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Definition: Polish |
PolishAdjective1. Of or relating to Poland or its people or culture; "Polish sausage". Noun1. The property of being smooth and shiny. 2. A highly developed state of perfection; having a flawless or impeccable quality; "they performed with great polish"; "I admired the exquisite refinement of his prose"; "almost an inspiration which gives to all work that finish which is almost art"--Joseph Conrad. 3. A preparation used in polishing. 4. The Slavic language of Poland. Verb1. (of surfaces) make shine; "shine the silver, please"; "polish my shoes". 2. Improve or perfect by pruning or polishing; "refine one's style of writing". 3. Make shiny. 4. Bring to a highly developed, finished, or refined state; "polish your social manners". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "Polish" was first used: sometime in the early 14th century. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Chemical Industry | Thin varnishes. Source: European Union. (references) |
Metallurgy | To polish or rub to a smoother or glossier surface. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | An attribute of surface texture of a rock, characterized by high luster and strong reflected light, produced by agents, such as desert or glacial polish, or by artificial grinding and smoothing; e.g., marble or granite. (references) |
Slang in 1811 | POLISH. To polish the king's iron with one's eyebrows; to be in gaol, and look through the iron grated windows. To polish a bone; to eat a meal. Come and polish a bone with me; come and eat a dinner or supper with me. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
the History of Poland series.Over the past millennium, the name Poland has been applied to a shifting territorial base. At one time, in the 16th century, Poland was the largest state in Europe after Russia. At other times there was no separate Polish state at all. Poland regained its independence in 1918, after more than a century of rule by its neighbours.
Early history of Poland (until 1385)
Main article: Early history of Poland (until 1385)Traditional histories of Poland begin with the Polanian tribe ruled by Duke Mieszko I, who became duke of the Polanian tribes around 962 and adopted Christianity in 966 following his marriage to the Czech princess Dubrawka. His country would generations later become Poland, but there was no unified Polish nation at that time, only an assortment of Slavic tribes speaking different dialects such as the (Pomeranian) of the north.
Some historians even question whether Mieszko was Slavic and suggest that he was Scandinavian, and have seen evidence to support this claim in one of the earliest written documents about Mieszko (the Dagome Iudex), where he appears under the name Dagome, which they say could be the Scandinavian name Dago. Some military equipment found in Poland and dated to around Mieszko's time has been claimed to be of Scandinavian appearance, though archaeologists today are generally skeptical, and there is no trace of characteristically Scandinavian architecture among the remains of the Polanian structures, not even in the leaders' quarters. (See summary of arguments at Scandinavian connections to Mieszko I).
Mieszko's successor Boleslaus I extended the early state, and give it international recognition due meeting at the tomb of Saint Adalbert with the emperor of Holy Roman Empire. Given to him by the emperor, title of king was taken in 1025. But at the death of Boleslaus III (1138) the kingdom was divided among his sons, inaugurating the 192-year Fragmentation period (in Polish, Rozbicie dzielnicowe), during which Poland was divided into a number of principalities.
The Jagiellon Era (1385-1572)
Main article: The Jagiellon EraThe restoration of royal power under Ladislaus I (1320) and dynastic union (1386) with the grand duchy of Lithuania to the north-east paved the way for the extension of Polish power far to the east and the creation (Lublin union, 1569) of a unified Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) stretching from the Baltic and the Carpathians to present-day Belarus and western Ukraine.
In the north-west, the Teutonic Knights, in control of Prussia since the 13th century, were forced after their defeats by a combined Polish-Lithuanian force in the Battle of Grunwald (1410) and in the later Thirteen Years War to surrender to the Polish crown the western half of the territory they had controlled (the areas known afterwards as Royal Prussia) and to accept Polish suzerainty over the remainder (the later Ducal Prussia) in the 1466 Second Treaty of Thorn.
During this period Poland became the home to Europe's largest Jewish population, as royal edicts guaranteeing Jewish safety and religious freedom from the 13th century contrasted with bouts of persecution in western Europe, especially following the Black Death of 1348-1349, blamed by some in the West on Jews themselves. Much of Poland suffered relatively little from the outbreak, while Jewish immigration brought valuable manpower and skills for the rising state. The greatest increase in Jewish numbers occurred in the 18th century, when Jews came to make up 7% of the population.
The Noble Republic (1572-1795)
Main article: The Noble RepublicAlthough most accounts of Polish history show the two centuries after the end of the Jagiellon dynasty as a time of decline leading to foreign domination, Poland-Lithuania remained an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity through most of the period.
Partitioned Poland (1795-1914)
''Main article: Partitioned Poland (1795-1914)Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania. Austria gained the populous southern region henceforth named Galicia, as well as the area to its north-east, named Lodomeria by its new Habsburg rulers. Prussia acquired the western lands from the Baltic to Krakow, as well as Warsaw and territories to the north-east. The last heroic attempt to save Poland's independence was a national uprising (1794) led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko, however it was eventually quenched.
Following the French emperor Napoleon I's defeat of Prussia, a Polish state was again set up in 1807 under French tutelage as the Duchy of Warsaw. Upon Austria's defeat in 1809, Lodomeria was added, giving the new state a population of some 3.75 million, a quarter of that of the former commonwealth. Polish nationalists were to remain among the staunchest allies of the French as the tide of war turned against them, inaugurating a relationship that continued into the twentieth century.
With Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 converted most of the grand duchy into a Kingdom of Poland ruled by the Russian Tsar. Several national uprisings were bloodily subdued by the partitioning powers. However, Polish patriotism and striving for regaining independence could not extinguished by them. The opportunity for freedom appeared only after the WWI when the opressing states were defeated or weakened.
Independence Regained (1914-1939)
Main article: Independence of Poland RegainedThe upcoming World War I and the political turbulence that was sweeping throughout Europe in 1914 offered the Polish nation hopes for regaining independence. By the end of World War I, Poland had seen the defeat or retreat of all three occupying powers. The new Polish state had had only 20 years of relative stability and peace before Poland's aggresive, totalitarian neigbours tried to wipe her from the map of Europe again.
World War II in Poland (1939-1945)
''Main article: History of Poland (1939-1945)On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Ribbentrop-Molotov nonaggression pact, which secretly provided for the dismemberment of Poland into Nazi and Soviet-controlled zones. On September 1, 1939, Hitler ordered his troops into Poland. On September 17, Soviet troops invaded and then occupied eastern Poland under the terms of this agreement. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Poland was completely occupied by German troops.
The Poles formed an underground resistance movement and a government in exile, first in Paris and later in London, which was recognized by the Soviet Union. During World War II, 400,000 Poles fought under Soviet command, and 200,000 went into combat on Western fronts in units loyal to the Polish government in exile.
In April 1943, the Soviet Union broke relations with the Polish government in exile after the German military announced that they had discovered mass graves of murdered Polish army officers at Katyn, in the U.S.S.R. (The Soviets claimed that the Poles had insulted them by requesting that the Red Cross investigate these reports.) In July 1944, the Soviet Red Army entered Poland and established a communist-controlled "Polish Committee of National Liberation" at Lublin.
Resistance against the Nazis in Warsaw, including uprisings by Jews in the Warsaw ghetto and by the Polish underground, was brutally suppressed. As the Germans retreated in January 1945, they leveled the city.
During the war, about 6 million Poles were killed, and 2.5 million were deported to Germany for forced labor. More than 3 million Jews (all but about 100,000 of the Jewish population) were killed in death camps like those at Oswiecim (Auschwitz), Treblinka, and Majdanek.
People's Republic of Poland (1945-1989)
''Main article: People's Republic of PolandFollowing the Yalta Conference in February 1945, a Polish Provisional Government of National Unity was formed in June 1945; the U.S. recognized it the next month. Although the Yalta agreement called for free elections, those held in January 1947 were controlled by the Communist Party. The communists then established a regime entirely under their domination.
In October 1956, after the 20th ("de-Stalinization") Soviet Party Congress at Moscow and riots by workers in Poznan, there was a shakeup in the communist regime. While retaining most traditional communist economic and social aims, the regime of First Secretary Wladyslaw Gomulka liberalized Polish internal life.
In 1968, the trend reversed when student demonstrations were suppressed and an "anti-Zionist" campaign initially directed against Gomulka supporters within the party eventually led to the emigration of much of Poland's remaining Jewish population. In December 1970, disturbances and strikes in the port cities of Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, triggered by a price increase for essential consumer goods, reflected deep dissatisfaction with living and working conditions in the country. Edward Gierek replaced Gomulka as First Secretary.
Fueled by large infusions of Western credit, Poland's economic growth rate was one of the worlds highest during the first half of the 1970s. But much of the borrowed capital was misspent, and the centrally planned economy was unable to use the new resources effectively. The growing debt burden became insupportable in the late 1970s, and economic growth had become negative by 1979.
In October 1978, the Bishop of Krakow, Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, became Pope John Paul II, head of the Roman Catholic Church. Polish Catholics rejoiced at the elevation of a Pole to the papacy and greeted his June 1979 visit to Poland with an outpouring of emotion.
Onn July 1 1980, with the Polish foreign debt at more than $20 billion, the government made another attempt to increase meat prices. A chain reaction of strikes virtually paralyzed the Baltic coast by the end of August and, for the first time, closed most coal mines in Silesia. Poland was entering into an extended crisis that would change the course of its future development.
On 31 August 1980, workers at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, led by an electrician named Lech Walesa, signed a 21-point agreement with the government that ended their strike. Similar agreements were signed at Szczecin and in Silesia. The key provision of these agreements was the guarantee of the workers' right to form independent trade unions and the right to strike. After the Gdansk agreement was signed, a new national union movement "Solidarity" swept Poland.
The discontent underlying the strikes was intensified by revelations of widespread corruption and mismanagement within the Polish state and party leadership. In September 1980, Gierek was replaced by Stanislaw Kania as First Secretary.
Alarmed by the rapid deterioration of the PZPR's authority following the Gdansk agreement, the Soviet Union proceeded with a massive military buildup along Poland's border in December 1980. In February 1981, Defense Minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski assumed the position of Prime Minister as well, and in October 1981, he also was named party First Secretary. At the first Solidarity national congress in September-October 1981, Lech Walesa was elected national chairman of the union.
On December 12-13, the regime declared martial law, under which the army and special riot police were used to crush the union. Virtually all Solidarity leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. The United States and other Western countries responded to martial law by imposing economic sanctions against the Polish regime and against the Soviet Union. Unrest in Poland continued for several years thereafter.
In a series of slow, uneven steps, the Polish regime rescinded martial law. In December 1982, martial law was suspended, and a small number of political prisoners were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and a general amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained in jail.
In July 1984, another general amnesty was declared, and 2 years later, the government had released nearly all political prisoners. The authorities continued, however, to harass dissidents and Solidarity activists. Solidarity remained proscribed and its publications banned. Independent publications were censored.
The Third Republic (1989-present)
''Main article: History of Poland (1989-present)A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Hopes for early admission to the EU were realized on April 16, 2003, when Poland and nine other countries signed a Treaty for EU membership from May 1, 2004. Poland joined NATO in March 1999.
Related articles
- Timeline of Polish history
- Rulers of Poland
- Presidents of Poland
- Myths from Polish history
- History of Europe
- History of present-day nations and states
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Poland."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Regrettably, there is only a listing of Polish poets with more stress on 20th century poets. Be sure to read about Polish [[Nobel Prize in literature|Nobel Prize laureates in literature]] - Wislawa Szymborska, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Wladyslaw Reymont and Czeslaw Milosz.See also :
Polish poets - in alphabetical order :
- Poets
- Latin poets
- Spanish language poets
- List of famous Poles
- Adam Asnyk
- Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński
- Stanisław Barańczak
- Miron Białoszewski
- Tadeusz Borowski
- Tadeusz Boy-Zeleński
- Władysław Broniewski
- Ernest Bryll
- Andrzej Bursa
- Aleksander hr. Fredro
- Tadeusz Gajcy
- Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński
- Stefan Garczyński
- Cyprian Godebski
- Stanisław Grochowiak
- Nikos Hadzinikolau
- Jerzy Harasymowicz
- Zbigniew Herbert
- Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna
- Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz
- Bruno Jasieński
- Mieczysław Jastrun
- Zbigniew Jerzyna
- Jan Kochanowski
- Maria Konopnicka
- Kajetan Koźmian
- Ignacy Krasicki
- Jan Lechoń
- Teofil Lenartowicz
- Bolesław Leśmian
- Ewa Lipska
- Adam Mickiewicz
- Czesław Miłosz
- Adam Naruszewicz
- Cyprian Kamil Norwid
- Artur Oppman
- Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska
- Halina Poświatowska
- Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
- Mikołaj Rey
- Wladyslaw Reymont
- Tadeusz Różewicz
- Lucjan Rydel
- Henryk Sienkiewicz
- Antoni Słonimski
- Juliusz Słowacki
- Edward Stachura
- Władysław Syrokomla
- Wisława Szymborska
- Leopold Staff
- Anatol Stern
- Julian Tuwim
- Irena Tuwim
- Jan Twardowski
- Kornel Ujejski
- Adam Ważyk
- Kazimierz Wierzyński
- Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, ps. Witkacy
- Maryla Wolska
- Rafał Wojaczek
- Józef Wybicki
- Stanisław Wyspiański
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Polish language poets."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Many Polish proverbs are original. Some are translations of Latin or German proverbs, while many others came from the Bible. The process of adapting and mixing proverbs between nations in Central Europe lasted for centuries, and in fact many proverbs now should be considered international rather than having a specific national origin.Here are some examples of Polish proverbs. In parenthesis is translation of proverb into English, when it is significantly different from English version.
Add English equivalents and in other languages please!
- Baba z wozu, koniom lżej. (When woman gets off the wagon, horses have easier work.)
- Bez pracy nie ma kołaczy (Without work you won't get any cakes.)
- Latin : Sine labore non erit panis in ore.
- English : Without work there won't be any bread in your mouth.
- Bogu świeczke i diabłu ogarek (Light a candle for God and another one for the Devil)
- Bredzi jak Piekarski na mękach (He talks gibberish like tortured Piekarski.)
- Cel uświęca środki.
- English translation : The end justifies the means.
- French translation : La fin justifie les moyens.
- Cicha woda brzegi rwie (Even still water destroys river-banks.)
- English : Still waters are the deepest; Still waters run deep.
- Co dwie głowy to nie jedna
- English translation : Two heads are better than one
- Co wolno wojewodzie, to nie tobie smrodzie (What is allowed to a voievoda, is not to you, miserable.)
- Czas to pieniądz
- English translation : Time is money.
- Człowiek człowiekowi wilkiem
- Latin version : Homo homini lupus est.
- English translation : Man is man's wolf.
- Czego Jaś się nie nauczy, tego Jan nie będzie umiał (What little John haven't learnt, Old John won't know)
- German translation : Was Hänschen nicht lernt, lernt Hans nimmermehr.
- English : You can't teach an old dog new tricks
- Czym skorupka za młodu nasiąknie, tym na starość trąci (what a shell soaks up in its early days, it will give off later)
- Duch chętny lecz ciało mdłe.
- English translation : The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.
- Gdy pies je, to nie szczeka, bo mu miska ucieka (When dog is eating he's not barking, or his food will run away)
- Gdzie kucharek sześć, tam nie ma co jeść (Where are six cooks, there is nothing to eat.)
- German : Viele Köche verderben den Brei.
- English : Too many cooks spoil the broth.
- I Herkules dupa kiedy wrogów kupa (this is vulgar one, however - Even Hercules asshole in face of many enemies. Nie dokładnie ale może lepiej Even Hercules turns yellow in face of many enemies.)
- Latin version : Nec Hercules contra plures
- Jak Bóg Kubie tak Kuba Bogu (As God treats Jake, Jake will treat God accordingly.)
- Jak sobie pościelesz, tak się wyśpisz (You sleep as good as good you prepare the bed)
- Jestem człowiekiem i nic co ludzkie nie jest mi obce
- Latin version : Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto.
- English translation : I'm human and nothing that is human is to me strange.
- Kota nie ma, myszy harcują
- English translation : When the cat's away the mice will play.
- Kowal zawinił, cygana powiesili (The blacksmith was guilty, but they hung the gypsy.)
- Kruk krukowi oka nie wykole (The crow won't hurt an eye of another crow)
- Kto rano wstaje, temu Pan Bóg daje (He who gets up early, is rewarded by God.)
- German : Morgenstund hat Gold im Mund.
- English : The early bird gets the worm.
- Kto szybko daje, dwa razy daje.
- Latin version : Bis dat, qui cito dat.
- English translation : He who gives quickly gives twice.
- Kuba strzela, Pan Bóg kule nosi (Jake shoots, God guides the bullets.)
- Kuj żelazo póki gorące.
- German translation : Das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiss ist.
- English translation : Strike while the iron is hot; Make hay while the sun shines
- Lepiej późno niż wcale.
- English translation : Better late than never
- Lepszy wróbel w garści niz gołąb na dachu. (A sparrow in your hand is better than a pigeon on the roof.)
- German translation :Besser ein Spatz in der Hand, als eine Taube auf dem Dach.
- English : A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
- Musi to na Rusi, w Polsce jak kto chce (In Russia you have to do things, in Poland you do as you please. (czy to jest lepsze ?) niż "have to" is related only to Russia, in Poland you do as you wish)
- Nie chwal dnia przed zachodem słońca (don't praise the day before nightfall)
- Niedaleko pada jabłko od jabłoni.
- English : The apple falls not too far from the apple tree.
- Nie dla psa kiełbasa, nie dla kota spyrka. (Not for the dog is the sausage, not for the cat is ...)
- Nie dziel skóry na niedźwiedziu. (Don't skin a bear before you catch it.)
- German : Man soll das Fell des Bären nicht verteilen, bevor man ihn erlegt hat.
- English : Don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
- Nie mów hop póki nie przeskoczysz (Don't say I hopped before you jump over.)
- Nie od razu Kraków zbudowano. (Krakow wasn't built in a day.)
- German : Rom ist auch nicht an einem Tag erbaut worden.
- English : Rome wasn't built in a day.
- Nieznajomość prawa szkodzi.
- Latin version : Ignorantia iuris nocet.
- English translation : Being ignorant of law is no excuse.
- Nie wszystko złoto co się świeci.
- German translation : Es ist nicht Alles Gold, was glänzt.
- English translation : All that glitters is not gold.
- O umarłych mówi się dobrze, albo wcale.
- Latin version : De mortuis nihil nisi bene.
- English translation : Of the dead, nothing but good.; Say only good things about the dead.
- O wilku mowa, a wilk tuż tuż. (You are talking about the wolf, and the wolf is nearby.)
- English : Talk of the devil - and the devil appears.
- Paluszek i główka to szkolna wymówka (Sore finger and head are pupil's excuses.)
- Patrzy jak ciele w malowane wrota (He is gaping like a calf at the painted gate)
- Piekna miska jeść nie daje. (Beautifully decorated plate won't feed anyone.)
- Piekło jest wybrukowane dobrymi chęciami.
- English translation : The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
- Pokorne ciele dwie matki ssie (A humble calf is sucking two mothers.)
- Rączka rączke myje.
- Latin version : Manus manum lavat.
- English translation : One hand washes the other.
- Śpiesz sie powoli.
- German : Eile mit Weile.
- English : More haste, less speed. or Hasten slowly!
- Latin version : Festina lente !
- Szlachic na zagrodzie równy wojewodzie (A nobleman within his estate equals a voievoda)
- Szukajcie a znajdziecie.
- English translation : Seek and ye shall find.
- Ten sie śmieje, kto sie śmieje ostatni.
- German translation :Wer zulezt lacht, lacht am besten.
- English translation : He who laughs last, laughs longest.
- Wlazłeś miedzy wrony, krakaj jak i one. (When you mingle with the crows, croak as they do)
- German : Andere Länder; andere Sitten.
- English : When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
- Wolnoć Tomku w swoim domku (Thomas, you are free to do anything you want in your own house.)
- English : my home is my castle
- Wszędzie dobrze ale w domu najlepiej. (It is fine any place you go but best at home.)
- English : East or West home is best.; There is no place like home.
- Wszystko dobrze, co się dobrze kończy.
- German translation : Ende gut, alles gut.
- English translation : All's well that ends well.
- Wszystkie drogi prowadzą do Rzymu.
- English translation : All roads lead to Rome.
- Wyrwał się jak Filip z Konopii (?)
- Złej baletnicy rąbek spódnicy (przeszkadza). (Bad ballerina is disturbed by hem of her skirt.)
- English : A bad workman always blames his tools.
- Zobaczysz (coś) jak świnia niebo (You will see (sth) as surely as pig will see heaven (that is, you won't))
- Z rodziną wychodzi sie dobrze tylko na zdjeciach (Only on photographs would your kin look nice.) Protested poverb not realy old polish as not old is photography. (there was huge polish speaking anti polish population)
Talk
See Also
- proverb
- Chinese proverbs
- English proverbs
- French proverbs
- German proverbs
- Japanese proverbs
- Latin proverbs
- Portuguese proverbs
- Spanish proverbs
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Polish proverbs."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This article is about the country Poland. For other meanings, see Poland (disambiguation)The Republic of Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordering Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and Russia (via the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to its north, as well as the Baltic Sea. Its location and accessible terrain has meant that the land has seen many wars fought over it and its borders have shifted considerably over the centuries.
Rzeczpospolita Polska
(In Detail) National motto: Honor i Ojczyzna (Polish: Honour and Homeland) Official language Polish Capital Warsaw Largest City Warsaw President Aleksander Kwasniewski Prime minister Leszek Miller Area
- Total
- % waterRanked 68th
312,685 km²
2.6%Population
- Total (2000)
- DensityRanked 30th
38,633,912
123.5/km²Independence
- DateRegained
November 11, 1918Currency Zloty (PLN) Time zone UTC +1 National anthem Mazurek Dabrowskiego Internet TLD .PL Calling Code 48
Name
The oficial name in Polish language is "Rzeczpospolita Polska".
"Rzeczpospolita" is the exact translation from latin res publica (republic): "rzecz" -- thing, matter, concern, affair, "pospolita" -- common, i.e., "common matter", "common thing". "Common" is as in House of Commons vs. House of Lords; pospolstwo -- common people.
The name of the country "Polska" and the name of the nationality, Poles, come from the Polanes tribe who established the Polish state in the 10th century (Greater Poland). Origin of their name is unknown. It may be derived from the word pole=a field, or it may mean the heroes, or it may be derived from the tribal name Goplanie - people living around Goplo lake - the cradle of Poland mentioned as Glopeani having 400 strongholds in ca. 845 (Bavarian Geographer).
See: Wiktionary: name 'Poland' translated into other languages
History
Main article: History of PolandPoland is an ancient nation that was conceived around the middle of the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th century when it was united with Lithuania in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The citizens of Poland were proud of their ancient freedoms and parliamentary system, though only privilaged one enjoyed them. Since that times Poles adhere to freedom, that is the value that is the most important for them. Poles often call themselves Nation of the free people. During the following century, the strengthening of the gentry and internal disorders weakened the nation, leading to three partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793 and 1795 that completely dissolved Poland. Poles resented their shrinking freedom and organised numerous attempt to rebel against tyrants.
During the 19th century most of Poland was ruled by the Russian tsar, but it regained its independence in November 1918 as the Second Polish Republic. The new threat was Soviet agression in 1919 (Polish-Soviet War) but Poland was able to defend its independence.
This state lasted until 1939 when it was overrun by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the start of World War II, during which Poland suffered greatly, see General Government. Among all nations in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of citizens. Towards the end of the war, the Soviet Union turned from liberators to occupiers and Poland became a Soviet satellite state after the war. Poland border were shifted westward, eastern border to the Curzon line and western border to Oder-Neisse line. After the shift Poland was smaller by 76 000 km sq or 20% of pre-war size. Millions of Polish people were dispossessed westwards into territory previously held by late Nazi Germany, from which similar number of Germans were expulsed.
The shifting of whole Poland was accompanied by shifting the entire population, so at the end of the process, populations fit to the borders.
Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force, slowly ending the dominance of the Communist Party, and by 1989 had swept parliamentary elections and eventually the presidency. A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust (according to the criteria of neoliberal economics) in Central Europe, with official unemployment rates at about 20% during the first decade of the 21st century. Despite the regression in levels of social and economic human rights standards, there were some improvements in other human rights standards, and following a massive advertising campaign by the government in favour of joining the European Union, Polish voters chose yes in a referendum in June 2003. Poland will officially join the European Union on 1 May 2004. Poland joined the NATO alliance in 1999.
Politics
Main article: Politics of PolandPolish government structure consists of a Council of Ministers led by a prime minister. This cabinet is appointed by the president on a proposal by the prime minster, typically from a majority coalition in the bicameral legislature's lower house. The president, elected by popular vote every 5 years, is head of state.
The parliament, the National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe, consisting of 460 members of the Sejm (lower house) and 100 members of the Senate (Senat), is elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms. The current constitution dates from 1997, and stipulates that with the exception of two guaranteed seats for small ethnic parties, only political parties receiving at least 5% of the total vote can enter parliament.
The judicial branch plays a minor role in decision making and its major institutions are the Supreme Court (Sad Najwyzszy) whose judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period, and the Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunal Konstytucyjny), where judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms.
Voivodships
Main article: Voivodships of PolandPoland is divided into 16 administrative regions known as voivodships (województwa, singular - województwo):
- Greater Poland Voivodship (Wielkopolskie)
- Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship (Kujawsko-Pomorskie)
- Lesser Poland Voivodship (Malopolskie)
- Lodz Voivodship (Lodzkie)
- Lower Silesian Voivodship (Dolnoslaskie)
- Lublin Voivodship (Lubelskie)
- Lubusz Voivodship (Lubuskie)
- Masovian Voivodship (Mazowieckie)
- Opole Voivodship (Opolskie)
- Subcarpathian Voivodship (Podkarpackie)
- Podlasie Voivodship (Podlaskie)
- Pomeranian Voivodship (Pomorskie)
- Swietokrzyskie Voivodship (Swietokrzyskie)
- Silesian Voivodship (Slaskie)
- Warmian-Masurian Voivodship (Warminsko-Mazurskie)
- West Pomeranian Voivodship (Zachodniopomorskie)
Geography
Main article: Geography of PolandThe Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the North European Plain at an average height of 173 m, though the Carpathian Mountains (including the Tatra mountains) and the Sudeten with its part Karkonosze form the southern border, where one also finds Poland's highest point, the Rysy, at 2,499 m. The plains are crossed by several large rivers, such as the Vistula (Wisla), the Oder (Odra), the Warta or the (Western) Bug. Poland also contains over 9,300 lakes, predominantly in the north of the country.
The Polish climate is temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation and mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers.
Economy
Main article: Economy of PolandPoland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition from communism to market economy. However, slow progress in recent few years, combined with other factors, like birth peak 20 years ago, put recently economy at the edge of recession, with about 18% unemployment and increasing wealth disparities. GDP growth had been strong and steady in 1993-2000 but fell back in 2001 with slowdowns in domestic investment and consumption and the weakening in the global economy. Perspective of closer integration with European Union put economy back on the route of growth, that is currently 2003 over 3% yearly.
The privatisation of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed for the rapid development of an aggressive private sector, but without any development of consumer rights organisations.
In contrast, from a neoliberal point of view, Poland's large agricultural sector remains handicapped by structural problems, surplus labour, inefficient small farms, and lack of investment. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railroads, and energy) has begun. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger than expected fiscal pressures. Further progress in public finance depends mainly on privatisation of Poland's remaining state sector.
From popular point of view, reflecting the numerous and consistent street protests, is that while health care and the education system have suffered considerable damage from lack of successful conversion of institutions from state directed towards modern way of management. People are also afraid of the possible damage, that Polish agriculture may suffer, as integration into the European Union proceeds.
Apart from individuals like Jeffrey Sachs, many institutions such as the Research Triangle Institute have been involved in the shock therapy, which, for some people, has been positive, while for others, it has been a catastrophe.
The government's determination to enter the EU as soon as possible affected most aspects of its economic policies. Improving Poland's outsized current account deficit and reining in inflation are priorities. Warsaw leads the region in foreign investment and needs a continued large inflow.
Holidays Date English Name Local Name Remarks January 1 New Year's Day Nowy Rok May 3 Constitution Day Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja November 1 All Saints Day Święto Zmarłych November 11 Independence Day Święto Niepodległości
International rankings
- world-wide press freedom index Rank 29 out of 139 countries (2 way tie)
Miscellaneous topics
- Communications in Poland
- Transportation in Poland
- Military of Poland
- Foreign relations of Poland
- Tourism in Poland
- Software development in Poland
External Links
- Poland.pl - Portal on Poland
- Poland.com - another portal on Poland
- KPRM - Official prime ministerial site
- Prezydent - Official presidential site
- Sejm - Official site of the Sejm
- Senat - Official site of the Senate
- Sad Najwyzszy - Official site of the Supreme Court
- Trybunal Konstytucyjny - Official site of the Constitutional Tribunal
European Union:
Austria | Belgium | Denmark | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Ireland
Italy | Luxembourg | Netherlands | Portugal | Spain | Sweden | United KingdomCountries acceding to membership on May 1, 2004:
Cyprus | Czech Republic | Estonia | Hungary | Latvia | Lithuania | Malta | Poland | Slovakia | Slovenia
Countries of the world | Europe | Council of Europe nds:PolenSource: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Poland."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
- A magnetic pole is an end point of a magnet.
- The poles of the Earth, or other planet, are the points where its axis of rotation passes through its surface. See: geographical pole, North Pole, South Pole, polar region.
- The celestial poles are the ends of the celestial sphere.
- A pole is a long and straight stick, usually vertical or intended to be used vertically. See barber, pole vault, pole (object).
- In complex analysis, a pole of a function is a certain simple type of singularity. See pole (complex analysis).
- A pole is also a unit of length, also called a rod, equal to 5.5 yards or 16.5 feet (5.029 meters in SI units), see pole (length).
- A Pole is a native of Poland. See demographics of Poland.
- In chemistry, a polar molecule is one that has concentrations of electric charge, see polar molecule.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Pole."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Polish can mean:
- From or related to Poland
- The Polish language
- To rub to make smooth, see polishing
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Polish."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Polish Spoken in: Poland
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Ukraine, UAE, USA.Total speakers: 43 Million Ranking: 24 Genetic
classification:Indo-European
Slavic
West
Lekhitic
PolishOfficial status Official language of: Poland, also Vilnius county, Lithuania ISO 639-1: pl ISO 639-2: pol SIL: PQL
History
Polish has been influenced by contact with foreign languages (foremost Latin, German, French, Italian, Russian and English). In Greater Poland and especially Silesia the inimitable regional patois contains a mixture of Polish and German elements. Since 1945, as the result of mass education and mass migrations, standard Polish has become far more homogeneous, although regional dialects persist. In the western and northern territories, resettled in large measure by Poles from the Soviet Union, the older generation came to speak a language characteristic of the former eastern provinces.
Classification
The Polish language, together with other Lekhitic languages (Kashubian, Silesian, Polabian), Upper and Lower Sorbian, Czech and Slovak, belongs to the West branch of Slavic languages.
Geographic distribution
Polish is mainly spoken in Poland, but Polish emigrants have brought the language with them, and there are significant numbers of Polish speakers in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Ukraine, UAE, and the USA.
Dialects
It has several dialects that correspond in the main to the old tribal divisions; the most significant of these (in terms of numbers of speakers) are Great Polish (spoken in the northwest), Little Polish (spoken in the southeast), Mazovian, and Silesian. Mazovian shares some features with Kashubian, whose remaining speakers (estimates vary from 100,000 to over 200,000) live west of Gdansk near the Baltic Sea.Small numbers of people also speak Belarusian, Ukrainian, and German as well as several varieties of Romany.
construction (for perfective verbs) (for imperfective verbs) example imperfective example perfective verb+ić infinitive infinitive robić zrobić verb+suffix future simple tense present tense robicie zrobicie past participle+suffix past perfect tense past imperfect tense robiliście zrobiliście (this suffix can be moved) coście robili coście zrobili Movable suffix is usually attached to verb or to the most accented of sentence, like question preposition.
Sometimes alone suffix with prefix że- appears.
So what have you done ? can be:
All these forms are used without a subject -- "wy" ("you" in plural). Of course, it is possible to use the subject along, but it sounds well only in the first sentence (the other two are stronger, with the stress on the verb, so the subject is not so important):
- co zrobiliście
- coście zrobili
- co żeście zrobili
Past participle depends on number and gender, so 3rd person, singular past perfect tense can be:
- co wy zrobiliście
- coście zrobili (in fact, a Polish won't use subject here)
- co żeście zrobili (as above)
- co wyście zrobili (here the stress goes to "you" -- "wy"+ście)
- zrobił (he made/did)
- zrobiła (she made/did)
- zrobiło (it made/did)
Vocabulary
to do: Polish vocabulary
Writing systems
The Polish alphabet ... letters are variously decorated with diacritics and it can be represented with the ISO 8859-2 character set:a, ą, b, c, ć, d, e, ę, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ł, m, n, ń, o, ó, p, q, r, s, ś, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, ź, ż,
A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P, Q, R, S, Ś, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, Ź, ŻThe letters q, v and x are used only in foreign words. It uses 9 special characters, and some character pairs to represent sounds not available in the Latin alphabet. Vowels are pronounced like in all European languages (and for that matter Japanese) other than English.
"a b d e f h k l m n o p r s t u z" are pronounced as you'd expect them to be.
Special letters are:
- "c" is pronounced "ts", if you'll prononuce it "s" you will be understood
- "g" is always hard, like in "game" not like "gene".
- "i" is pronounced like "i" and before other vowel like "y". It softens the consonant before it.
- "j" is pronounced like "y".
- "w" is pronounced like "v".
- "y" is pronounced like "i", but it doesn't soften the consonant before it.
Special letter pairs are:
- "ą" - prononuced like "on" or "om".
- "ć" - pronounced like soft "ch".
- "ę" - prononuced like "e", "en" or "em". As the last vowel of the word almost always like "e".
- "ł" - pronounced like "w"
- "ń" - pronounced like soft "n"
- "ó" - pronounced like "u"
- "ś" - pronounced like soft "sh".
- "ź" - pronounced like soft "zh".
- "ż" - pronounced like hard "zh".
See also:
- "ch" - pronounced like "h"
- "cz" - pronounced like hard "ch"
- "rz" - pronounced like hard "zh"
- "sz" - pronounced like hard "sh"
- Slavic languages
- Slavic peoples
- Poland
- Common phrases in different languages
- Wiktionary:Polish language
- Wikibooks:Basic Polish language course
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Polish language."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Polishing is the act of giving something polish, typically through rubbing. Polishing results in a smoother surface with higher shine. Polish can also refer to a compound used in the polishing process.There are two types of polishing: Adding a polish to the surface to fill in pits, or removing tarnish and abrasions. Both are a way to provide care for an object to extend its life and improve its performance.
The first type of polishing typically uses a compound containing wax and thus the terms may be used interchangably. This polishing compound is rubbed into the surface until it is built up to a smooth level. This is the typical way to polish cars, surfboards, shoes, furniture and floors. This removes friction as well as adding a shine.
The second type of polishing involves a slight abrasive, sometimes in combination with a wax or other filler. This is most often used on metal objects like silverware, cookware or automobiles. Typically this just results in increased shine.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Polishing."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569 and 1795, which was governed by an elected monarch.
Since the word Poland was also commonly used to described the whole country, the members of the commonwealth were called:
- crown of the Polish Kingdom, popularly the Crown.
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania, popularly the Lithuania.
- Duchy of Ruthenia was the planned member of the Commonwealth, after the reconstruction to triple state of Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, that was never applied in practise.
In the Partitions_of_Poland in 1772-1795 divided among Russia, Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. However, that last politcal movement, that wanted to restore the triple state, was active around January Uprising 1863-1864.
These lands are distributed today among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus, and partly Russia.
The term "Commonwealth" is a close translation of the Polish word "Rzeczpospolita", which derives from latin res publica, see "Poland".
The contemprorary political doctrine of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "our state is a Republic under presidency of the King". The commonwealth introduced the doctrine of religious tolerance, had its own parliament, the Sejm, and elected kings that were bound to the contracts "Pacta conventa" from the beginning of the reign.
The foundation stones of the Commonwealth, the so called Golden Freedoms, were commonly:
See also: The Noble Republic, List of Polish rulers
- free election of the king
- "pacta conventa" that were binding for the king
- "rokosz""" the legal rebellion of citizens against the king, that violeted freedom
- "liberum veto" the right to express opposition to the decisions of majority by individual
- "confederatio" the military organisation of the citizens, willing to achieve common political aim.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| POL | English | Polish Ocean Lines | Transportation |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: PolishSynonyms: burnish (n), cultivation (n), culture (n), finish (n), glossiness (n), refinement (n), brush up (v), down (v), fine-tune (v), gloss (v), polish up (v), refine (v), round (v), round off (v), shine (v), smooth (v), smoothen (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Amusement | Cards, card games; whist, rubber; round game; loo, cribbage, besique, euchre, drole, ecarte, picquet, allfours, quadrille, omber, reverse, Pope Joan, commit; boston, boaston; blackjack, twenty-one, vingtun; quinze, thirty-one, put, speculation, connections, brag, cassino, lottery, commerce, snip-snap-snoren, lift smoke, blind hookey, Polish bank, Earl of Coventry, Napoleon, patience, pairs; banker; blind poker, draw poker, straight poker, stud poker; bluff, bridge, bridge whist; lotto, monte, three-card monte, nap, penny-ante, poker, reversis, squeezers, old maid, fright, beggar-my-neighbor; baccarat. |
Beauty | Render beautiful; Adjective: beautify; polish, burnish; gild; (decorate); set out. |
Pulchritude, form elegance, grace, beauty unadorned, natural beauty; symmetry; comeliness, fairness; Adjective: polish, gloss; good effect, good looks; belle tournure; trigness; bloom, brilliancy, radiance, splendor, gorgeousness, magnificence; sublimity, sublimification. | |
Completion | Despatch, dispatch; knock off, finish off, polish off; make short work of; dispose of, set at rest; perform, discharge, fulfill, realize; put in practice, put in force; carry out, carry into effect, carry into execution; make good; be as good as one's word. |
Courtesy | Render polite; Adjective: polish, civilize, humanize. |
Noun: courtesy; respect; good manners, good behavior, good breeding; manners; politeness; Adjective: bienseance, urbanity, comity, gentility, breeding, polish, presence; civility, civilization; amenity, suavity; good temper, good humor; amiability, easy temper, complacency, soft tongue, mansuetude; condescension; (humility); affability, complaisance, pr_venance, amability, gallantry; pink of politeness, pink of courtesy. | |
Friction | Verb: rub, scratch, scrape, scrub, slide, fray, rasp, graze, curry, scour, polish, rub out, wear down, gnaw; file, grind. (reduce to powder). |
Improvement | Touch up, rub up, brush up, furbish up, bolster up, vamp up, brighten up, warm up; polish, cook, make the most of, set off to advantage; prune; repair; (restore); put in order; (arrange). |
Ornament | Smarten, furbish, polish, gild, varnish, whitewash, enamel, japan, lacquer, paint, grain. |
Garnish, polish, varnish, French polish, veneer, japanning, lacquer. | |
Smoothness | Verb: smooth, smoothen; plane; file; mow, shave; level, roll; macadamize; polish, burnish, calender, glaze; iron, hot-press, mangle; lubricate; (oil). |
Noun: smoothness; Adjective: polish, gloss; lubricity, lubrication. | |
Roller, steam roller, lawn roller, rolling pin, rolling mill; sand paper, emery paper, emery cloth, sander; flat iron, sad iron; burnisher, turpentine and beeswax; polish, shoe polish. | |
Taste | Noun: taste; good taste, refined taste, cultivated taste; delicacy, refinement, fine feeling, gust, gusto, tact, finesse; nicety; (discrimination); gr/to prepon/gr polish, elegance, grace. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Hell, I can get you a toe by 3 o'clock this afternoonwith nail polish. (The Big Lebowski; writing credit: Ethan Coen; Joel Coen) Polish your knife collection (The Cutting Edge; writing credit: Tony Gilroy) Farm boy, polish my horse's saddle (The Princess Bride; writing credit: William Goldman) Total joke immunity! He's already got the two major religions covered. If he ever gets Polish citizenship, there'll be no stopping him (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) Some red nail polish, Edith (All in the Family; writing credit: Johnny Speight; Norman Lear) | |
Lyrics | Polish shot off on these presidents, and hardtimes they go and come (Po' Folks; performing artist: Nappy Roots) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Boot Polish (1954) When Lizzie Got Her Polish (1914) Polish and Pie (1911) A Very Polish Practice (1992) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books | |||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Caption: Man Using Vacuum Cleaner Mechanism to Polish Silver in the T.B. Wells House, a Country House Powered by Edison Storage Batteries; West Orange, NJ; 1913; {06.100/68} (jpg). |  | Polish Typhus Relief Commission : Company of Polish women soldiers. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Souvenir photograph of attendees at a luncheon given by Admiral Nagano for foreign military and naval attaches and their assistants, at the Tokyo Naval Club on 6 May 1940. Those present are (seated in front row, left to right): |  | Victims of mass burning of 250 Polish and French slave laborers at Nazi camp near Leipzig on April 19, 1945. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | A starved, almost dead Polish laborer being carried to ambulance by American medics, in a German slave labor camp at Nordhausen, Germany] / Roberts. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | A Polish steelworker, Aliquippa, Pennsylvania. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Conversion. Silverware plant. Normally used to polish fine silverware, this machine is used in addition to buff delicate surgical instruments which are being produced for Aarmy and Navy physicians as this Eastern factory starts conversion from production. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | At Beecher Street School, whose student body consists of half Americans of Italian descent and half of Americans of Polish descent, Southington, Conn. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Polish Embassy paintings. Painting of a Dalmatian looking at pheasants while one flies overhead. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Joseph P. Tumulty addressing crowd of American citizens of Polish birth or extraction, who called at the White House to present resolutions to President Wilson asking him to continue the present national policy in support of Polish independence. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Polish Dater" by Lukasz Sz. Commentary: "For bus tickets in Poland - Szczecin." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Play | Caption |
 | Grind; erosive; polish; rough; scratch; scuff; sharpen; smooth; wear; churn. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Anne Bradstreet | Authority without wisdom is like a heavy ax without an edge, fitter to bruise than to polish. |
Polish Proverb | Under capitalism man exploits man; under socialism the reverse is true. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Poles who are German nationals over 18 years of age and habitually resident in Germany will have a similar right to opt for Polish nationality. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | The Russian- dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | DO NOT use petroleum jelly, a hot match, nail polish, or other products. (references) | |
A recent study indicates that toluene, a solvent found in many commonly abused inhalants including airplane glue, paint sprays, and paint and nail polish removers, activates the brain's dopamine system. (references) | ||
Business | U.S. companies are not present in the Polish market. (references) | |
Polish ports have presented very ambitious development plans. (references) | ||
The chemical industry is an important branch of Polish economy. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Cameroon | On May 18, Father Henri Djeneka, a Polish priest at St. Andrew's Parish Karna in Ngoundere, was shot and killed. (references) |
Poland | In February the Parliament passed a reprivatization law that included controversial provisions requiring claimants to have held Polish citizenship as of December 1999. In March President Aleksander Kwasniewski vetoed the bill, citing the likely cost of the proposed bill, as well as the need for any reprivatization law to be inclusive and eschew citizenship requirements. (references) | |
Poland | An appeals court subsequently changed the sentence to a fine of $5,000 (20,000 PLN). In February supporters of the League of Polish Families received a $375 (1,500 PLN) fine for "slapping in the face and slandering" the late Sejm Deputy Andrzej Urbanczyk. (references) | |
Economic History | Poland | Although Polish authorities have made progress in recent years, much remains to be done. (references) |
Poland | Intellectual Property Rights: In early 2000 Poland passed major new legislation governing intellectual property rights, bringing Poland into compliance with its obligations under the WTO TRIPS Agreement and to the EU. Amendments to the 1994 Copyright Law extended coverage to pre-1974 sound recordings, removing a major shortcoming in Polish law. (references) | |
Poland | However, for products subject to export contracts, the Minister of Economy (in agreement with the Minister of Finance) establishes a minimum percentage share of components of Polish origin in the final product for it to be considered a domestic product. (references) | |
Human Rights | Korea | In 1998 a Polish newspaper reported the experiences of a woman who spent 10 years in a North Korean concentration camp before fleeing first to China and then to South Korea. (references) |
Iran | This includes women whose clothing does not cover the hair and all parts of the body except the hands and face, or those who wear makeup or nail polish. (references) | |
Minorities | Poland | President Kwasniewski acknowledged Polish participation and apologized in the name of the country and unveiled a new memorial. (references) |
Political Economy | Poland | The social democratic (post-Communist) Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) formed a majority coalition government with the Union of Labor (UP) and the Polish Peasant Party (PSL). The Government respects the constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary; however, the judiciary is inefficient. (references) |
POLAND | However, legislation passed by the Parliament in 2000 requires broadcasters to meet the 50 percent quota only where practical, thereby bringing Polish regulations into line with EU directives. (references) | |
Poland | Polish Peasant Party (PSL): headed by former Deputy Prime Minister Jaroslaw Kalinowski. (references) | |
Trade | Poland | Once an application and supporting materials have been submitted, the inspecting agency will make a positive or negative recommendation for import to the appropriate Polish ministry. (references) |
Poland | Instead, they may have a Polish bank account denominated in the foreign currency and keep these payments in that account. (references) | |
Poland | The majority of Polish banks have been privatized. (references) | |
Travel | Poland | American men are not expected to kiss a Polish woman's hand, but may simply shake hands. (references) |
Poland | Rental cars are abundant, but due to significantly increased traffic over the past few years and a highway system that has not kept up, driving between Polish cities, especially at night, can be quite dangerous. (references) | |
Poland | International carriers fly to Poland many times per day from all over the world, and LOT Polish Airlines has direct flights to Warsaw from Chicago, New York and Newark. (references) | |
Women | Poland | Among the most notable are the Polish Foundation for Women and Family Planning and the Women's Rights Center. (references) |
Worker Rights | Poland | A survey found that Solidarity represents approximately 7.6 percent of all Polish workers, while the OPZZ represents only 3.6 percent (one estimate put OPZZ membership at approximately 700,000 to 800,000 workers). (references) |
Poland | A press report from August 2000 states that each year several hundred Polish boys also are victims of trafficking. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Meanwhile, I hope to explore with the Polish government the possibility of using our frozen Polish funds on projects of peace that will demonstrate our abiding friendship for and interest in the people of Poland. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Polish" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 71.89% of the time. "Polish" is used about 1,862 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 71.89% | 1,339 | 5,934 |
| Noun (singular) | 16.58% | 309 | 16,435 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 5.63% | 105 | 31,781 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 4.08% | 76 | 38,217 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.77% | 33 | 60,273 |
| Unclassified Items | 0.05% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,862 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "Polish": acquire a polish ♦ apple polish ♦ apply polish ♦ boot polish ♦ floor polish ♦ french polish ♦ furniture polish ♦ give a polish ♦ gr/to prepon/gr polish ♦ high polish ♦ metal polish ♦ nail polish ♦ nail polish remover ♦ polish boots ♦ polish draughts ♦ polish monetary unit ♦ polish notation ♦ polish of ♦ polish off ♦ polish peoples republic ♦ polish people's republic ♦ polish plait ♦ polish shoes ♦ polish smooth ♦ polish up ♦ polish woman ♦ reverse Polish notation ♦ shoe polish ♦ spit and polish ♦ to barrel polish ♦ To polish off ♦ wax polish. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Polish": polish-american, Polish-americans, polish-based, polish-belorussian, polish-born, polish-built, polish-czech, polish-french, polish-german, polish-japanese, polish-jewish, polish-language, polish-latin, polish-lithuanian, polish-owned, polish-populated, polish-russian, polish-scented, polish-soviet, polish-speakers, polish-speaking, polish-style, polish-tin, polish-trained, Polish-uk. | |
Ending with "Polish": anti-polish, danzig-polish, german-polish. | |
Containing "Polish": hungarian-polish-czechoslovakian. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
nail polish | 838 | english polish translator | 108 |
polish | 540 | english to polish | 102 |
polish pottery | 473 | shoes polish | 97 |
car polish | 456 | furniture polish | 96 |
opi nail polish | 374 | polish map | 93 |
metal polish | 251 | polish airline | 93 |
dictionary polish english | 241 | polish name | 88 |
polish recipe | 223 | polish woman | 88 |
polish translation | 219 | polish flag | 86 |
polish girl | 178 | silver polish | 84 |
polish dictionary | 176 | polish porn | 77 |
lot polish airline | 168 | polish newspaper | 77 |
polish joke | 154 | polish embassy | 70 |
polish translator | 147 | lot polish | 67 |
auto polish | 133 | polish eagle | 64 |
polish food | 133 | polish sausage | 62 |
aluminum polish | 131 | polish radio | 53 |
polish language | 118 | polish surname | 51 |
english polish translation | 117 | kiwi shoes polish | 50 |
essie nail polish | 114 | chrome polish | 50 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Polish"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | Pools. (various references) | |
Albanian | përmirësoj (ameliorate, amend, better, cultivate, elevate, enrich, grade, improve, meliorate, mend, reclaim, refine, reform, strengthen, upgrade), polonisht, polonez, polak (pole), gdhend (adz, adze, carve, chase, chisel, die, enchase, engrave, gouge, incise, inscribe, intaglio, Nick, rasp, refine, sculp, sculpt, sculpture, shape, shave), heq me furçë (brush off), krem (cream, ointment), lëmoj (burnish, civilize, clean, dub, even, finish, grind, pet, smooth), lustër (finishing, glaze, gloss, luster, lustre, sheen, shine, varnish, whitewash), dyllë, manikyr (manicure), xhela, rafinoj (rarefy, rectify, refine), shkëlqej (blaze, bloom, flame, flash, fulgurate, gild, glare, gleam, glint, glisten, glister, glitter, glory, glow, light, scintillate, shed, shine), shkëlqim (aureola, aureole, blaze, brightness, brilliance, brilliancy, distinction, eclat, effulgence, flamboyance, flamboyancy, flame, glint, glitter, glory, gloss, glow, halo, irradiation, lambency, luster, lustre, nimbus, pageantry, pomp, radiance, radiancy, refulgence, resplendence, scintillation, sheen, shine, sparkle, splendor, splendour), lustroj (buff, clean, furbish, gloss, gloss over, levigate, rub up, varnish, whitewash). (various references) | |
Arabic | حسن (advantage, alter, ameliorate, amend, beautiful, better, elaborate, extend, fine, handsome, improve, innovate, like better, make efficient, ok, okay, okey, perfect, pretty, reclaim, reform, season, upgrade, well), دهان الأحذية, رقة (airiness, benignity, daintiness, delicacy, fineness, finesse, flimsiness, forgiveness, geniality, gentleness, graciousness, loveliness, neatness, refinement, sensitiveness, sensitivity, sleeplessness, softness, suavity, subtlety, tenderling, tenderness, tenuity, tenuousness, thinness), أنهاه بسرعة, اللغة البولندية, جود (improve, lavish, liberality, modulate, perfect), جلا (be evacuated, evacuate, pan, puzzle out, rub, scour, scrub, shine, wash), جلو (washing up), بولندي (polack, pole), تهذيب (breeding, cultivation, culture, discipline, edification, expurgation, politeness, precept, pruning, purgation, refinement, reformation, retouch, revision, sublimation, urbanity), مسح (clean, extinguish, mop, mop up, mopping, rub, scanning, scrub, sponge, survey, swab, sweep, wipe, wiping), حك (abrade, abrasion, friction, itch, paw, rasp, rub, sand, scrabble, scrape, scraping, scrubbing), ورنشة, لمع (beam, blaze, buff, burnish, coruscate, dazzle, enamel, flare, flash, furbish, gleam, glisten, glitter, radiate, rub up, shine, sparkle), لمع الجلد, نظف بشدة, هذب (chasten, civilize, cultivate, edify, educate, elevate, file, geld, lop, perfect, prune, refine, retouch, revise, shear off, sublimate, touch, touch up, trim), مادة ملمعة, صقل (buff, buffer, burn, burnish, cultivate, enamel, furbish, gloss, glossiness, grind, lacquer, perfect, planish, plume, refine, rumble, scour, shine, sleek, smooth, stone). (various references) | |
Asturian | Polacu. (various references) | |
Basque | garbitu (clean to, polish to, rub to). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | блясък (blaze, brightness, brilliance, brilliancy, coruscation, dash, eclat, effulgence, fire, flash, glamor, glamour, glance, glint, glitter, glory, gloss, glossiness, heraldry, illumination, irradiation, lambency, light, luminance, luminosity, luster, lustre, pageantry, radiance, radiancy, refulgence, resplendence, resplendency, sheen, shine, sparkle, splendor, splendour), излъскам, излъскване (scour), изглаждам (adjust, atone, calender, face, file, iron out, level, make up, patch, patch up, plane, planish, polish up, press out, reconcile, sleek, slick, smarm, smooth, sponge out), изтънченост (courtliness, daintiness, delicacy, discrimination, nicety, politeness, refinement, sophistication, subtlety, urbanity), подобрявам (ameliorate, amend, better, get better, help, improve, improve on, make better, meliorate, mend, perfect, polish up, rehabilitate, remedy, smarten up), поправям (adjust, alter, amend, blue pencil, castigate, cobble, correct, do up, doctor, emend, fix, fix up, mend, recast, recondition, rectify, redeem, redress, remedy, renovate, repair, retouch, retrieve, revamp, revise, service, true, vamp), политура (glaze, glazing, gloss, varnish, veneer), полирам (abrade, brighten up, buff, burnish, face, glaze, gloss, lap, planish, rumble), полиране (finery, glaze, glazing, polishing, veneering), изисканост (accomplishments, class, daintiness, elegance, elegancy, neatness, politeness, refinement, stylishness, suavity, subtlety, urbanity), полски език, шлифовка (abrasion), лак (lacker, lacquer, varnish), лакирам (lacquer, varnish), лустро (gloss, luster, lustre, top dressing, varnish, veneer), лъскам (brighten, furbish, glance, gloss, grind, satin, scour, shine, smooth, varnish), лъскам се (gloss), лъскавина (brightness, gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, sheen, shine, varnish, veneer), елегантност (cachet, dash, distinction, elegance, elegancy, fineness, grace, gracefulness, graces, neatness, style, stylishness), гланц (finish, glaze, luster, lustre, reflet, sheen), шлифовам (cut, lap, planish, smooth, varnish), полски (agrarian, field). (various references) | |
Cebuano | Polandino. (various references) | |
Chinese | 磨光 , 琢磨 (think about; mull over), 劖 (bore, cut), 波蘭語 , 擦亮剂. (various references) | |
Czech | polský, polština, uhlazenost (politeness, refinement), uhladit (flatten, sleek, slick, smooth), lesk (brilliance, dazzle, glare, gleam, glitter, gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, radiance, refulgence, shimmer, shine, splendour), leštit (burnish, rub, shine, wax), leštidlo, hlazení (fondling, glaze), hladkost (smoothness). (various references) | |
Danish | pudsemiddel til fodtoej (cream for footwear), politur, polermiddel (compound), polere (brightening, burnish, planish, sleek, slick), skosvaerte (cream for footwear), glans (brightness, brillance, brilliance, finish, glans, glaze, gloss, lustre, lustre of fabric, sheen). (various references) | |
Dutch | schoensmeer (wax), schoencrème (wax), Pools. (various references) | |
Esperanto | poluri, pola, tajli (cut), ciro (wax). (various references) | |
Faeroese | pussa, pólskur, pólska, skyggja (lighten), skósverta (wax), evna til (cut). (various references) | |
Farsi | پرداخت (Disburse, Disbursement, Expenditure, Glaze, Outlay, Pay, Payment, Payoff, Remitment, Remittance, Rendition, Settlement), منزه کردن , مبادی ادابی , واکس زنی , واکس زدن , تهذیب (Edification, Refinement, Reformation), صیقل دادن (Burnish, Gloss), جلادادن (Burnish, Japan, Surface, Varnish), جلا (Buff, Burnish, Gloss, Japan, Varnish), ارایش (Array, Attire, Decor, Garnish, Muster, Order, Toilet), براق کردن (Buff, Glaze, Shine). (various references) | |
Finnish | kiillottaa (burnish, wax). (various references) | |
French | polir, tailler (point), polonais (polack, Pole), cirage (shoe polish). (various references) | |
Frisian | Poalsk. (various references) | |
German | polieren (brush up, buff, burnish, furbish, glaze, gloss, polish up, polishing, rub, rubbing, shine, shining, simonize, slick, to polish, to slick), Politur (glaze, polishing, shine, varnish, veneer), polnisch, schliff (cut, cutting, finish, grinded, refinement), putzen (attire, brush, brush down, clean, decorate, do, furbish, groom, plaster, preen, roughcast, snuff, to clean, trim, wipe), Poliermittel (compound), Glanz (brightness, brilliance, brilliancy, effulgence, finery, glamor, glamour, glance, glare, gleam, glitter, glory, gloss, glossiness, luminosity, luminousness, luster, lustre, radiance, refulgence, resplendence, sheen, sheens, shine, shininess, sparkle, splendor, splendour), glätten (even, face, iron, make smooth, neaten, plane, polish up, sleek, smooth, smooth away, smooth out, straight out, to smooth). (various references) | |
Greek | στιλβώνω (glaze, Polish 2), στίλβωση (salve), λουστράρω (furbish, Polish 2). (various references) | |
Hebrew | למרוק (cleanse, rub, scour, scrub), למרוט (pluck, pull, sharpen), למרק (scour), ללטש (grind, refurbish, sharpen, smarten, whet), לתמרט, לשוף (file, graze, plaster, rub, scrape), לשפשף (abrade, grate, grind, rub, rubber, scrub), להבהיק (brighten, glint, glisten, glitter, shine), להבריק (burnish, lustre, shine, sparkle), לטוש (finish, glitter, sharpening), לצחצח (brush, furbish, scour, varnish), פולנית, פולני, צחצוח (buffing, burnishing, dilution). (various references) | |
Hungarian | lengyel (polack, Pole, Polish woman, sarmatian). (various references) | |
Indonesian | pelitur, menyemir, mengupam (burnish), menggosok (embrocate, furbish, grind, incite, instigate, iron, rub, scour, shine), ganyah (strike hard). (various references) | |
Italian | lucentezza (brightness, glossiness, luster, lustre, sheen, shine). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 光沢 (brilliance, glossy finish of photographs, lustre). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | たくま (cultivation), すいこう (accomplishment, elaboration on, execution, hydroponics, improvement, revision, speculation, surmising), ポーランドご, せんれん (refine, refinement), こうたく (brilliance, glossy finish, lustre), みがき (burnishing, improvement), とぎ (attendant, attending, entertainer, grinding, Metropolitan assemblyman, nurse, nursing, sharpening). (various references) | |
Korean | 광택 (brilliance, luster). (various references) | |
Manx | sollyssid (brightness, brilliance, clearness, gloss, illustration, lightness, luminosity, lustre, radiance, resplendence, sheen, transparency), scooirey (catharsis, furbish, looseness, purge, scour, scrub), Polynnish, gloasey (glaze, glazing, gloss, polish up, polishing, rub up), gloasaghey (gloss, polish up, shine), gloas (bloom, bloom on fruit, glaze, gloss, shine), follid, cur sollyssid er (polish up). (various references) | |
Occitan | fretar (rub). (various references) | |
Papiamen | polako (Pole), pòlshi, pòlesh. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | olishpay.(various references) | |
Polish | polski. (various references) | |
Portuguese | polir (basil, brighten, furbish, glass, gloss, grind, lap, make smooth, refine, rub, scour, scrape, sleek, smooth, spall, varnish). (various references) | |
Provencal | polonés. (various references) | |
Romanian | polonez (pole), polon, se lustrui, se cizela, sclivisi, lustruire (elbow grease), lustrui (brighten, brush up, burnish, clean, furbish, glass, glaze, gloss, polish up, rub up, shine, sleek, surface), lustru (gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, lustrum, shallowness, shine, varnish, veneer), limba polonã, eleganţã (daintiness, distinction, elegance, fashionableness, fineness, grace, handsomeness, jauntiness, smartness, swellishness), cremã de ghete (blacking, boot polish), cizela (brush, carve, chasten, chisel, engrave, file, hew out, rarefy). (various references) | |
Russian | шлифовать отделка польский, глянец (glaze, gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, sheen, varnish), вычистить (brush, clean), отделка (finish, finishing, onlay, trim), обделать (arrange, cut, manage, set), лоск (gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, varnish), польский язык, польский, полировка (burnish), полировать (buff, burnish, furbish, lap, slicks), политура (French polish). (various references) | |
Scottish | snasaich (make elegant), lìomh (smooth). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | poljski jezik, poljski (campestral, field, predial, rural), politura (burnish), politirati (burnish), polirati (buff, furbish), pasta za cipele, viksati, uglancati (shine), uglađenost (nicety, politeness, refinement, smoothness, suavity), glačati (glaze), doterati (adjust, drive, furbish, lick into shape, nidge, regulate, smarten, spruce, straighten out, touch up). (various references) | |
Spanish | polaco (Pole), limpiar (black, char, clean, clean down, clean out, clean up, cleanse, clear, clear out, debug, delete, do, dredge, dust, efface, Frank, knock off, live down, make clean, manicure, mop, mop up, police, purge, rub up, scavenge, scour, scrape, shine, swab, swob, tidy, tidy out, tidy up, turn out, wash, wipe, wipe down, wipe off, wipe out, wipe up), polonés (Pole), betún (bitumen, blacking, shoe cream, shoe polish, shoeblacking, shoeshine). (various references) | |
Swedish | polsk, polera (burnish, furbish, glaze, lap, rub clean, shine, slick, wax), polityr (finish). (various references) | |
Thai | น้ำยาทาเล็บ (nail polish, nail varnish). (various references) | |
Turkish | Polonyali (Pole), polonyalı (polack, pole), polonya dili, polonya (Poland), perdahlamak (calender, glaze, satin, shoot, sleek, vitrify), perdah (gloss, polishing, sheen), parlatmak (blazon, brighten, burnish, clean, furbish, furbish up, give a polish, glaze, gloss, lighten, luster, rub up, satin, shine, sleek), parlatma (polishing), parlaklık (brightness, brilliance, brilliancy, effulgence, flamboyance, flame, flashiness, glazing, gleam, glitter, glossiness, gorgeousness, incandescence, irradiance, lambency, liveliness, lucency, luminescence, luminosity, luster, lustre, lustrousness, radiance, resplendence, sheen, shine, sleekness, splendidness, splendor, splendour, vividness), nezaket (affability, civility, comity, complaisance, courtesy, daintiness, decency, decorum, delicacy, devoirs, gallantry, gentleness, grace, gracefulness, graciousness, keenness, kindliness, kindness, mildness, politeness, suavity, sweetness, urbaneness, urbanity), boyamak (color, color-wash, colour, decorate, dye, engrain, imbrue, paint, stain, wash), cila (chaser, dope, finish, finishing, glaze, glazing, gloss, luster, lustre, polisher, polishing, rubbing varnish, shine, varnish, veneer, veneering, wax), cilalama (elbow grease, polishing), cilalamak (apply polish, blanch, burnish, finish, furbish, give a polish, gloss, luster, shine, surface, varnish, veneer, wax), cilalanmak, düzeltmek (adjust, ameliorate, amend, arrange, better, clean up, correct, dub, emend, face-lift, fix, grade, grade up, haul up, heal, improve, justify, level, level off, level out, meliorate, mend, plane, planish, polish up, reclaim, rectify, redress, refine, reform, regenerate, remedy, reorganize, right, set aright, slick, smooth, smooth away, smooth down, smooth out, smooth over, Spruce, spruce up, Square, straighten, straighten out, tidy up, trim, try out, unbend, unscramble, upgrade), incelik (civility, courtesy, daintiness, delicacy, discretion, elaborateness, fineness, finesse, fragility, grace, gracefulness, keenness, niceness, nicety, point, politeness, refinement, slenderness, slightness, slimness, subtility, subtlety, tact, thinness, touch), kibarlık (chivalry, civility, comity, gentility, grandeur, kid glove, mannerliness, niceness, nobleness, refinement, smartness, urbaneness, urbanity), boya (color, coloring, colour, colouring, dye, paint, stain), lehçe (dialect, idiom, patois, vernacular), terbiye etmek (break in, bring up, chasten, discipline, edify, educate, housebreak, manage, nurture, rough, school, teach manners, train), leh (pole). (various references) | |
Turkmen | tцrpьlemek, taraюlamak (clean, cleanse). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | робити вишуканим, тонкість (delicacy, fineness, finesse, quiddity, quillet, subtlety), шліфувати (file, grind, planish), обтісувати (adz, adze, beard, broach, character, chip, citify, dub, surface), лиск (glaze, gloss, glossiness, sheen), польська мова, польський, полірувати (buff, burnish, clean, furbish, levigate), полірування (polishing), поліровка (burnish, smoothing), політура (lacker, lacquer). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | vẻ thanh nhã (gracefulness, smartness), vẻ tao nhã, nước láng nước đánh bóng, nước bóng (gloss, water). (various references) | |
Welsh | llathru, gloywi (brighten), caboli. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | adleva, adlevabit, adlevassent, adlevat, adlevavit, adleventur, cultu, cultui, cultum, cultus, excolo, expoliare, leva, levabantur, levabat, levabis, levabit, levabitur, levabo, levabunt, levans, levansque, levant, levantem, levantes, levare, levarent, levaret, levassent, levasset, levasti, levate, levatis, levatisque, levato, levaveris, levaverit, levavero, levaverunt, levavi, levavit, levavitque, levem, levemus, levites, levo, lima, limate, limati, limatus, limo, poliendos, polire, polita, politis, polito, politorum, tripoli. (various references) |
| German | 100 BCE-Modern | fegen. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | bywan. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Polish": polished, polisher, polishers, polishes, polishing. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "Polish": depolish, repolish. (additional references) | |
Words containing "Polish": depolished, depolishes, depolishing, repolished, repolishes, repolishing, unpolished. (additional references) | |
| |
"Polish" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: palish, Paolis, paulish, Pelesh, Piliso, plish, ploosh, plosh, plysh, pofis, Pogliahi, poish, Polich, polims, Polizzi, pollies, pollish, polliss, poltis, polus, posish, poulis, prolish, pulis, pulish, volkish. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "Polish" (pronounced pÄ"lish or pō"lish) |
| 4 | -Ä" l i sh | demolish. |
| 3 | -l i sh | accomplish, devilish, embellish, establish, ghoulish, girlish, hellish, publish, purplish, reestablish, relish, smallish, stylish, ticklish. |
| 3 | -l i sh | accomplish, demolish, devilish, embellish, establish, ghoulish, girlish, hellish, publish, purplish, reestablish, relish, smallish, stylish, ticklish. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "h-i-l-o-p-s" | |
-1 letter: polis, spoil. | |
-2 letters: hips, holp, hols, hops, lips, lisp, lops, oils, phis, pish, piso, pois, pols, posh, ship, shop, silo, slip, slop, soil, soli, soph. | |
-3 letters: hip, his, hop, lip, lis, lop, ohs, oil, ops, phi, pis, poh, poi, pol, psi, sip, sol, sop. | |
-4 letters: hi, ho, is, li, lo, oh, op, os, pi. | |
| Words containing the letters "h-i-l-o-p-s" | |
+2 letters: alphosis, basophil, depolish, dolphins, fishpole, haploids, haplosis, helistop, hilltops, hoplites, hospital, isopleth, longship, lordship, mopishly, oxyphils, pinholes, polished, polisher, polishes, popishly, repolish, shipload, shopgirl, shoplift, siphonal, slipshod. | |
+3 letters: aphelions, basophile, basophils, chilopods, copublish, fishpoles, foppishly, haplopias, helicopts, heliports, helistops, hospitals, isophotal, isopleths, longships, lordships, oxyphiles, pachoulis, phenolics, philomels, phylloids, pinochles, polishers, polishing, shiploads, shopgirls, shoplifts, sploshing, spotlight, stoplight, tholepins, zoophiles. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Translations: Ancient 19. Abbreviations 20. Acronyms | 21. Derivations 22. Rhymes 23. Anagrams 24. Bibliography |
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