Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Poliomyelitis |
PoliomyelitisNoun1. An acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | An acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonyms: PoliomyelitisSynonyms: acute anterior poliomyelitis (n), polio (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Poliomyelitis |
| English words defined with "poliomyelitis": acute anterior poliomyelitis, Albert Bruce Sabin, Albert Sabin ♦ Coxsackie virus, coxsackievirus ♦ IPV ♦ Jonas Edward Salk, Jonas Salk ♦ OPV, oral poliovirus vaccine ♦ poliovirus, poliovirus vaccine ♦ sabin, Sabin vaccine, Salk, Salk vaccine ♦ TOPV, trivalent live oral poliomyelitis vaccine. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "poliomyelitis": Bulbar Poliomyelitis ♦ Encephalomyelitis, Enzootic Porcine ♦ Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated, Poliovirus Vaccines, Polioviruses, Human 1-3 ♦ Theiler Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Poliomyelitis" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Danish (poliomyelitis), Dutch (poliomyelitis), German (polio, poliomyelitis). |
| Domain | Title |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Bar graph showing reported poliomyelitis cases by year wordwide, 1988-1998. Credit: CDC. |  | Histopathologic changes seen in a section of cervical spinal cord affected by poliomyelitis, using H&E stain. Credit: CDC. |
 | The poliovirus lives in the human pharynx and intestinal tract. Poliomyelitis is an acute infection that involves the gastrointestinal tract and, occasionally, the central nervous system. It is acquired by fecal-oral transmission. Credit: CDC. |  | Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis : Keep Out of this House / H.M. Alexander Ptg. Co. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Dr. W.H. Groves Latter-Day Saints Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT. : Physiotherapist giving directions to convalescent poliomyelitis patients with mothers watching. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Physiotherapist and poliomyelitis patient. / P. Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by Hal Rumel.. |
 | [Lowering a poliomyelitis patient in pool for exercises]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | [Group of poliomyelitis and arthritic patients on the sun deck]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Poliomyelitis Anterior Acuta. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Quarantine Poliomyelitis. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Examples of diseases caused by these viruses are poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. (references) | |
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects polio survivors anywhere from 10 to 40 years after recovery from an initial paralytic attack of the poliomyelitis virus. (references) | ||
This type of respiratory failure occurs in patients with neuromuscular diseases such as myasthenia gravis, stroke, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, postoperative situations limiting ability to take deep breaths, and in depressant drug overdoses. (references) | ||
Business | The Department of Health (DOH) is the largest end-user of biotechnology products, primarily of vaccines used to vaccinate the population against diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, measles, hepatitis B, and Japanese encephalitis. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Ghana | In 2000 a government medical team, assisted by the police, forcibly immunized approximately 40 children from the First Century Gospel Church (Faith) in Jamestown, Accra, against poliomyelitis. (references) |
Ghana | In 2000 the Ho (Volta Region) DCE led a joint operation with police and health personnel to immunize the children at an Apostolic Faith of Kpalexose ("Well-rooted Faith" in the Ewe language) church against poliomyelitis. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Poliomyelitis" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Poliomyelitis" is used about 29 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 29 | 64,444 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "poliomyelitis": acute anterior poliomyelitis ♦ trivalent live oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "poliomyelitis": poliomyelitis-free. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
poliomyelitis | 69 |
picture poliomyelitis | 4 |
history poliomyelitis | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "poliomyelitis"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | poliomielit. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | شلل الأطفال (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | полиомиелит, детски паралич (infantile paralysis, polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 小儿麻痹症 (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | èlovìk postižený dìtskou obrnou. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | poliomyelitis. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | poliomyelitis. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | poliomyélite. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Poliomyelitis (polio), kinderlähmung (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πολιομυελίτισ (polio), πολυομυελίτιδα. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | "לקת אפורית "ש"ר" (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | gyermekparalízis (infantile paralysis), gyermekbénulás (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | poliomielite (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 소아마비 (polio). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | anlheiltys lhiannooagh. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | oliomyelitispay poliomielite (polio). (various references) poliomielitã. (various references) полиомиелит (infantile paralysis). (various references) dečja paraliza (infantile paralysis, polio). (various references) poliomielitis (infantile paralysis). (various references) poliomyelit, polio (polio). (various references) polyomiyelit, çocuk felci (infantile paralysis, polio). (various references) поліомі"літ. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-i-i-i-l-l-m-o-o-p-s-t-y" | |
-3 letters: episiotomy, impolitely, toilsomely. | |
-5 letters: impolite, liposome, loopiest, melilots, milepost, myelitis, optimise, otiosely, pilosity, pisolite, plimsole, polemist, politely, polities, polysome, pyelitis, timolols, toilsome. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-i-i-i-l-l-m-o-o-p-s-t-y" | |
+2 letters: poliomyelitides. | |
+5 letters: overoptimistically. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 6F 6C 69 6F 6D 79 65 6C 69 74 69 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).--. --- .-.. .. --- -- -.--. . .-.. .. - .. ... |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01101111 01101100 01101001 01101111 01101101 01111001 01100101 01101100 01101001 01110100 01101001 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P o l i o m y e l i t i s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 006F 006C 0069 006F 006D 0079 0065 006C 0069 0074 0069 0073 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)50817875817991717875867585 |
| Language | Coverage | Language Translations |
Albanian | fjalor, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, transmetim, transferim | shqip, الألبانية, الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, Albanais, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, albán, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець |
Arabic | معجم, قاموس, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان | arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arabe, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabic, арабский, arapski, árabe, arabisk, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський |
Bulgarian | речник, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, транслация, превеждане, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, огъване, превод | bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, български, български език, българин, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський |
Chinese | 字典 , 定義 , 定义, 翻译 | kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, китайски, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, Chinois, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, cinese, 중국, Sheenish, Sheenagh, chinês, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць |
Czech | slovník, definice, překlad | çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, чешки, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tchèque, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка |
Danish | ordbog, deskriptordefinition, oversættelse | danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danois, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова |
Dutch | woordenboek, definitie, translatie | holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, néerlandais, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, "ול "י, holland, olandese, 네덜란", Ollanish, Germaanish, holandês, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, holländsk, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський |
French | dictionnaire, définition, traduction | frëngjishte, frëng, franceze, اللغة الفرنسية, فرنسي, الشعب الفرنسي, френски език, френски, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzský, francouzština, français, französisch, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, γάλλοσ, צרפתית, צרפתי, francia, francese, "랑스, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, francês, francezii, franţuzesc, francezã, francez, franţuzeşte, французский, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, fransk, franska, fransızca, fransız, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький |
German | Übersetzung, Wörterbuch, Definition | gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, المانية, германски, немски език, немски, немец, роден, готически, германец, 德语, 德國 , 德文 , 德語 , nìmec, nìmecký, tysker, Duitse, allemand, "ερμανός, 'רמ ית, 'רמ י, német, tedesco, 독일, Germaanish, Germaanagh, Garmane, Carmane, alemão, neamţ, немецкий, germanski, alemán, tysk, alman, німкеня, німецький, німець |
Greek | λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση | يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, الإغريقي, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, 希腊语, 希臘語 , řek, řecký, řeètina, græker, grec, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, greco, 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, greacã, греческий, грек, grčki, grk, grčki jezik, griego, grek, yunanistan'a ait, yunanca, yunan, Yunanli, yunanlı, Rumca, rum, грецький, гречанка, грецька мова |
Hebrew | אוצר מילים, "'"ר", "'בל", תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק | hebraishte, اليهودية, اللغة العبرية, يهودي, عبري, العبرية, иврит, староеврейски език, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejec, hebrejka, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hébreu, hebräisch, Hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברי, עברית, zsidó, héber, izraelita, ebreo, ebraico, Ewagh, Ewnish, Ew, hebreu, hebraico, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврей, древнееврейский язык, древнееврейский, еврейский, hibru, hebreo, jude, hebreiska, hebreisk, musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, іврит, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, "врейський, "врей |
Hungarian | szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás | مجري, المجري, الهنغاري, هنغاري, اللغة الهنغارية, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, 匈牙利语, 匈牙利語 , maïarský, maïarština, maïar, ungarer, Hongaarse, hongrois, Ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, unguresc, limba ungarã, limba maghiarã, ungureşte, ungur, maghiar, венгр, венгерский, mađarski jezik, mađarski, mađar, húngaro, ungrare, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорський, угорка, угорець |
Italian | dizionario, definizione, traduzione | الإيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, إيطالي, شخص إيطالي, италиански език, италиански, италианец, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italský, italština, ital, italiener, italien, italienisch, Ιταλός, איטלקית, איטלקי, olasz, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, italianã, итальянский язык, итальянец, итальянский, italijan, italijanski jezik, italijanski, italiensk, italienska, italienare, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка |
Korean | 사 , 의, 번역 | korean, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري شمالي, كوري, корейски език, корейски, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejec, korejština, korejský, Koreaans, coréen, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτικοσ, κορεάτησ, koreai, 한국, coréia, a língua coreana, limba coreeanã, coreean, кореец, корейский, korejski, korejski jezik, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський |
Manx | fockleyr, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght | gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manština, manský, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Manninish, Manninagh, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man adası, man dili, менський, менський діалект |
Portuguese | dicionário, definição, tradução | portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски, португалски език, португалец, 葡萄牙語 , 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙语, portugalský, portugiser, portugais, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, portoghese, 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalac, portugalski, portugués, portugis, portekizce, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, португальський, португальська мова, португалець |
Romanian | dicţionar, definiţie, determinare, definire, translaţie, traducere, tãlmãcire | rumun, румънски език, румънски, румънец, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, Roumain, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, român, румынский, румын, rumunski jezik, rumunski, rumano, rumänsk, румунський, румунка, румунська мова, румун |
Russian | словарь, определение, трансляция, сдвиг, перевод, перемещение | روسي, اللغة الروسية, الروسية, руски език, руски, руснак, 俄語 , 俄文 , 俄语, ruština, ruský, russer, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, russo, 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, русский, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, ryss, Rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський |
Serbo-Croatian | leksikon, rečnik, definicija, tumačenje | 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, srpsko-hrvatski, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk |
Spanish | diccionario, definición, traducción | spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, 西班牙語 , 西班牙文 , 西班牙语, španìlský, španìlština, Spaans, espagnol, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, spagnolo, 스페인, Spaainish, Spaainagh, espanhol, spaniol, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, испанский, španski, španski jezik, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca, іспанський, іспанська мова |
Swedish | ordbok, lexikon, översättning | suedez, اللغة السويدية, шведски, шведски език, швед, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, suédois, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, svedese, 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський |
Turkish | sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercüme | turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, турски език, турски, 土耳其語 , 土耳其, turecký, tureètina, turque, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, turc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türkçe, türk, турецький, турецька мова |
Ukrainian | словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення | ukrainisht, ukrainas, أوكراني أحد أبناء أوكرانيا, الأوكراني, украинец, украински език, 乌克兰, ukrajinec, ukrajinština, ukrajinský, ukrajinka, Oekraïens, ukrainien, ukrainisch, ukrainerin, Ukrainer, ουκρανικόσ, Ουκρανός, ουκρανόσ, ukrán, ucraino, Ookraanagh, Ookraanish, ucraniano, ucrainean, украинский язык, украинский, украинец украинский, ukrajinski, ukrajina, ucranio, ukrainare, ukraynalı, ukrayna, ukraynaca, український, українець |
English | Dictionary, Definition, Translation | anglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, الإنجليزية, الأنكليزي, إنكليزي, ترجمة إنكليزية, اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, 英语, 英國 , 英文 , 英 , 英語 , anglicky, anglais, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, א 'לית, angol, inglese, 영국, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, inglês, englezesc, английский, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, inglés, engelsk, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Anagrams 12. Orthography | 13. Bibliography |
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