Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Perspective |
PerspectiveNoun1. A way of regarding situations or topics etc.; "consider what follows from the positivist view". 2. The appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "perspective" was first used: sometime in the late 14th century. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Perspective |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Perspective is the choice of a single point of view from which to sense, categorize, measure or codify experience, typically for sharing it with another. It can be interpreted as a visual, audio, or linguistic choice, depending on the sense which is to be addressed and the media used in sharing. Viewpoint is another word for this principle, with similarly broad interpretationIn Visual arts and mathematics the word perspective is used in a technical sense to denote a way of representing three-dimensional objects in the plane (of painting, photoimage, drawing) aimed at proper rendering of depth relationships, see perspective as graphical representation.
Dr. Kim Veltman, a biographer of Leonardo da Vinci, explains the evolution of this concept from medieval to Renaissance times as one tied to Christian philosophy and how it changed during this period. Medieval figures are effectively cartoons, the presence or absence of a given figure, and their perceived piety and pose of submission to authority either of God or King, is of primary importance. Therefore they are drawn tall, thin, to fit more to the scroll. As of the renewal of investigation of astronomy, medicine and technology, which began in the 15th century after the fall of Muslim Spain, there was a valid reason to think in terms of three dimensional models and representations.
This had begun, however, argues Veltman, with the sculpture and architecture and fertile imaginations of exploratory engineering that we associate with da Vinci and Michelangelo and others whose interest was in the arts and not the sciences. Perspective, he argues, began with shifts in human cognition and the way it was conceived in the vulgar languages (i.e. not Latin) which provided a wider variety of ways to describe colour, light or perspective itself.
According to Thomas Cahill, in How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe, a similar shift had taken place in literature about a millennium earlier, with the Confessions of Augustine. The sacred literature known in the 5th century which had been scattered and lost and burned in Europe, and preserved only in Muslim libraries, remained in Christian control only in Ireland, where the bookish tradition we today associate with the medieval Roman Catholic monk were perfected, and then spread back into Europe. But these had been co-opted by the Church itself - to better aid it in imposing it's own idea of God's eye view. In effect, "monopolizing" perspective.
The dual nature of psychological perspective in this period is demonstrated most ably by the two most famous works of Niccolo Machiavelli, The Discourses which attempts to look at the problems of the Renaissance state from the point of view of the classical civics, and The Prince, which looks at it strictly from the perspective of the aristocrat seeking to gain and to keep power, by whatever means. This was fairly typical of the Renaissance period, where there was a stark contrast of two officially-understood perspectives: that of the Church, and the State. Indeed, in the 10th century, they had been officially separated. There was no room left for the commoner's emotional perspective, which was defined as "sinful" or confined to family or women - also the realm of what remained of the pagan traditions the Church ignored or subordinated or suppressed.
Given this, the treatment that Galileo received at the hands of the Pope is easier to comprehend - at the very tail end of the Renaissance but before the Enlightenment, there was really no critical tradition of choosing one's own personal perspective, and investigating the cosmos with it, and sharing it equally with others as peers with no mediation by anything but the senses and measuring sticks and tools (including the infamous telescope which extended one's perspective and let one challenge official views of the heavens). Thus, when Galileo wrote Dialogues Concerning Two World Systems, as a contrast between the views of the worldly and commanding character Sagredo and a naive Simplicio dutifully repeating church doctrine, it was not difficult for the Pope's advisors to convince him that Galileo was mocking the Church and him with it - the Pope was Simplicio, since the worldly Prince was clearly Sagredo. In effect, every choice to take a personal point of view was being interpreted as a grab for power of either worldly or spiritual kind - nothing else.
This situation did not really change until the emergence of the modern novel - of which Don Quixote is the least controversial early example - and secular music which was to please its listeners, not necessarily to please God. These were largely 17th century innovations.
By this time, Isaac Newton had characterized optics and decided that he saw seven colours in the rainbow - whereas the Greeks had seen only three or four. Newton had matched these, adding indigo, to the seven-note scale of musical scales of his time. George Berkeley attacked this kind of imposition of self-perspective on an objective phenomenon, but this time it was not as effective as in Galileo's time. We "see" seven colours to this day - taking Newton's perspective - as did the 19th century physicists who had a very fixed idea of the importance of frame of reference, based on F=MA and laws of motion.
Relativity imposed another radical shift on the idea of perspective in the early 20th century - according to Alfred North Whitehead, this was nothing short of a revolution. The notion that the choice of a vantage point from which to perceive events, speed of one's travel, and so on, would make it impossible to have one single "highest" or "most central" point from which to view all events was crushing to the mind trained in 19th century expectations of an orderly, clock-like hierarchy of natural law. Bertrand Russell wrote a popular book, ABC of Relativity, to explain the new rules. In another shift of perspective, his own search for foundations of mathematics had had to be abandoned, as the assumption that set theory could serve as the core on which arithmetic could rest, was shattered. This too was an aspect of the loss of the assumption of a single objectively-real starting point for perception and cognition, to which all other starting points were inferior.
Jane Jacobs ascribes some of this to the shift from the Enlightenment idea, actually noted by Baruch Spinoza first, that natural law tended to impose a sort of uniformity on man and the world, and that all that was lacking was some "perfect" understanding and emulation of it. This was also a critical component of Islam, which in the 20th century began to renew as an "underdog" faith emphasizing its role as the Other to British Empire and other European dominators. However, it is hard to see how the general shattering of the intellectual core of (what Terence McKenna called) dominator culture directly affected "perspective" itself.
The artistic movements of impressionism, futurism and expressionism - especially cubism - were more obviously concerned with shifts of perspective. Their explicit rationale was to "break up" or challenge assumptions about perspective, perception, cognition, and the role of the observer, which was increasingly of concern to physics via quantum mechanics.
By the late 20th century, some movements were beginning to suggest that perspective was wholly a matter of identity. Feminism and Queer studies in particular took this idea to some interesting extremes, suggesting that the whole way that the world was perceived might depend on how one saw sexual and emotional affordance within it. For instance, the way that Queers might perceive sexual opportunity where others might perceive only military discipline, or women might perceive emotional needs or opportunities where men might see a competition, were influential in both the art and social sciences. Also, the notion of humans as having a monopoly on perspective was challenged - John Lilly dropped LSD and hung in a tank to talk to dolphins - paintings by gorillas and chimpanzees sold for high prices in art auctions. Perspective was a matter of identity, and identity, by and large, a matter of choice - sensory differences were being celebrated, not suppressed, although this had some chaotic effects.
Probably the most important observation of the 20th century regarding perspective, other than its relativity, however, was that human males and females did seem to have quite different inbuilt tendencies for abstraction and visual projection, and for scanning and picking out distinct patterns on surfaces. While these were trivial differences for the average individual, in a whole population, the exaggerated effects of these tendencies on the numbers at extremes helped explain why there were few female mathematicians or physicists, and few males who could keep an eye on ten children at once. Another shift of perspective: neither gender was inferior, but nor could they perfectly communicate their perspective to each other.
The turn of the millennium in 2001 after the fraudulent Y2K panic, lent itself to another shift of perspective. Many "millennial" books of history and cognitive science and theory of civilization were written and released at this time, seemingly attempting to solidify ideals of perspective based on ecology and diversity: sometimes called a natural point of view or a cognitive paradigm or a diversity society.
New ways of describing internal experiences were categorized and began to be shared as if they were just as objective as those previously seen as external: the gate control theory of pain, for instance, compiled words used to describe pain experience to enable comparison of this most inner and unique sense among persons, and anthropological linguistics was concerned with the use of words to describe color and the visual perception that actually creates it.
More radically, theories such as morphogenetic fields and creativity as the basis of human difference from "animals" began to be advanced to explain the choices humans had, and were not taking, in the transformation of planet ecology.
Probably the most profound shift of perspective at this time was in maps. The 20th century Dymaxion Map of Buckminster Fuller had shown the single "world ocean" in which all the continents floated, but at the expense of utter disconnection and fraying of the ocean's edges. Space photographs (knitted together from many separate photographs initially) showed however a single blue ball, and altered perspective again: Earth appeared small, alive, and worth protecting.
In 2002, the World Wildlife Fund and the National Geographic Society had released the map of Earth's 867 terrestrial ecoregions, organized into 8 roughly-continental ecozones. Other maps focused on ocean currents and the potential impact of climate change on them. The planet was no longer a surface to be mapped but rather, an environment in a homeorhetic state subject to radical shifts due to mankind's influence. (see Gaia philosophy and Ecological Footprint)
Meanwhile, the perspective of non-humans (especially fellow hominids) was increasingly reflected in documentary works that attempted, in a tradition pioneered by Jane Goodall, to convey the actual experience of these genetically near-identical beings to humans. Genetics had a major part to play in altering ideas of who had a perspective worth considering. By 2003 the notion of Great Apes as hominids was not controversial, nor the notion that they had both a culture, and might also be persons in a legal sense.
See also: eco-evolution, paradigm, lens, perspective as graphical representation
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Perspective."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Perspective in painting, photography, drawing is the technique and special effects in various ways of representation of three-dimensional scenes in the plane aimed at rendering of three-dimensional depth relationships in two dimensions. It simpler words, perspective is a way of creating of the illusion of spatial depth in the flat picture.
Traditionally, development of various types of perspective is studied through the analysis of icons.
In most modern drawings/paintings the linear perspective is used: the further the objects are from the viewer, the smaller they are drawn and the closer they are positioned to the so-called vanishing point or points, so that the (drawing of the) most remote objects completely dissapear in the vicinity of these points.
Under the linear perspective the vanishing point or points are usually placed inside the painting with the illusion that it is "beyond" the drawing.
Under the reversed perspective, or inverse perspective, or Byzantine perspective the further the objects, the larger they are drawn. (The latter name is because thes kind of perspective is observed in earlier Byzantine and Russian Orthodox icons.)
Technically, the vanishing points are placed outside the painting with the illusion that it in "in front of" the painting.
It is difficult to say now what were the intentions of the medieval iconographers, but a common interpretation is that the point of perspective is on the viewer, hence the Almighty looks upon him, rather than the viewer looks upon the Almighty.
Axonometric perspective is in between the two others: the relative sizes of depicted objects do not depend on the distance to the actual ones.
See also: Perspective distortion, Perspective transform
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Perspective (graphical)."
Synonyms: PerspectiveSynonyms: linear perspective (n), position (n), view (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Expectation | Contemplation, prospection, lookout; prospect, perspective, horizon, vista; destiny. |
Length | Enfilade, look along, view in perspective. |
Adverb: lengthwise, at length, longitudinally, endlong, along; tandem; in a line; (continuously); in perspective. | |
Painting | Noun: painting; depicting; drawing; Verb: design; perspective, sciagraphy, skiagraphy; chiaroscuro; (light) composition; treatment. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | So I can get a perspective on your situation (The 6th Day; writing credit: Cormac Wibberley; Marianne Wibberley) She never told me. Good for her! Though not from your perspective, I suppose (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) You helped me get a new perspective on everything (Scrubs; writing credit: Gabrielle Allan; Janae Bakken) When I got home my mother had a different perspective, which made me feel better (The Sopranos; writing credit: Isabel Clara-Simo; Ramón De España) Puts it all in some kind of perspective. (Dangerous Beauty; writing credit: Jeannine Dominy) | |
Lyrics | You're gonna have to see through my perspective (Overprotected; performing artist: Britney Spears) From a young G's perspective (Nuthin But A "G" Thang; performing artist: Dr. Dre) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Black Perspective on the News (1973) Computer Perspective (1972) Vietnam: A Marine Perspective (1998) The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus (1994) Energy in Perspective (1976) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Two different, individual photos of EPN and EPS buildings. Each taken from different perspective. These are some of NIH's satellite office buidlings located in Rockville, Maryland. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | 3-D Perspective Kamchatka Peninsula Russia. Credit: NASA. |
 | Perspective rendering of Andrew on 25 August 1992. Credit: NASA. |  | This is a red/green stereo image made from GOES-East data by rendering the hurricane Gilbert GOES-8 image in perspective from two different viewpoints.. See the RSD ImageCatalog for additional images. Credit: NASA. |
 | Ideal perspective of salmon-net in Penobscot Bay, Maine From Report U. S. Fish Commission, Part II, 1872-'73. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection. |  | A perspective shot of a Cactus in bloom against the blue sky in the Iornwood Forest Naitonal Monument. Credit: Chris Tincher. |
 | A now uncommon and romantic building type, the Beebe Windmill provided mechanization to the grinding of grain. This rare survivor teaches us about the evolution of industrial technologies and the ingenuity of early American craftsman who fashioned the moving parts out of the most readily available material at hand, wood. HABS and HAER documentation provides information for the care and maintenance of structures for which the original drawings typically do not survive. The formats of HAER documentation for this windmill include a written history, photographs, and measured drawings. The selected drawings and photographs shown here demonstrate how the nformation in each format can supplement the other. The photographs record information as the camera sees it in a one-point perspective. The drawings illustrate the grain mill and clarify how its parts fit together, what dimensions they are, and how they interact to grind the grain. West elevation. Photograph by Jet Lowe, 1978. (Reproduction Number: HAER, NY,52-BRIG,4-1). Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Perspective view from southwest. Photograph by Jet Lowe, summer 1990. (Reproduction Number: HAER ORE,6-NOBE,1-10) At 5,305 feet in length, the Coos Bay Bridge is the longest of the five Public Works Administration bridges built along the Oregon Coastal Highway during the Great Depression. Made of steel, the bridge incorporates many complex structural systems and technological innovations including cantilevers, trusses, and early examples of concrete arches. Motorists feel as though they are driving under a series of arches when they travel over the bridge. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Perspective Sketch. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Opticks & perspective. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Perspective alley" by Krista Commentary: "Small alley behind some houses in a perspective view." | "Taºkıºla Perspective" by Kahraman Insan Commentary: "Istanbul Technical University Taºkıºla Campus." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | (r)Hoc erat in fatis . That day, the perspective of the human race changed |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | The gray dusty truck, in the yard before the door, stood out magically in this light, in the overdrawn perspective of a stereopticon |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Talking about it, and seeing how others cope, helped me put things in perspective. (references) | |
From a medical perspective, many ADRD patients are physically well except for their cognitive problems. (references) | ||
Another way to look at the cause and development of a disease is to examine it from a population-based perspective. (references) | ||
Business | The reader can thus quickly understand where China fits into the regional and global perspective. (references) | |
From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. (references) | ||
This report covers the entire safety and security industry and provides a broad perspective on the sector as a whole. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Gambia | Leigh continued to lead prayers at the mosque, and said he was not threatened by the arrest and planned to continue giving sermons and interpreting the Islamic perspective in society. (references) |
Canada | Its 14 recommendations included abolishing Catholic and Protestant status for public schools and creating secular public schools within which religion would be studied from a cultural perspective. (references) | |
Economic History | Norway | The tax burden on the economy remains high from an OECD perspective. (references) |
Human Rights | Bolivia | The prosecutor instructs the police, from the perspective of a legal practitioner, as to what witness statements and evidence are needed to prosecute the case. (references) |
Political Economy | ALGERIA | Algeria offers significant opportunities to U.S. firms with a long-term perspective looking to export, to invest, or to form joint ventures. (references) |
RUSSIA | The positive trend for Russia's economy should be put in perspective. (references) | |
Trade | Netherlands | From a commercial perspective, these initiatives create significant market opportunities for European firms of American parentage. (references) |
Ukraine | The National Joint Implementation (JI) Strategy Study will provide Ukrainian authorities with tools and develop options for their use to analyze the opportunities presented by potential international markets for GHG emission reductions through the mechanism of JI. The Study will pursue this objective from Ukraine's perspective and analyze the general elements that impact any future market for GHG emission reductions; second, it will help Ukraine to identify priorities within climate change theme. (references) | |
Kuwait | Kuwaiti banks have a global perspective and expect their foreign correspondents to work with them at that level. (references) | |
Women | Mexico | On October 12, NWI launched its Pro-Equality program, designed to institutionalize a gender perspective within the Federal Government administration. (references) |
Kyrgyz Republic | A special expert counsel under the State Commission on Family, Women, and Youth Issues reviewed all legislation for a gender perspective and submitted its recommendations to Parliament. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Chuck Hagel | Well, that point has been made a couple of times. I think there should be some perspective brought to anything as serious as committing young men and women to war, because people lose their lives and then there are consequences to that. |
Ed McMahon | That's right. Water cooler conversation. And the next day, you got a pretty good perspective as to what was happening in the country. |
Tony Blair | I think everyone is concerned. And it's a very difficult issue, this, because, from a government perspective, you've got to try and take all measures you can to guard against it. On the other hand, you don't want to alarm people. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | We have in the United States Government rich resources in information, perspective, and facilities for doing whatever may be found necessary to do in giving support and form to the widespread and diversified efforts of all our people. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Laying aside all alarmist talk and panicky solutions, let us put that knotty problem in its proper perspective. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | To view the State of the Union in perspective, we must not ignore the rest of the world. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | When I held the little guy fo the first time, the troubles at home and abroad seemed manageable, and totally in perspective. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Perspective" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Perspective" is used about 3,069 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 3,069 | 3,053 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "perspective": Aerial perspective ♦ in perspective ♦ Isometrical perspective ♦ linear perspective ♦ multiple perspective software development ♦ out of perspective ♦ perspective drawing ♦ perspective glass ♦ perspective grid ♦ perspective plane ♦ perspective shell ♦ view in perspective. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "perspective": perspective-glass, perspective-takings. | |
Ending with "perspective": anti-perspective, demolition-perspective, macro-perspective, self-perspective. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "perspective"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | perspektivë (distance, look out, outlook, possibility, prospect, vista), perspektiv, pamje përpara, pah, e ardhme (fate, fortune, future, futurity, prospect, To-be, tomorrow). (various references) | |
Arabic | فن الرسم المنظوري, منظوري, مشهد (outlook, panorama, prospect, scene, scenery, show, sight, spectacle, view), نظري (abstract, academic, notional, paper, theoretic, theoretical), وجهة نظر (angle, color, colour, dogmatism, estimation, mind, opinion, point of view, sentiment, slant, standpoint, viewpoint), المنظور, رسم منظوري. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | картина в перспектива, перспективен (long term), перспектива (distance, future, outlook, prospect, vista), изглед (aspect, look, outlook, picture, prospect, view). (various references) | |
Chinese | 透视, 透視 (fluoroscopy, to examine by fluoroscope or X-ray), 前景 (foreground, prospects, vista). (various references) | |
Czech | prùhled (vista), perspektivní (forward, go ahead), perspektiva (slant), vyhlídka (chance, look out, outlook, prospect, viewpoint, vista), výhledový, rozhled (horizons, outlook, prospect, view). (various references) | |
Danish | udsigt (view). (various references) | |
Dutch | perspectief, prospect. (various references) | |
Esperanto | perspektivo. (various references) | |
Farsi | مناظرومرایا, منظره (Landscape, Object, Outlook, Picture, Prospect, Scene, Scenery, Sight, Spectacle, View, Vision), مال اندیشی (Foresight, Prognosis), چشم انداز (Landscape, Lookout, Outlook, Overlook, Panorama, Prospect, Scene, Scenery, View, Vista), لحاظ (Light, Phase, Viewpoint), تجسم شی , سعه نظر (Tolerance), خطورفکر, جنبه فکری , روشن بینی (Clairvoyance, Lucidity), دیدانداز, دید (Lookout, Seeing, View, Viewpoint, Visibility, Vision), بیناءی (Eye, Sight, Spectrum, Vision). (various references) | |
Finnish | perspektiivi. (various references) | |
French | perspective. (various references) | |
German | Perspektive (angle, aspect, point of view, prospects, vista), Blickwinkel, Durchblick (vista), Aussicht (chance, outlook, promise, prospect, view, vista). (various references) | |
Greek | προοπτική (lookout, prospect), άποψη (aspect, opinion, outlook, point of view, prospect, standpoint, view, viewpoint). (various references) | |
Hebrew | פרספקטיבה. (various references) | |
Hungarian | távlati (long-range, scenographical, stereographic), távlat (prospect, vista), kilátás (expectancy, expectations, lookout, outlook, possibility, prospect, view). (various references) | |
Indonesian | perspektif. (various references) | |
Italian | prospettiva (look out, luck, outlook, prospect, view, vista). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 透視画法 , 見通し (forecast, insight, outlook, prospect, unobstructed view), 見通 (forecast, insight, outlook, prospect, unobstructed view), 遠近法 , 遠近 (distance, far and near, here and there), 遠景 (background, distant view, vista), バ行 (Classification for Japanese verb with the dictionary form ending in "bu", par, park, park-and-ride, Parker, parking, parking area, parking driver, parking meter, parking valet, Parkinson, parse, parsec, parser, parsing, partial, partial freezing, pass, PC, percent, percentage, perceptron, percolator, percussion, pergola, personal, personal call, personal check, personal communication, personal computer, personal opinion, personal selling, personality, purge, purse, purser). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | おちこち (distance, far and near, here and there), パースペクティブ , みとおし (forecast, insight, outlook, prospect, unobstructed view), とうしがほう, えんきんほう, えんきん (distance, far and near, here and there), えんけい (background, circle, circular form, distant view, round shape, vista). (various references) | |
Korean | 원근법. (various references) | |
Manx | perspeghtaght. (various references) | |
Papiamen | perspektiva. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | erspectivepay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | perspectiva (chance, expectation, frontage, look-out, outlook, vista). (various references) | |
Romanian | posibilitate viitoare, perspectivã (expectation, outlook, promise, prospect, view, vista), luminã (culture, glare, glim, glow, illumination, light, lighting, lightness, lucidity, luminous energy, opening, side light, span, twinkle), de perspectivã. (various references) | |
Russian | перспективный (long-range), перспектива перспективный, перспектива (aspect, outlook, promise, prospect, vista). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | perspektivan (up and coming), perspektiva (outlook, overview, vista), vidokrug (eyeshot, horizon, ken, reach, sight, view), vidik (view, vista), u perspektivi, optički (optic, optical), izgled (appearance, complexion, fashion, guise, leer, look, looks, prospect, show, visage). (various references) | |
Spanish | perspectiva (look out, outlook, proposition, prospect, tender, view). (various references) | |
Swedish | perspektiv (vista). (various references) | |
Turkish | perspektife dikkat ederek çizilmiş (perspectival), perspektif, geniş bakış açısı, görünüm (appearance, aspect, complexion, outlook, prospect, sight, view, vista), derinlik verilmiş (perspectival), derinlik (abyss, deep, deepness, depth, profoundness, profundity), derinlemesine inceleme yeteneği. (various references) | |
Turkmen | perspektiv (r). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | вид (aspect, complexion, description, genus, kind, outlook, prospect, sight, sort, species, view), оптичний (optical, telescopic, visual), перспективний (available, long range, promising), перспектива (outlook, promise, prospect, vista), плани на майбутнє (expectations). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | phối cảnh tranh vẽ luật xa gần, về triển vọng, về tiến độ, triển vọng (proposition, vista), tiến độ, tương lai (by and by, future, to-be, to-come), luật xa gần, hình phối cảnh cảnh trông xa. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Medieval Latin | 700-1500 | perspectiva ars. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "perspective": perspectively, perspectives. (additional references) | |
| |
"Perspective" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: exspectavi, perpective, perpsective, perspecitve, Perspektief, perspestive, pperspective, prespective, prspective. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "perspective" (pronounced perspe"ktiv) |
| 7 | -s p e" k t i v | introspective, irrespective, prospective, respective, retrospective. |
| 5 | -e" k t i v | affective, collective, connective, corrective, defective, detective, directive, effective, elective, ineffective, infective, invective, objective, projective, protective, reflective, selective, subjective. |
| 4 | -k t i v | active, addictive, adjective, attractive, conductive, constructive, counterproductive, destructive, distinctive, hyperactive, inactive, injunctive, instinctive, instructive, interactive, nonproductive, obstructive, octave, overactive, photoconductive, predictive, proactive, productive, radioactive, reactive, reconstructive, refractive, reproductive, restrictive, retroactive, seductive, superconductive, unattractive, unproductive, vindictive. |
| 3 | -t i v | accommodative, abortive, accumulative, accusative, acquisitive, adaptive, additive, administrative, adoptive, affirmative, alliterative, alternative, anticompetitive, appointive, appreciative, argumentative, assaultive, assertive, attentive, authoritative, automotive, captive, causative, cognitive, collaborative, combative, commemorative, communicative, comparative, competitive, congestive, consecutive, conservative, consultative, contemplative, contraceptive, cooperative, corruptive, creative, cumulative, curative, deceptive, decorative, definitive, degenerative, deliberative, demonstrative, derivative, descriptive, digestive, dilutive, diminutive, disincentive, disparages, dispositive, disruptive, dissipative, distributive, duplicative, elucidative, eruptive, evocative, executive, exhaustive, expletive, exploitative, exploitive, facultative, Federative, festive, figurative, fixative, formative, fugitive, furtive, generative, hypersensitive, illustrative, imaginative, imitative, imperative, inattentive, incentive, indicative, infinitive, informative, initiative, innovative, inoperative, inquisitive, insensitive, interpretive, intuitive, inventive, investigative, iterative, laxative, legislative, locomotive, lucrative, manipulative, meditative, motive, narrative, native, negative, neoconservative, nonautomotive, noncompetitive, noncumulative, nonexecutive, nonnative, normative, nutritive, operative, palliative, participative, pejorative, perceptive, plaintive, positive, preemptive, prerogative, preservative, presumptive, preventative, preventive, primitive, probative, prognosticative, prohibitive, provocative, punitive, putative, qualitative, quantitative, receptive, recuperative, redemptive, redistributive, regulative, rehabilitative, relative, remunerative, rep, repetitive, representative, restive, restorative, secretive, sedative, sensitive, speculative, stimulative, substantive, suggestive, superlative, supportive, talkative, tentative, ultraconservative, uncompetitive, uncooperative, unimaginative, uninformative, unreceptive, unrepresentative, vegetative, vituperative. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-e-e-i-p-p-r-s-t-v" | |
-1 letter: perceptive, preceptive, respective. | |
-2 letters: creepiest, perceives, receptive, secretive. | |
-3 letters: creepies, crepiest, erective, evictees, perceive, percepts, precepts, precipes, receipts, receives, vertices. | |
-4 letters: cerites, creepie, eeriest, epeeist, evictee, peepers, peeries, peptics, percept, pestier, piecers, pierces, precept, precipe, precise, previse, privets, receipt, receive, recepts, recipes, recites, respect, respite, restive, scepter, sceptre, scrieve, secrete, seepier, service, specter, spectre. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-e-e-i-p-p-r-s-t-v" | |
+1 letter: perspectives. | |
+2 letters: perspectively. | |
+3 letters: perceptiveness, perceptivities. | |
+5 letters: appreciativeness, imperceptiveness, perceptivenesses, supercompetitive. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Spoken 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Translations: Ancient 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Bibliography |
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