Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Definitions: Planting |
PlantingNoun1. The act of fixing firmly in place; "he ordered the planting of policemen outside every doorway". 2. A collection of plants (trees or shrubs or flowers) in a particular area; "the landscape architect suggested a small planting in the northwest corner". 3. Putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow; "the planting of corn is hard work". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "planting" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Food & Agriculture | The pattern on which vines are arranged in a vineyard operation of planting. An assemblage of planted growing Plants. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonyms: PlantingSynonyms: Farming, Gardening. (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Insertion | Noun: insertion, implantation, introduction; insinuation; (intervention); planting; Verb: injection, inoculation, importation, infusion; forcible ingress; immersion; submersion, submergence, dip, plunge; bath; (water); interment. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Planting |
| English words defined with "planting": Arbor Day ♦ bedder, bedding plant ♦ Cupressus macrocarpa ♦ dibber, dibble, Drill barrow ♦ forestry ♦ Monterey cypress ♦ puddle ♦ Rattoon, Rechabite, Replantation ♦ Sation, seed corn, seed grain, seed stock ♦ tiller, To break ground. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "planting": planting system ♦ quincuncial planting, quincunx planting. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I enjoy planting bombs in people's cars. (Johnny Dangerously; writing credit: Harry Colomby; Jeff Harris) And instead of feeling sorry for yourself, think about this: While you were out there planting evidence on a case that you couldn't break, Stephanie's real killer got away. (C.S.I.: Crime Scene Investigation; writing credit: Kenta Fukasaku; Koshun Takami) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Porky's Spring Planting (1938) Happifat Does Some Spring Planting (1916) Planting the Spring Garden (1912) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
![]() | Planting a hydrophone anchor with the cable attached On the GUIDE Hydrophone would pick up sound from RAR TNT explosion. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. | ![]() | Transferring the hydrophone block and cable to launch for planting Radio acoustic ranging operations on the GUIDE. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
![]() | Planting "homegrown" wild celery plants as part of Chesapeake Bay Foundation "Bay Grasses for the Masses.". Credit: America's Coastlines. | ![]() | Oyster shells are recycled by planting them on soft muddy bottom. This gives a firm surface for the attachment of young oysters and helps provide larger crops. Credit: Fisheries. |
![]() | After planting, smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora at high tide. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. | ![]() | This image shows the Spartina alterniflora plants in the center of the island. This planting is intended to stabilize the marsh platform and is expected to help the marsh continue to expand. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
![]() | Chesapeake Bay Virginia National Estuarine Research Reserve. Planting oysters at Felsgate Creek during the Rotary Club Conference in June 2000. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). | ![]() | Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. This restoration site along Henderson Creek involved removal of illegally placed fill and non-native plants, reestablishing tidal flushing, and planting of mangroves. the restoration was initiated in 1990. Recolonization of native vegetation is visible along the cut lines. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |
![]() | Little Blue River continuous CRP tree planting by farmers and volunteers. Kansas. Credit: Jeff Vanuga. | ![]() | Young boys begin to learn about conservation in the back yard by planting and caring for plants in Urbandale, Iowa. Credit: Lynn Betts. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | But if either the grass of his enclosure rotted on the ground, or the fruit of his planting perished without gathering, and laying up, this part of the earth, notwithstanding his enclosure, was still to be looked on as waste, and might be the possession of any other. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | He usually passed an hour or two there, trimming, weeding, and making holes here and there in the ground, and planting seeds. |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | First look out for worms, and supply vacancies by planting anew. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | This usually occurs during planting or harvesting season, resulting in heavy crop losses. (references) | |
Many procedures can be performed using this approach, including biopsy, certain types of surgery, and planting radiation pellets in a tumor. (references) | ||
Business | Planting genetically modified plants for purposes other than research is presently prohibited. (references) | |
Other agricultural machinery in demand includes equipment for planting reproduction and specialized machinery for vineyards. (references) | ||
This is a self-supporting system, the communes generate revenues from selling treated reused water to the farmers for use in planting trees and sustaining a growing production of tomatoes in the region. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Uzbekistan | In 1999 the authorities arrested and convicted Khasanov's 70-year-old father after planting Hizb ut-Tahrir leaflets on him; he signed a confession after police forced him to watch them beat Ismail, and was serving 3 years in prison at year's end. (references) |
Economic History | Nigeria | Despite the resolve of President Obasanjo to reverse the declining trend in agricultural production, the short to medium term outlooks appear mixed and will depend to a great extent on the improvement of the extension system, availability of fertilizer at affordable prices, and the level of adoption improved planting seed varieties by farmers. (references) |
Bangladesh | However, the FY2000 production loss was caused by the sharp fall in the crop acreage owing to a severe drought during the planting season. (references) | |
Human Rights | Namibia | For example, in January NDF soldiers arrested Liep Kamba and Riembi John in Bagani near the border between the Kavango and Caprivi regions for allegedly planting a landmine that killed three persons; they were released without charge after 3 days. (references) |
Yemen | The accused leader, Abu Bakr Said Jayul, was convicted in July along with three others for planting a bomb at the British Embassy in Sana'a in October 2000. Jayul and a second defendant received a 15-year jail sentence; the remaining defendants were given 6 and 4 years. (references) | |
Philippines | Some face murder, kidnaping, and other serious charges, but many are charged with possession of drugs or firearms, which some NGO's assert is a sign of planting of evidence by the police. (references) | |
Political Economy | IRELAND | Irish policies in the planting and consumer sale of genetically modified (GM) crops and food products are still evolving and there are some restrictions on importation of GM seeds and foods, in accordance with existing EU directives. (references) |
CHILE | Planting costs will be subsidized by as much as 90 percent for the first 15 hectares and 75 percent for the remainder in the case of small farmers. (references) | |
Afghanistan | Planting is believed to have begun. (references) | |
Trade | Dominican Rep | Phytosanitary certificates issued by recognized authorities in the country of origin must accompany live plants and agricultural material used in planting. (references) |
El Salvador | N. Coffee seeds for planting. (references) | |
Lebanon | The U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA has authorized credit guarantees for sales of U.S. agricultural commodities to Lebanon under the Commodity Credit Corporation's Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102). The Commodities covered under GSM 102 are animal feed products, aquaculture feed, feed grains, nursery stock, oilseeds, planting seeds, protein meals & wheat. (references) | |
Worker Rights | El Salvador | This is most often the case with children of peasant families who traditionally work during planting and harvesting seasons. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Planting" is generally used as a lexical verb (-ing form) -- approximately 68.48% of the time. "Planting" is used about 697 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 68.48% | 477 | 12,448 |
| Noun (singular) | 22.78% | 159 | 24,860 |
| Noun (proper) | 4.44% | 31 | 62,296 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 4.3% | 30 | 63,341 |
| Total | 100.00% | 697 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| Malaysia | The Ayer Hitam Planting Syndicate Berhad |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "planting": contour planting ♦ hole planting ♦ pit planting ♦ planting distance ♦ planting in contour rows ♦ planting out ♦ planting shoot ♦ planting stick ♦ planting system ♦ plants intended for planting ♦ quincuncial planting ♦ quincunx planting ♦ reinforcement planting ♦ repair planting. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "planting": planting-out, planting-up. | |
Ending with "planting": tree-planting. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
tree planting | 347 | planting pumpkin | 38 |
planting flower | 184 | planting vegetable | 35 |
planting zone | 170 | planting garlic | 35 |
planting | 164 | planting tulip | 34 |
planting rose | 123 | arboretum field planting | 33 |
planting grass | 116 | foundation planting | 32 |
tomato planting | 109 | planting cherry tree | 32 |
planting potato | 104 | planting herb | 31 |
companion planting | 93 | container planting | 29 |
planting grass seed | 90 | planting grape | 28 |
church planting | 88 | planting guide | 26 |
planting bulb | 67 | bamboo planting | 26 |
planting strawberry | 59 | planting asparagus | 26 |
planting a garden | 59 | planting lilac | 25 |
planting sod | 58 | planting apple tree | 25 |
planting seed | 47 | planting new lawn | 24 |
planting iris | 44 | bush planting rose | 23 |
planting shrub | 41 | planting vegetable garden | 23 |
planting lawn | 40 | planting flower garden | 23 |
planting corn | 39 | planting sunflower | 23 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "planting"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afrikaan | beplanting (plantation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | غرس (implant, ingrain, instill, plant), زرع (crop, cultivate, grow, implant, lay, plant, plantation, put in, rear, seed, sow, sowing, vegetate). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | озеленяване (grassing, landscape architecture). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 种植 (Planted). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | beplantning (plantation, planting system, population, thatching). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | aanplanting (plantation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | plantaro (plantation), plantado. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | istutus (plantation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | plantation (plantation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Pflanzung (bowery, plant, plantation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | φύτεμα. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | שתיל", שתל ות, טיע" (plant, sapling, shoot). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | palántázás, ültetés (seating). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | penanaman. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | piantamento (plantation, planting system), piantagione (plantation), semina (seeding, sowing). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 挿し木 (cutting), 植付 , 植え付け , '種 (seeding, sowing), , 作付け , 作付 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | さくづけ, さくつけ, さしき (cutting), さい (ability, again, alas!, aptitude, circumstances, companion, cut, debt, difference, disparity, genius, gift, hold, how!, judge, loan, my son, on the occasion of, re-, repeated, rhinoceros, son, talent, the extreme, the most, what!, -years-old), うえつけ, はしゅ (grip, handle, knob, seeding, sowing). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 설치 (Emplacement, Establishing, installing, Mounting). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | antingplay plantio (plantation), plantação (bosk, bosquet, plantation). (various references) setva (seedtime, sowing). (various references) plantío, cultivo (crop, cultivation, culture, farming). (various references) placerande (placing, seating). (various references) ekme (semination, sowing, sprinkle, sprinkling), ekim (culture, Oct, october, sowing), dikme (bay, erecting, erection, fixing, pillar, plant, sewing). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | plantatio, plantationem, plantationibus, plantationis, plantationum, semente, sementem, sementis. (various references) |
| Old French | 900-1400 | saison. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | John Chapter 4, Verse 37 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | En gar toutw o logoV estin o alhqinoV oti alloV estin o speirwn kai alloV o qerizwn |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | In hoc enim est verbum verum quia alius est qui seminat et alius est qui metit |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | On þison is witodlice soð word. forþam oðer is þe sawð. oþer ys se ðe ripð. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | In this thing is the word trewe, for anothir is that sowith, and anothir that repith. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | And herin is the sayinge true yt one soweth and another repeth. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | In this the saying is a true one, One does the planting, and another gets in the grain. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | John Chapter 4, Verse 37 |
| Cebuano | Kay ginamatud-an niini ang ginaingon, `Usa ang magapugas ug lain ang magaani.` |
| Croatian | Tu se obistinjuje izreka: 'Jedan sije, drugi žanje.' |
| Danish | Thi her er det Ord sandt: En sår, og en anden høster. |
| Dutch | Want hierin is die spreuk waarachtig: Een ander is het, die zaait, en een ander, die maait. |
| Finnish | Sillä tässä on se sana tosi, että toinen on kylväjä, ja leikkaaja toinen. |
| French | Car en ceci ce qu`on dit est vrai: Autre est celui qui sème, et autre celui qui moissonne. |
| German | Denn hier ist der Spruch wahr: Dieser sät, der andere schneidet. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Peribahasa ini benar juga, 'Yang satu menanam, yang lain menuai.' |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Karena di dalam hal inilah sebenar-benar makna pepatah itu: Lain orang menabur, lain orang menuai. |
| Italian | Qui infatti si realizza il detto: uno semina e uno miete. |
| Latvian | Jo ðe piepildâs vârds, ka cits ir, kas sçj, un cits, kas pïauj. |
| Maori | Na konei hoki i pono ai taua ki, E rui ana tetahi, e kokoti ana tetahi. |
| Norwegian | for her er det et sant ord at en sår og en annen høster. |
| Portuguese | Porque nisto é verdadeiro o ditado: Um é o que semeia, e outro o que ceifa. |
| Rumanian | Cqci kn aceastq privinyq, este adevqratq zicerea: ,Unul samqnq, iar altul secerq`. |
| Russian | Й'П Ч ЬФПН УМХЮБЕ У ТБЧЕ"МЙЧП ЙЪТЕЮЕОЙЕ: П"ЙО УЕЕФ, Б "ТХЗПК ЦОЕФ. |
| Shuar | Tiniu armia nuka nekasaiti: "Chikichik araawai Chíkichcha Júawai." |
| Spanish | Porque en esto es verdadero el dicho: "Uno es el que siembra, y otro es el que siega." |
| Swahili | Kwa sababu hiyo msemo huu ni kweli: `Mmoja hupanda na mwingine huvuna.` |
| Swedish | Ty här sannas det ordet, att en är den som sår och en annan den som skördar. |
| Uma | Jadi', makono lolita bulawa to mpo'uli': 'Kahadua-na to ntuja', kahadua-na to mpepae.' |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "planting": plantings. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "planting": displanting, explanting, implanting, interplanting, misplanting, overplanting, preplanting, reimplanting, replanting, supplanting, transplanting. (additional references) | |
| |
"Planting" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Lanting, Pantino, planeing, Planig, planten, Plantine, Plantinga, plantion, planton, plaqning, plenting, plunting, Pranting. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "planting" (pronounced pla"nting) |
| 7 | p l a" n t i ng | implanting, replanting, supplanting, transplanting. |
| 6 | -l a" n t i ng | slanting. |
| 5 | -a" n t i ng | chanting, decanting, enchanting, granting, panting, ranting, recanting. |
| 4 | -n t i ng | accenting, accounting, amounting, appointing, augmenting, blunting, bunting, cementing, circumventing, commenting, complementing, complimenting, confronting, consenting, counting, daunting, denting, disappointing, discounting, disorienting, dissenting, documenting, experimenting, fainting, fermenting, fingerprinting, flaunting, fomenting, fragmenting, fronting, glinting, grunting, haunting, hinting, hunting, implementing, imprinting, inventing, lamenting, minting, misrepresenting, mounting, painting, parenting, patenting, pinpointing, pointing, presenting, preventing, printing, recounting, reinventing, relenting, renting, repainting, representing, reprinting, resenting, shunting, sprinting, squinting, supplementing, surmounting, tainting, taunting, tenting, tormenting, unrelenting, unstinting, venting, wanting. |
| 3 | -t i ng | abating, abbreviating, abdicating, abducting, abetting, aborting, abrogating, abutting, accelerating, accentuating, accepting, accommodating, accosting, accrediting, accumulating, acquitting, acting, activating, adapting, addicting, adjudicating, adjusting, administrating, admitting, adopting, advocating, affecting, affiliating, afflicting, aggravating, agitating, airlifting, alerting, alienating, alleviating, allocating, allotting, alternating, annotating, anticipating, appreciating, appropriating, approximating, arbitrating, arresting, articulating, assassinating, assaulting, asserting, assimilating, assisting, associating, attempting, attesting, attracting, attributing, auditing, authenticating, automating, averting, awaiting, babysitting, backbiting, baiting, balloting, bankrupting, batting, beating, befitting, begetting, belting, benefiting, benefitting, berating, besetting, besting, betting, biting, bitting, blacklisting, blanketing, blasting, bloating, bloodletting, boasting, boating, bolting, boosting, booting, boycotting, breasting, broadcasting, budgeting, bullfighting, bursting, busting, butting, calculating, captivating, carpeting, carting, castigating, casting, castrating, catapulting, cavorting, celebrating, charting, chatting, cheating, chlorinating, circulating, citing, clotting, coagulating, coasting, coating, coexisting, cohabiting, collaborating, collecting, combating, combatting, comforting, commemorating, committing, communicating, commuting, compensating, competing, completing, complicating, composting, computing, concentrating, concocting, conducting, confiscating, conflicting, congratulating, connecting, consisting, consolidating, consorting, constituting, constricting, constructing, consulting, consummating, contacting, contaminating, contemplating, contesting, contracting, contradicting, contrasting, contributing, converting, convicting, cooperating, coordinating, copycatting, correcting, correlating, corroborating, corrupting, costing, counteracting, Counterfeiting, courting, crafting, crating, creating, crediting, cresting, culminating, cultivating, cutting, darting, dating, debating, debilitating, decaffeinating, decelerating, decimating, decorating, dedicating, deducting, defaulting, defeating, defecting, deflating, deflecting, defrosting, degenerating, delegating, deleting, deliberating, delighting, delineating, delisting, demonstrating, denigrating, departing, depicting, depleting, deporting, depositing, deprecating, depreciating, deregulating, deserting, designating, destructing, detecting, deteriorating, detonating, detracting, devastating, devoting, dictating, dieting, differentiating, digesting, diluting, directing, disconcerting, disconnecting, discrediting, discriminating, disgusting, disintegrating, dispiriting, disputing, disquieting, disrespecting, disrupting, dissecting, disseminating, dissipating, distorting, distracting, distributing, districting, diverting, divesting, domesticating, dominating, donating, doting, dotting, doubting, drafting, drifting, duplicating, dusting, eating, editing, educating, effecting, elaborating, elating, electing, electroplating, elevating, eliciting, eliminating, emanating, emigrating, emitting, emulating, enacting, encapsulating, encrusting, enlisting, entrusting, enunciating, equating, equivocating, eradicating, erecting, erupting, escalating, escorting, estimating, evacuating, evaluating, evaporating, everlasting, evicting, exacerbating, exacting, exaggerating, exalting, exasperating, excavating, excepting, exciting, excoriating, excruciating, executing, exempting, exerting, exhausting, exhibiting, exhilarating, exhorting, existing, exiting, exonerating, expecting, expediting, exploiting, exporting, extenuating, exterminating, extorting, extracting, extraditing, extrapolating, fabricating, facilitating, fascinating, fasting, faulting, feasting, ferreting, Fetting, fidgeting, fighting, firefighting, fitting, fleeting, flirting, flitting, floating, flouting, fluctuating, footing, footnoting, forecasting, forfeiting, forgetting, formulating, fretting, frosting, fruiting, frustrating, generating, getting, gifting, gloating, graduating, grafting, grating, gravitating, greeting, gritting, grouting, gunfighting, gusting, gutting, gyrating, hallucinating, halting, handwriting, harvesting, Hasting, hating, heating, hesitating, highlighting, hitting, hoisting, homeporting, hosting, humiliating, hurting, hydrogenating, igniting, illuminating, illustrating, imitating, impacting, imparting, impersonating, implicating, importing, inaugurating, incapacitating, incarcerating, incinerating, inciting, incorporating, incriminating, incubating, indicating, indicting, infatuating, infecting, infighting, infiltrating, inflating, inflicting, infuriating, ingesting, ingratiating, inhabiting, inheriting, inhibiting, initiating, injecting, innovating, inserting, insinuating, insisting, inspecting, instigating, instituting, instructing, insulating, insulting, integrating, interacting, intercepting, interdicting, interesting, interpreting, interrogating, interrupting, intersecting, intimidating, intoxicating, inundating, invalidating, investigating, investing, invigorating, inviting, irritating, isolating, jetting, jolting, jousting, jutting, kiting, knitting, lactating, lambasting, laminating, lasting, legislating, letting, levitating, liberating, lifting, lighting, limiting, liquidating, listing, litigating, locating, looting, lubricating, lusting, malting, mandating, manifesting, manipulating, marketing, marting, masturbating, mating, matting, mediating, meditating, meeting, melting, migrating, misappropriating, misinterpreting, misstating, mistreating, mitigating, moderating, molesting, molting, moonlighting, motivating, mutating, mutilating, muting, nauseating, navigating, necessitating, negating, neglecting, negotiating, nesting, netting, nitrating, nominating, nonbiting, nonoperating, nonsporting, nonvoting, noting, Nutting, objecting, obliterating, obstructing, obviating, officiating, offsetting, omitting, operating, opting, orbiting, orchestrating, originating, oscillating, ousting, Outfitting, outing, outwitting, overeating, overestimating, overheating, overreacting, overshooting, overstating, parachuting, participating, parting, pasting, patting, penetrating, percolating, perfecting, permeating, permitting, perpetrating, perpetuating, persecuting, persisting, perverting, petting, picketing, piloting, pirating, pitting, placating, plating, plotting, plummeting, pocketing, polluting, pontificating, populating, porting, posting, pouting, precipitating, predicting, predominating, preempting, preexisting, procrastinating, profiting, prognosticating, prohibiting, projecting, proliferating, promoting, prompting, promulgating, propagating, prosecuting, prospecting, protecting, protesting, pulsating, purporting, putting, quieting, quilting, quitting, quoting, radiating, rafting, ratcheting, rating, reacting, reactivating, readjusting, reallocating, reasserting, rebutting, recalculating, recasting, reciprocating, reciting, recollecting, reconnecting, reconstituting, reconstructing, recreating, recruiting, recuperating, redacting, redecorating, redirecting, redistributing, redistricting, reelecting, reevaluating, refitting, reflecting, refuting, regenerating, regretting, regulating, rehabilitating, reigniting, reincorporating, reinstating, reinstituting, reinterpreting, reinvesting, reinvigorating, reiterating, rejecting, rejuvenating, relating, relegating, relocating, remarketing, renegotiating, renovating, repatriating, repeating, replicating, reporting, repudiating, requesting, rerouting, resisting, resonating, resorting, respecting, restarting, restating, resting, restricting, resubmitting, resulting, resurrecting, resuscitating, retaliating, retesting, retracting, retreating, retrofitting, reuniting, reverberating, reverting, revisiting, revolting, rewriting, rioting, riveting, roasting, rocketing, rooting, rotating, rotting, rusting, salivating, salting, saluting, saturating, scapegoating, scouting, sculpting, seating, sedating, segregating, selecting, separating, setting, shafting, sheeting, shifting, shooting, shoplifting, shorting, shouting, shutting, sifting, sighting, simulating, siting, sitting, skating, skirting, skyrocketing, skywriting, slighting, slitting, slotting, smarting, smelting, snorting, soliciting, somersaulting, songwriting, sorting, speculating, spitting, splitting, sporting, spotlighting, spotting, spouting, sprouting, spurting, squatting, squirting, stagnating, starting, stating, stimulating, stipulating, strutting, subcontracting, subjecting, submitting, subordinating, substituting, subtracting, subverting, suffocating, suggesting, superconducting, supporting, suspecting, sweating, Sweeting, syndicating, tabulating, targeting, tasting, telecommuting, telemarketing, tempting, terminating, testing, thermosetting, thrusting, thwarting, ticketing, tilting, titillating, toasting, tolerating, toting, touting, translating, transmitting, transporting, treating, trotting, trumpeting, trusting, twisting, typecasting, typesetting, Typewriting, undercutting, underestimating, underreporting, understating, underwriting, undulating, unexciting, uninteresting, uninviting, uniting, unremitting, unseating, unsuspecting, unwitting, updating, uplifting, uprooting, upsetting, urinating, vacating, vacillating, validating, vaulting, ventilating, vesting, vetting, vibrating, violating, visiting, vomiting, voting, wafting, waiting, wasting, weighting, weightlifting, wetting, whiting, wildcatting, wilting, witting, wresting, writing, yachting. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-g-i-l-n-n-p-t" | |
-1 letter: panting, planing, plating. | |
-2 letters: anting, paling, pinang, pinnal, plaint, pliant, taping. | |
-3 letters: algin, align, aping, giant, glint, inapt, lapin, liang, ligan, linga, paint, patin, pinna, pinta, plain, plait, plant. | |
-4 letters: agin, alit, anil, anti, gain, gait, gilt, glia, gnat, lain, lang, lati, ling, linn, lint, lipa, nail, nipa, pail, pain, pang, pant, pial, pian. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-g-i-l-n-n-p-t" | |
+1 letter: plantings. | |
+2 letters: explanting, implanting, platooning, poignantly, replanting, unplaiting. | |
+3 letters: displanting, inculpating, misplanting, outplanning, platinizing, pollinating, postlanding, preplanting, supplanting. | |
+4 letters: interlapping, interplaying, manipulating, overplanting, palingenetic, premalignant, prolongation, rataplanning, reimplanting, trampolining. | |
+5 letters: contemplating, encapsulating, interplanting, interpleading, interpolating, painstakingly, patronizingly, penetratingly, prolongations, prostaglandin, trampolinings, transplanting. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 6C 61 6E 74 69 6E 67 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references).--. .-.. .- -. - .. -. --. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01101100 01100001 01101110 01110100 01101001 01101110 01100111 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P l a n t i n g |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 006C 0061 006E 0074 0069 006E 0067 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5078678086758073 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Historic | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Bible Trace 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Orthography 22. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Arabies, arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic; Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; الاسبرانتو لغة دولية, Esperantu, есперанто, 世界语, esperanton, espéranto, εσπεράντο, אספר טו, eszperanto, eszperantó, エスキモー犬 , エスペラント , эсперанто, Eseperano, esperanto, Kiesperanto, าษาที่ประ"ิษฐ์ขึ้นเพื่อใช้เป็น าษากลางในการสื่อสารระหว่างประเทศ ซึ่งรากศัพท์ส่วนใหญ่, esperanto dili, tiếng etperantô, for esperanto; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, يهودي, عبري, اليهودية, اللغة العبرية, العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Indonesies, indonezian, الماليزي أحد أبناء ماليزيا, اللغة الأندونيسية, Indonesiu, индонезийски език, индонезийски, 印度尼西亚语, 印度尼西亞語 , indonéský, indonéština, indonésan, indoneser, Indonesisch, Indisch, Indonesiër, indonesiskt, indonesialainen, indonésien, Yndonesysk, Indonesier, Ινδονήσιος, indonéz, indonesiano, インドネシア語 , インドネシア", 인도네시아, Indoneesagh, indonésio, indonésia, индонезийский, индонезиец, Indtasisian, indonezijski, indonežanin, indonesio, indones, Indonesyo, endonezya'ya ait, endonezyalı, endonezya dili, endonezya, індонезі"ць, індонезійський, індонезійська мова, індонезійка, người In-ddô-nê-xi-a tiếng In-ddô-nê-xi-a, for Indonesian; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; |