Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Definitions: Partisan |
PartisanAdjective1. Affiliated with one party or faction. 2. Devoted to a cause or party. 3. Adhering or confined to a particular sect or denomination or party; "denominational prejudice". Noun1. A fervent and even militant proponent of something. 2. An ardent and enthusiastic supporter of some person or activity. 3. A pike with a long tapering double-edged blade with lateral projections; 16th and 17th centuries. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "partisan" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Synonyms: PartisanSynonyms: denominational (adj), enthusiast (n), partizan (n), zealot (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: nonpartisan (adj). (additional references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A partisan can also be one who owes allegiance to one particular party, faction, cause, or person.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Partisan."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Arms | Sword, saber, broadsword, cutlass, falchion, scimitar, cimeter, brand, whinyard, bilbo, glaive, glave, rapier, skean, Toledo, Ferrara, tuck, claymore, adaga, baselard, Lochaber ax, skean dhu, creese, kris, dagger, dirk, banger, poniard, stiletto, stylet, dudgeon, bayonet; sword-bayonet, sword-stick; side arms, foil, blade, steel; ax, bill; pole-ax, battle-ax; gisarme, halberd, partisan, tomahawk, bowie knife; ataghan, attaghan, yataghan; yatacban; assagai, assegai; good sword, trusty sword, naked sword; cold steel. |
Auxiliary | Votary; sectarian, secretary; seconder, backer, upholder, abettor, advocate, partisan, champion, patron, friend at court, mediator; angel. |
Combatant | Irregular, guerilla, partisan, condottiere; franctireur, tirailleur, bashi-bazouk; vietminh, vietcong; shining path; contras; huk, hukbalahap. |
Friend | Favorer, fautor, patron, Mecaenas; tutelary saint, good genius, advocate, partisan, sympathizer; ally; friend in need; (auxiliary). |
Government | Adjective: political, partisan. |
Pity | Sympathizer; advocate, friend, partisan, patron, wellwisher. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Partisan |
| English words defined with "partisan": Carlist ♦ Factionary ♦ Miquelet ♦ pamphleteer, Partisan ranger, Party man ♦ Slang-whanger, Spoilsman ♦ unsubdued. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "partisan": Benaiah, Bottle-holder ♦ FLOP. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Partisan" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. French (acolyte, adept, adherent, advocate, backer, devotee, follower, friend, henchman, member, partisan, proponent, subscriber, supporter), German (guerrilla, partisan), Swedish (partisan). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Der Partisan (1993) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | ![]() | Well, you asked for it by running in the usual partisan political sense.Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | The law bars clergy from holding public office and from advocating partisan political positions. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Indonesia | This provision, limits political activity and prohibits groups from seeking to engage in democratic political competition, to make Indonesia an Islamic state, to revive communism, or to reintroduce partisan ideological division into the country. (references) |
Nicaragua | There are seven Managua-based television stations, six of which carry news programming, often with noticeable partisan political content. (references) | |
Singapore | However, they are aware that public comments outside the classroom or academic publications that venture into the prohibited areas--criticism of political leaders or sensitive social and economic policies, or comments that might disturb ethnic or religious harmony or that appear to advocate partisan political views--could subject them to sanctions. (references) | |
Economic History | Slovenia | In 1918, Slovenia joined with other southern Slav states in forming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes as part of the peace plan at the end of World War I. Renamed in 1929 under a Serbian monarch, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia fell to the Axis powers during World War II. Following communist partisan resistance to German, Hungarian, and Italian occupation and elimination of rival resistance groups, socialist Yugoslavia was born under the helm of Josip Broz Tito. (references) |
Serbia and Montenegro | As war progressed, the local strength of the communists grew and Montenegro served as an effective base for communism in the region; it was an important refuge for Tito's Partisan forces during the most difficult points in the struggle. (references) | |
Haiti | Partisan rancor from the election dispute led to deep divisions within Parliament and between the legislative and executive branches, resulting in almost total governmental gridlock. (references) | |
Human Rights | Georgia | During the year, the Government criticized these partisan groups and in 2000 had arrested some partisans, including Davit Shengalia, the leader of the partisan organization "forest brothers." On September 4, Shengelia was attacked in a Zugdidi apartment; he survived, but the attackers killed three of his relatives. (references) |
Georgia | Other local human rights groups are extensions of partisan political groups and these have little influence. (references) | |
Chad | Mbailaou had been in protective custody since May when Abakar, a partisan of the ruling MPS party, had been stabbed by supporters of another party and had fled to Mbailaou's bar for protection; he died outside the bar. (references) | |
Political Economy | Peru | In an effort to address impunity, the Government, Congress, and the judiciary undertook dozens of investigations during the year into political abuses and corruption of the Fujimori period (1990-2000). However, some of these investigations appeared to have politically partisan overtones. (references) |
Kenya | The Government continued to limit the independence of its Standing Committee on Human Rights (SCHR), and the President continued to criticize nongovernmental human rights organizations (NGO's) for their alleged involvement in partisan politics. (references) | |
Mauritius | According to international and local observers, the national elections, held in September 2000, were free and fair, and resulted in a victory for an opposition coalition, the Mauritian Socialist Movement/Militant Mauritian Movement (MSM/MMM). There are numerous political parties, and partisan politics are open and robust. (references) | |
Political Rights | Guinea | President Conte made inflammatory and partisan speeches in June and July 2000, threatening opposition leaders with arrest and claiming to rule the country by "divine right." These statements were considered widely as attempts to intimidate his opponents. (references) |
Bangladesh | Parliament's effectiveness as a deliberative body is undermined further by the country's relatively narrow partisan politics. (references) | |
Colombia | Public employees are not permitted to participate in partisan campaigns. (references) | |
Worker Rights | El Salvador | The Labor Code prohibits partisan political activity by unions. (references) |
Liberia | The Constitution also provides that unions are prohibited from engaging in partisan political activity. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FLOP, v. Suddenly to change one's opinions and go over to another party. The most notable flop on record was that of Saul of Tarsus, who has been severely criticised as a turn-coat by some of our partisan journals. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Robert Novak | In the short time left for this year's session of Congress, the Senate faces partisan struggles over an economic stimulus bill and aid to farmers and the insurance industry. |
Rush Limbaugh | You can't call a partisan a partisan because it would be considered offensive or insensitive. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | That our deliberations on this interesting subject should be uninfluenced by those partisan conflicts that are incident to free institutions is the fervent wish of my heart. |
Grover Cleveland | 1885-1889; 1893-1897 | One mode of the misappropriation of public funds is avoided when appointments to office, instead of being the rewards of partisan activity, are awarded to those whose efficiency promises a fair return of work for the compensation paid to them. |
Benjamin Harrison | 1889-1893 | Only the inefficiency of the State laws or an unfair partisan administration of them could suggest a departure from this policy. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | I know, and you know, that everything I propose will be viewed by some in merely partisan terms. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | But a partisan minority in the Senate blocked reform. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Partisan" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 88.38% of the time. "Partisan" is used about 241 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 88.38% | 213 | 20,749 |
| Noun (singular) | 8.3% | 20 | 78,262 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.32% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Total | 100.00% | 241 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "partisan": partisan bias ♦ partisan ranger ♦ partisan war ♦ partisan warfare. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "partisan": anti-partisan, non-partisan. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
partisan | 83 |
lyrics partisan | 14 |
partisan southern | 13 |
partisan review | 9 |
chant des le partisan | 8 |
chant des partisan | 4 |
partisan politics | 3 |
partisan tab | 3 |
chant partisan | 3 |
partisan ranger | 2 |
election non partisan | 2 |
non partisan | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "partisan"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | partizan (backer, guerrilla), përkrahës (abettor, adherent, advocate, allied, backer, booster, champion, devotee, encouraging, exponent, follower, friend, help, promoter, satellite, supporter, upholder). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | موال, محازب, محارب غير نظامي, مشايع (partial), النصير (adherent, backer, champion, devotee, exponent, patron, protector, supporter), أنصاري. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | сектантски (nonconformist, sectarian), фанатичен (bigoted, fanatic, fanatical, rabid, zealous), алебарда (bill, halberd, pole-ax), пристрастен (addicted, hooked, interested, jug-handled, one sided, partial, tendentious, unfair), привърженик (addict, adherent, believer, follower, hanger-on, henchman, lover, proselyte, supporter, upholder, votary), поддръжник (adherent, advocate, backer, expounder, supporter, upholder, votary), партизански, партизанин (guerilla, guerrilla). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 黨派 (political party related), 伙伴 , 党羽. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | přívrženec (devotee, disciple, follower, sympathizer), partyzán (guerilla, guerrilla), straník. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | پیرومتعصب , پارتیزان (Guerilla), حامی (Actor, Advocate, Backer, Booster, Bulwark, Patron, Protector, Shield, Sponsor), طرفدار (Advocate, Cohort, Partial, Party, Proponent, Votary). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | puoluekiihko (partisan spirit, party zeal). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | partisan. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | partisan (guerrilla), parteilich (biased, party), parteiisch (biased, one sided, partial, partially), parteigänger, freischärler (franctireur, franctireurs, guerrilla, irregular), anhänger (acolyte, adherent, adherents, adherer, clinger, collectivist, devotee, devotees, disciple, enthusiast, fan, farm trailer, farm truck, farm wagon, follower, hanger, henchman, hooking platform, label, lazy board, marketeer, member, monkey board, pendant, pendants, racking platform, runaround, supporter, tag, thribble board, tipping tumbril, trailer, trailer truck, trailers, tumbril). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | αντάρτησ (insurgent, insurrectionist, mutineer, rebel), οπαδόσ (adherent, believer, concomitant, disciple, follower), θιασώτησ (enthusiast, fan, votarist, votary). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | מצ"" (bias, follower, partial, supporter, taking side), תומך א"וק, פרטיזן, ח" צ""י (one sided, unilateral), "בק (attached to, attachment, cement, cleaving, glue, gum, paste, sticking to). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | partizán (bushwhacker, guerilla, guerrilla). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | gerilya (guerrilla). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | partigiano, fazioso (factious), aderente (adherent, clinging, close fitting, fitted, follower, skin-tight, snug, sticking, supporter, tight). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | パルス幅変調 (palace, Palestine, palette, pallet, parade, Parmesan cheese, party, pulp, pulp magazine, pulse width modulation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | パルチザン . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 게릴라 대원. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | paarteenagh, cleaynt (inclined, oblique, rakish angle). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | artisanpay partidário (acolyte, adept, adherent, backer, follower, friend, obedientiary, party discipline, Professor, proselyte, pursuivant, retainer, sticker, upholder, votary), sequaz (follower, obeisance, proselyte, pursuivant), moribundo (dyke, morion), guerrilheiro (guerilla leader, guess), frenético (berserk, frantic, frenetic, frenzied, furious, phrenetic), exaltado (exalted, frenetic, high-level, high-up, hot tempered, hot-brained, hot-headed, impassive, phrenetic, rampant, up, volcanic), alabarda (halberd, pole-ax). (various references) partizan (adherent, advocate, bushwhacker, follower, friend, guerrilla, supporter, sympathizer, upholder), fanatic (devotee, fanatic, fanatical, fanatically, phrenetic, rabid, zealot), de partizani, adept (adherent, advocate, backer, champion, dependant, dependent, devotee, disciple, follower, hanger-on, initiate, proselyte, sectary, supporter, sympathizer, upholder, votarist, votary, zealot). (various references) сторонник (an advocate of, believer, bottle-holder, champion, proponent, stickler, supporter, sympathizer, upholder). (various references) partizanski, partizan (follower), sledbenik (adherent, follower, henchman, pursuivant, successor). (various references) partidista (factional), partidario (acolyte, addict, adept, adherent, advocate, backer, believer, devotee, follower, guerrilla, hard liner, member, retainer, sharecropper, supporter, supremacist, sympathizer, well wisher), parcial (fragmentary, interim, one sided, part, partial, prejudiced, segmental), seguidor (follower, supporter, tracker), guerrillero (bushwhacker, guerrilla, irregular), de guerrilleros. (various references) anhängare (adherent, devotee, disciple, follower, following, supporter). (various references) partizan, yandaş (adherent, advocate, follower, sympathizer), taraftar (adherent, advocate, fan, favorable, favourable, follower, pro, side, supporter, sympathetic, sympathizer), gerilla (guerilla, guerrilla), baltalı kargı (halberd). (various references) partisan (r), яaran (adherent, supporter). (various references) фанатичний (bigotted, enthusiastic, enthusiastical, fanatic, fanatical, frenetic, phrenetic, zelotic), фанатик (bigot, fanatic, fundamentalist, mucker, sectarian, zealot), прибічник (advocate, satellite, votary), партизанський (guerilla, guerrilla), партизан (guerilla, guerrilla). (various references) trường thương, người theo một đảng phái. (various references) pleidiwr (supporter), pleidgar, parti%ol (biased, partial). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | fautor, phasor. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "partisan": partisanly, partisans, partisanship, partisanships. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "partisan": bipartisan, nonpartisan. (additional references) | |
Words containing "partisan": bipartisanism, bipartisanisms, bipartisanship, bipartisanships, nonpartisans, nonpartisanship, nonpartisanships. (additional references) | |
| |
"Partisan" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: bartsia, parian, Parison, Paritsa, parlian, partici, Partida, Partidas, Partija, partisanly, partisian, partison, partitas, Partiya, pastisan, patesians, Pattisson, Patusan, pertussin, pratica. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "partisan" (pronounced pÄ"rtuzun) |
| 8 | p Ä" r t u z u n | bipartisan, nonpartisan. |
| 7 | -Ä" r t u z u n | artisan. |
| 5 | -t u z u n | citizen. |
| 4 | -u z u n | denizen. |
| 3 | -z u n | arisen, brazen, chosen, cousin, crimson, dozen, emblazon, frozen, Hausen, Hazan, horizon, imprison, Mizen, poison, prison, reason, risen, rosin, season, thousand, treason, unfrozen, wizen. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: aspirant. | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-i-n-p-r-s-t" | |
-1 letter: antiars, artisan, parians, partans, pastina, patinas, pinatas, piranas, spartan, spirant, taipans, tarpans, trapans, tsarina. | |
-2 letters: antiar, arista, instar, nairas, paints, paisan, parian, partan, patina, patins, pinata, pintas, pirana, prints, ptisan, rapist, ratans, riatas, santir, satrap, sprain, sprint, strain, taipan, tapirs, tarpan, tarsia, tiaras, trains, trapan. | |
-3 letters: airns, airts, antas, antis, antra, apart, apian, arias, astir, ataps, atria, atrip, inapt, naira, naris, nipas, pains, paint, pairs, paisa, pants, paras, paris, parts, pasta, patin, pians, pinas, pinta, pints, pirns, pitas, prats, print, raias, rains, ranis, rants, ratan, riant, riata, saint, saran, sarin, satin, sitar, spait, spirt, sprat, sprit, stain, stair, stirp, strap, stria, strip, tains, tapas, tapir, tapis, tarns, tarps, tarsi, tiara, train, trans, traps, trips. | |
-4 letters: ains, airn, airs, airt, aits, anas, anis, ansa, anta, anti, ants, aria, arts, atap, naps, nipa, nips, nits, pain, pair, pans, pant, para, pars, part, past, pats, pian, pias, pina, pins, pint, pirn, pita, pits, prat, raia, rain, rani, rant, raps, rapt, rasp, rats, rias, rins, rips, sain, sari, sati, snap, snip, snit, span, spar, spat, spin, spit, star, stir, tain, tans, tapa, taps, tarn, tarp, tars, tins, tips, trap, trip, tsar. | |
-5 letters: aas, ain, air, ais, ait, ana, ani, ant, apt, ars, art, asp, ins, its, nap, nip, nit, pan, par, pas, pat, pia, pin, pis, pit, psi, ran, rap, ras, rat, ria, rin, rip, sap, sat, sin, sip, sir, sit, spa, sri, tan, tap, tar, tas, tin, tip, tis. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-i-n-p-r-s-t" | |
+1 letter: aspirants, cantraips, partisans, partizans. | |
+2 letters: appertains, asperating, aspirating, aspiration, bipartisan, parathions, partisanly, patricians, ptarmigans, separating, separation, tarpaulins. | |
+3 letters: antiphrases, antiphrasis, apparitions, artisanship, aspirations, ceratopsian, greasepaint, nonpartisan, pageantries, pancratiums, pancreatins, parliaments, paternalism, paternalist, peasantries, planarities, postcranial, praetorians, reparations, separations, transalpine, unaspirated. | |
+4 letters: anticipators, antipiracies, antipleasure, appraisement, approbations, artisanships, aspirational, ceratopsians, depravations, emancipators, endoparasite, evaporations, exasperating, exasperation, greasepaints, impartations, manipulators, naprapathies, nonparasitic, nonpartisans, pancreatitis, pantisocracy, parasitising, parasitizing, paronomastic, participants, partisanship, paternalisms, paternalists, planetariums, plantigrades, pleasantries, postprandial, preparations, profanations, proletarians, propagandist, propagations, straphanging, transpacific, transshaping, trepanations, watermanship. | |
+5 letters: anisometropia, antiparasitic, antiparticles, antiphonaries, antipleasures, antipredators, appraisements, appreciations, azathioprines, bipartisanism, coplanarities, craftsmanship, cryptanalysis, deuteranopias, disparagement, disparateness, draftsmanship, endoparasites, endoparasitic, exasperations, expatriations, grantsmanship, haruspication, inspirational, intrapersonal, malabsorption, mastigophoran, naturopathies, pantisocratic, paralyzations, paramagnetism, paramountcies, parasynthesis, parasynthetic, partisanships, paternalistic, pediatricians, phalansteries, plantocracies, polarizations, postcranially, postinaugural, postlapsarian, practicalness, proclamations, procrastinate, propagandists, prostaglandin, repatriations, replantations, separationist, spermatogonia, supernational, supranational, suprarational, transcriptase, transpiration, transplanting, unparasitized, vaporizations, watermanships. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 61 72 74 69 73 61 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).--. .- .-. - .. ... .- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01100001 01110010 01110100 01101001 01110011 01100001 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P a r t i s a n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 0061 0072 0074 0069 0073 0061 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5067848675856780 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Quotations: Spoken | 9. Quotations: Speeches 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Orthography 19. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.