Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Definition: Perch |
PerchNoun1. Support consisting of a branch or rod that serves as a resting place (especially for a bird). 2. (British) a linear measure of 16.5 feet. 3. A square rod of land. 4. An elevated place serving as a seat. 5. Any of numerous fishes of America and Europe. 6. Spiny-finned freshwater food and game fishes. 7. Any of numerous spiny-finned fishes of various families of the order Perciformes. Verb1. Sit, as on a branch; "The birds perched high in the treee". 2. To come to rest, settle: "Misfortune lighted upon him.". 3. Cause to perch or sit; "She perched her hat on her head". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "perch" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references) |
Note: Perch \Perch\ (p[~e]rch), noun. [Written also pearch.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Food & Agriculture | A family of vigorous percoid fish including the perch. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | A common name for fish belonging to the order Perciformes with many genera and species. (references) |
Industry | Controlling place in the textile industry with special tools to check the quality of fabrics. Defects to be corrected are pointed out. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A manual or mechanical contrivance consisting of a system of rollers over which cloth is drawn at open width for the purpose of inspection. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| To inspect cloth in a vertical(hanging)position or at an angle inclined upwards away from the source of light. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Mining | A. Any of various units of measure for stonework, (including 24-3/4 ft 3 (0.70 m3 ) representing a pile 1 rod (5.0 m) long by 1 ft (0.3 m) by 1-1/2 ft (0.46 m); or 16-1/2 ft3 (0.47 m3 ); or 25 ft3 (0.71 m3 ) b. A measure of length equal to 5-1/2 yd or 16-1/2 ft (5.0 m); a rod, orpole; also, a square rod (25.3 m2 ). (references) |
Transportation | A small beacon, often an untrimmed sapling, used to mark channels through mudflats or sand banks, often of a temporary nature 99999INTERNATIONAL DE MONACO, 1951. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A perch is an old unit of length equal to 5.5 yards, also called a rod or a pole.
Yellow PerchA perch is a type of fish belonging to the family Percidae, class Osteichthyes.Osteichthyes' common name is bony fish which have over 25,000 species living in marine, brackish and freshwater environments.
Perch have ctenoid scales. When looking through a microscope, the scale look like a plate with growth rings and spikes on the top edges. Externally the anatomy of perch is simple enough. On the dorsal side of the fish, there consists a upper maxilla and lower mandible for the mouth. A pair of nostrils. Two lidless eyes. On the posterior sides are the operculum, which are used to protect the gills. Also their is the lateral line system which is sensitive to vibrations in the water. They have a pair of pectoral and pelvic fins. On the anterior end of the fish, there is the two dorsal fins. The first one is spiny and the second is soft. There is also a caudal fin and anal fin. Also there is a cloacal opening right behind the anal fin.
References
Gilberson, Lance, Zoology Lab Manual 4th edition. Primis Custom Publishing. 1999The perch spawns at the end of April or beginning of May, depositing it upon weeds, or the branches of trees or shrubs that have become immersed in the water; it does not come into condition again until July.
The best time for fishing for perch is from September to February; it haunts the neighborhood of heavy deep eddies, camp sheathings, beds of weeds, with sharp streams near, and trees or bushes growing in or overhanging the water. The baits for perch are, minnows, red, marsh, brandling or lob worms and shrimps. The tackle should be fine but strong, as with a fish bait a trout or pike may frequently be hooked. Perch, unlike fish of prey, are gregarious, and in the winter months, when the frosts and floods have destroyed and carried away the beds of weeds, congregate together in the pools and eddies, and are then to be angled for with greatest success from 10 to 4 o'clock, at the edge of the streams forming such eddies.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Perch."
Synonyms: PerchSynonyms: pole (n), rod (n), alight (v), light (v), rest (v), roost (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Abode | Nest, nidus, snuggery; arbor, bower; lair, den, cave, hole, hiding place, cell, sanctum sanctorum, aerie, eyrie, eyry, rookery, hive; covert, resort, retreat, perch, roost; nidification; kala jagah. |
Elevation | Verb: heighten, elevate, raise, lift, erect; set up, stick up, perch up, perk up, tilt up; rear, hoist, heave; uplift, upraise, uprear, upbear, upcast, uphoist, upheave; buoy, weigh mount, give a lift; exalt; sublimate; place on a pedestal, set on a pedestal. |
Height | Verb: be high; Adjective: tower, soar, command; hover, hover over, fly over;orbit, be in orbit; cap, culminate; overhang, hang over, impend, beetle, bestride, ride, mount; perch, surmount; cover; overtop; (be superior); stand on tiptoe. |
Location | Inhabit; (be present); domesticate, colonize; take root, strike root; anchor; cast anchor, come to an anchor; sit down, settle down; settle; take up one's abode, take up one's quarters; plant oneself, establish oneself, locate oneself; squat, perch, hive, se nicher, bivouac, burrow, get a footing; encamp, pitch one's tent; put up at, put up one's horses at; keep house. |
Presence | People; inhabit, dwell, reside, stay, sojourn, live, abide, lodge, nestle, roost, perch; take up one's abode; (be located); tenant. |
Support | Board, ledge, shelf, hob, bracket, trevet, trivet, arbor, rack; mantel, mantle piece, mantleshelf; slab, console; counter, dresser; flange, corbel; table, trestle; shoulder; perch; horse; easel, desk; clotheshorse, hatrack; retable; teapoy. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Perch |
| English words defined with "perch": Arpen, At roost ♦ Bairdiella chrysoura, Barse, Batfowling, Brasse, Buffalo bird ♦ Coleperch, Crow's-nest, Ctenoidei ♦ Egling, European perch ♦ Juke ♦ Labyrinthici ♦ mademoiselle, matelote ♦ Overperch ♦ passeriform bird, passerine, Pearch, Perca flavescens, Perca fluviatilis, Perch pest, Perching, Percina tanasi, pike perch, pikeperch, Pondfish ♦ roost, Ruffe ♦ Sea dace, silver perch, snail darter, Stang, stone bass ♦ Teleocephial, Triple-tail, Trout perch ♦ unnerved ♦ Villiform ♦ Wall-eye ♦ Yellow perch ♦ Zander, Zingel. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "perch": Melanuros ♦ PALLAS. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "perch": Wall-eyed. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Perch" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses. Manx (parch ). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Perch of the Devil (1927) Ambrose's Lofty Perch (1915) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
![]() | Steller sea lion on a rocky perch. Credit: NOAA's Ark (Animals). | ![]() | A pelican makes use of a piling as a perch. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
![]() | A seagull on a piling perch. Credit: Fisheries. | ![]() | The gillnet catch being brought in. The species being fished for included, blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis; silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura; atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannosaurus; weakfish, Cynoscion regalis; Atlantic croaker, Micropogonus undulatus; white perch, Morone americanus; striped bass or rockfish, Morone saxatilis and; bluefish, Ponatomus saltatrix. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
![]() | A representative sample of some of the species collected; gizzard shad, menhaden, bluefish, striped bass, Atlantic croaker, and white perch. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. | ![]() | Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Shiner Perch, Cymtogaster aggregata, is found in shallow waters during summer months and in waters up to 146 meters in the winter. Body length is up to 21 cm with females growing larger than males. The body is bright silver with broken longitudinal dark stripes separated by three vertical yellow bars. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |
![]() | Technical Sgt. Frank Lubas, 2nd Security Forces Squadron, Barksdale Air Force Base, La., observes the skill of an Air Force Special Operations Command competitor from his perch in the range safety tower during the pistol phase of Defender Challenge 2000 h. | ![]() | Yellow perch. Credit: USDA. |
![]() | White Perch. Credit: USDA. | Chukar partridge perch on rock in burned area from August 1999 fires, near Winnemucca, Nevada. Credit: Bob Goodman. | |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
![]() |
| "Pelican after his meal" by Brendan Paxton Commentary: "Pelican after he ate his sand perch (small fish). to see his features without the darkness, open the fullsize :)." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | You would think that you could walk dry under it to the opposite hills, and that the swallows which skim over might perch on it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Uganda | Livestock and fisheries--beef, goat meat, milk, nile perch, tilapia. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Perch" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 66.41% of the time. "Perch" is used about 256 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 66.41% | 170 | 23,898 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 14.45% | 37 | 56,631 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 9.77% | 25 | 69,787 |
| Noun (common) | 7.81% | 20 | 78,262 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.56% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 256 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "perch" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Perch | Last name | 170 | 50,048 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "perch": black perch ♦ Blue perch ♦ climbing perch ♦ european perch ♦ Gray perch ♦ hop the perch ♦ knock smb. off his perch ♦ Log perch ♦ ocean perch ♦ perch angling shallow ♦ perch on ♦ perch oneself ♦ perch pest ♦ Pike perch ♦ pirate perch ♦ pond perch ♦ rainbow perch ♦ red perch ♦ sea perch ♦ silver perch ♦ stone or striped perch ♦ stone perch ♦ striped perch ♦ Trout perch ♦ white perch ♦ yellow perch. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "perch": perch-balance, perch-like, perch-ring. | |
Ending with "perch": high-perch, song-perch. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
cat perch | 1,255 | lake perch | 11 |
perch | 570 | anatomy perch | 11 |
perch fishing | 79 | perch trap | 10 |
yellow perch | 63 | perch surf | 9 |
crowes perch | 62 | lake erie perch | 9 |
nile perch | 41 | ocean perch | 8 |
white perch | 41 | perch pvc | 8 |
perch fish | 39 | fishing perch surf | 7 |
bird perch | 36 | rio grande perch | 7 |
perch recipe | 34 | fish perch picture | 6 |
dissection perch | 31 | fishing perch tip | 6 |
cat window perch | 27 | miracle perch | 6 |
parrot perch | 22 | perch lure | 6 |
ocean perch recipe | 15 | lake michigan perch | 6 |
window perch | 14 | yellow perch fishing | 6 |
lake erie perch fishing | 12 | fly perch surf | 6 |
manzanita perch | 12 | cooking perch | 6 |
fishing lake michigan perch | 11 | climbing perch | 5 |
perch picture | 11 | perch picture yellow | 5 |
sandy perch | 11 | fishing michigan perch | 5 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "perch"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | purtekë (pole, rod, roost, scull), pozitë e lartë, zë vend në lartësi, vendos në lartësi, ulet (land, light, pull down, put down), sharrmak, rri (abide, bide, hang out, keep, remain, reside, set, settle, stay, stop), ngrihet në mal, masë gjatësie (chain, Ell), degë (agency, arm, bough, branch, brushwood, department, discipline, embranchment, fork, knag, limb, offshoot, outgrowth, prong, rame, ramification, specialism, stick). (various references) | |
Arabic | مجثم الطائر (roost), وضع (accentuate, affix, apply, bestow, bin, clap, conjuncture, dab, design, do, emplacement, estate, frame, install, job, lay, lay down, lay out, manner, outline, place, placement, plant, posit, position, positioning, posture, put, put down, put up, rank, return, set, set back, situation, status, stick down, stuff, tuck, utter, writing), حط (landing, positioning, settle, sit, vulgarize), تجثم, سكن مكان عاليا, سمك نهري (carp), عمود (armature, column, pier, pillar, pit, pole, post, prop, stake, standard, stock), عصا (cane, leg, pole, prop, staff, stave, stick, switch, tally, truncheon), جلس عاليا, جثم (crouch, roost, squat), الفرخ سمك, القصبة مقياس للطول (rod), أقام (banquet, build, dwell, erect, establish, home, institute, live, locate, lodge, occupy, reinstate, reside, roost, sojourn, stay, tenant). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | сядам (seat, sit, sit down, sit up, squat, take a seat, take seats), слагам нависоко, сигурно място, разполагам се (ensconce oneself), курдисвам се, костур (bass), корниз (coping, cornice, drip-moulding, dripstone, eaves, label, ledge, molding, moulding, trim), кацвам (alight, land, light, set down, sit), високо място, настанявам се (check in, ensconce oneself, settle, squat), настанявам нависоко, поставям нависоко. (various references) | |
Chinese | 鸟类栖息处, 棲息 . (various references) | |
Czech | sedìt na vyvýšeném místì, sedìt na bidélku, okoun říèní, mìřièská tyè, hřad (hen-roost, roost), bidélko. (various references) | |
Danish | prik, perch, pael (peg, pile, wooden pile), repassere, kontrolapparat til eftersyn (burling frame), almindelig aborre (European perch), aborrer (percidae), aborre (bass). (various references) | |
Dutch | steekbaken, schouwen (consider, deem, inspect, look, regard, view, watch), rivierbaars (European perch), keuren (censor, censure, criticize), echte baarzen (percidae), baars (bass). (various references) | |
Farsi | فرودامدن (Alight, Descend, Ground, Shore), میل (Bar, Delight, Desire, Goo, List, Ramrod, Rod, Stanchion, Stomach, Streak, Tendency, Turquoise, Will, Zest), چوب زیرپاءی , نشیمن گاه پرنده , نشستن (Sit), قرارگرفتن (Lie, Sit, Stand, Stymie), تیر (Arrow, Bar, Dart, Gunshot, Ledger, Lug, Mast, Prop, Shaft, Shot, Spike, Staff, Stanchion, Staple, Timber), جایگاه بلند, جای امن (Haven), درجای بلندقراردادن . (various references) | |
Finnish | ahven (bass). (various references) | |
French | perche. (various references) | |
German | Barsch (abrupt, abusive, bass, blunt, brusque, coarse, crude, crustily, crusty, curt, harsh, impolite, peremptory, rude, short, shortly, unceremonious). (various references) | |
Greek | κούρνια (roost). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מקום מורם, לשבת על מוט, לשבת במקום מורם. (various references) | |
Hungarian | sügér (bass), ráhelyez (superimpose, to apply), magas pozíció, kocsirúd (beam, limber, pole, recoil rod, shaft), kakasülõ (roost), jó állás, bak (buck, Capricorn, dickey, dickey-seat, dicky, horse, trestle), ülőrúd, ág (arm, branch, prong, shroud, snub, sprig, tine), 5 yard, 5 (pole). (various references) | |
Indonesian | hinggap. (various references) | |
Italian | posatoio (roost), posarsi (alight, settle, sit), poggiare (abet, base oneself, lean, rest, support, sustain), pesce persico (bass, brusque), pertica (pole, roost), persico, percidi (percidae, percoids), perch, perca (European perch), tribunale (court, law court, tribunal), ripassare (revise), briccola, bastone (baton, cane, club, rod, stick, truncheon, walkingstick), appollaiarsi (roost). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 鱸 (sea bass), 止木 (barstool), 止まり木 , 止まり木 , 止り木 (barstool). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | すずき (sea bass), とまりぎ (barstool). (various references) | |
Korean | 농어. (various references) | |
Mohawk | oyenhèta. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | erchpay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | posição elevada, poleiro (bird cage, bird swing, birdcage, chicken roost), percídeos (percidae), perca europeia (European perch), perca (lose), pércidas (percidae), situação elevada, revistar o tecido, mesa de revista (burling frame), encarrapitar-se, empoleirar-se, baliza (buoy, goal, landmark, pole, post), alcandorar-se (boast, plume oneself, roost, soar). (various references) | |
Romanian | prãjinã (pole), poziţie avansatã (advanced post), stinghie (groin, roost, slat), se aşeza (colonize, install, seat, settle, sit, sit down), oişte (beam, pole), loc înalt, cornişã (cornice), cocoţa (alight), biban (bass). (various references) | |
Russian | усесться (find a seat, set down, take a seat), садиться на насест, сидеть окунь;насест, шест (barling, pole), карниз (cornice, eaves), вскарабкаться, выступ (bench, brow, bulge, claw, cog, eminence, flange, horn, jut, knob, ledge, lug, nib, offset, overhang, prominency, promontory, protrusion, salience, salient, shelf, stud, tongue, torus, tuber), веха (landmark, milestone, peg), окунь (bass), насест (henroost, hen-roost, roost), забраться (climb, get into), жердь (barling), перч, дрога. (various references) | |
Scottish | crannag (a pulpit, pulpit). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | spustiti se (alight, climb down, descend, land, light, shut in, step down), smuđ, sedalo, natakariti, nataći (stick), nadžedžiti, motka (bar, lath, perk, pole, sprit, staff, stave, stick), metnuti (impose, place, put, stow), grgeč (ruff). (various references) | |
Spanish | perca (bass). (various references) | |
Swedish | abborre (bass), pinne (peg, rod, stake, stick, toggle), hönspinne (roost). (various references) | |
Turkish | yerleştirmek (accommodate, deposit, domicil, domicile, draw out, embed, emplace, enchase, engraft, ensconce, entrench, establish, fix, indwell, ingraft, inject, install, lay, locate, nestle, pitch, place, posit, position, post, put, put in, quarter, reset, seat, set, set up, settle, shake down, sink, site, situate, slot, spot, Square, station, Stow), yüksekteki konum, tatlısu levreği, tünemek (roost, settle, sit), tünek (henroost, roost), oturmak (be seated, dwell in, fall, fit, gear, hang out, indwell, inhabit, live, locate, Lodge, occupy, park oneself, reside, room, seat oneself, set, settle, sit, sit down, sit on, sit oneself, stable, take a seat, tenant), levrek (bar, bass, pike perch), konmak (alight, enter on, enter upon, light, perch oneself, settle, sit, touch down), beş metrelik uzunluk ölçüsü, ölçü sırığı. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | сідати на сідало (roost), сідало (roost), садовитися, козли (box, coachbox), карниз (cornice, eaves, ledge), високий пост (cathedra), привлаштовувати високо. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sào để chim đậu, đánh gục ai (checkmate, head). (various references) | |
Welsh | esgynbren. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | adsedero, adsedit, adsidebat, adsidentium, perca, Perca fluviatilis, Perca fluviatilis (Linnaeus), Percidae, pertica. (various references) |
| Old French | 900-1400 | encrochier, perche. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "perch": perchance, perched, percher, perchers, perches, perching, perchlorate, perchlorates, perchloroethylene, perchloroethylenes. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "perch": surfperch. (additional references) | |
Words containing "perch": hypercharge, hypercharged, hypercharges, hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemias, hypercholesterolemic, supercharge, supercharged, supercharger, superchargers, supercharges, supercharging, superchic, superchurch, superchurches, surfperches. (additional references) | |
| |
"Perch" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Epsrc, pach, parchy, pargh, Partch, Pearch, Pecche, pech, pechi, pecho, peech, Peerschke, pemco, Perachi, perc, percch, percha, perche, perchs, Perco, perh, perico, pertch, Perucho, Pesch, Petrach, peuch, Pheriche, pibrochs, Pirch, plech, porchy, porco, porth, Prec, Prechtl, precn, Prek, presh, purch, serch. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "perch" (pronounced per"kh) |
| 2 | -er" kh | birch, church, lurch, research, search. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-h-p-r" | |
-1 letter: pech. | |
-2 letters: cep, hep, her, pec, peh, per, rec, rep. | |
-3 letters: eh, er, he, pe, re. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-h-p-r" | |
+1 letter: ceriph, cipher, cypher, eparch, preach. | |
+2 letters: ceriphs, champer, chapter, cheaper, cheeper, chipper, chirped, chirper, chomper, chopper, ciphers, cyphers, eparchs, eparchy, nephric, parched, parches, patcher, peacher, perched, percher, perches, phrenic, pincher, pitcher, poacher, porches, preachy, puncher, repatch, spheric, upreach. | |
+3 letters: aspheric, camphire, canephor, champers, chaperon, chapiter, chapters, cheepers, chippers, chippier, chirpers, chirpier, chompers, choppers, choppier, ciphered, copperah, coryphee, cyphered, decipher, encipher, euphoric, heptarch, herpetic, kreplach, parchesi, parhelic, patchers, patchier, peachers, peachier, pentarch, perchers, perching, phreatic, pinchers, pinscher, pitchers, pitchier, poachers, poachier, poechore, pouchier, preached, preacher, preaches, precheck, prechill, precrash, prelunch, prepunch, prochein, prophecy, punchers, punchier, purchase, reproach, scarphed, seraphic, spherics. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Frequency | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.