antiguo de la letra.
SwahiliLakini sasa tumekuwa huru kutoka vifungo vya Sheria, kwa sababu tumekufa kuhusu lile jambo lililotufanya sisi watumwa. Sasa tunatumikia kufuatana na maisha mapya ya Roho, na si kufuatana na hali ile ya kale ya Sheria iliyoandikwa.
SwedishMen nu äro vi lösta från lagen, i det att vi hava dött från det varunder vi förr höllos fångna; och så tjäna vi nu i Andens nya väsende, och icke i bokstavens gamla väsende.
UmaAga hewa toe lau, tebahaka-tamo ngkai Atura Pue' to mpohoo' -ta ri'ulu toe, apa' mate-tamo hangkaa-ngkania hante Kristus. Jadi', uma-tapa mpotuku' ohea to hae: uma-tapa mpotuku' atura-atura to te'uki'. Hewa toe lau mpotuku' ohea to bo'u-tamo: mpotuku' -ta konoa Alata'ala ngkai baraka' Inoha' Tomoroli'.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Power

Derivations

Words beginning with "power": powerboat, powerboats, powerbroker, powerbrokers, powered, powerful, powerfully, powerhouse, powerhouses, powering, powerless, powerlessly, powerlessness, powerlessnesses, powers. (additional references)

Words ending with "power": airpower, brainpower, candlepower, counterpower, empower, firepower, horsepower, hydropower, impower, manpower, multipower, outpower, overpower, repower, superpower, warpower, waterpower, willpower, womanpower. (additional references)

Words containing "power": airpowers, brainpowers, candlepowers, counterpowers, empowered, empowering, empowerment, empowerments, empowers, firepowers, horsepowers, hydropowers, impowered, impowering, impowers, manpowers, outpowered, outpowering, outpowers, overpowered, overpowering, overpoweringly, overpowers, repowered, repowering, repowers, superpowered, superpowerful, superpowers, ultrapowerful, underpowered, warpowers, waterpowers, willpowers, womanpowers. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Power" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: eower, jower, opew, opfer, ower, pawer, Pedwar, pewer, phwoar, Phworr, Pkware, poder, poer, poler, pomer, Pomerol, poner, Pooder, pooner, pouer, Povero, powan, Powar, powe, powed, powem, Powerglo, powert, powir, Powler, powse, powte, poyer, pozer, puber, pu-erh, p'weet, pwei, pwer, wower. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Power"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "power" (pronounced pou"er)
3p ou" erempower, overpower, superpower.
2-ou" erBower, cower, devour, dour, flour, flower, glower, hour, our, scour, shower, sour, tower.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Power

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "e-o-p-r-w"

-1 letter: pore, prow, repo, rope, wore.

-2 letters: ope, ore, owe, per, pew, pow, pro, rep, roe, row, woe, wop.

-3 letters: er, oe, op, or, ow, pe, re, we, wo.

 Words containing the letters "e-o-p-r-w"
 

+1 letter: plower, powder, powers, powter, prower.

 

+2 letters: dewdrop, empower, forepaw, impower, plowers, powders, powdery, powered, powters, preshow, prework, prowess, prowest, prowled, prowler, repower, ropeway, swooper, towrope, whooper, whopper.

 

+3 letters: airpower, capework, crowstep, dewdrops, empowers, forepaws, gapeworm, impowers, manpower, openwork, outpower, pilewort, poleward, powdered, powderer, powerful, powering, preshown, preshows, prowlers, repowers, ropewalk, ropeways, swoopers, tapeworm, towropes, uptowner, walloper, warpower, weaponry, wetproof, whoopers, whoppers.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern 		5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art 		9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Historic
12. Quotations: Fiction 		13. Quotations: Non-fiction
14. Quotations: Spoken
15. Quotations: Speeches
16. Usage Frequency 		17. Names: Frequency
18. Names: Derived from
19. Names: Company Usage
20. Cities 		21. Expressions
22. Expressions: Internet
23. Translations: Modern
24. Translations: Ancient 		25. Bible Trace
26. Abbreviations
27. Acronyms
28. Derivations 		29. Rhymes
30. Anagrams
31. Bibliography


  

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