Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Participation |
ParticipationNoun1. Sharing the activities of a group; "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "participation" was first used: sometime around 1380. (references) |
Etymology: Participation \Par*tic`i*pa"tion\, noun. [French expression participation, from Latin expression participatio.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Business | A statutory social arrangement in businesses whereby employees'representatives cooperate in business policy decisions. Source: European Union. (references) |
Finance | The ownership by a credit institution, directly or indirectly, of 25 % or more of the capital of another credit or financial institution. Source: European Union. (references) |
| (1) ownership by two or more lenders or investors of all or a portion of a single mortgage or a package of mortgages. (2) the cooperative origination by two or more lenders of a single (usually large) mortgage loan. (references) | |
Law | Shareholding in a company. Source: European Union. (references) |
Politics & International Affaires | Process in which various actors share and negotiate control over development initiatives, and the decisions and resources associated with them. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Participation dance, also known as group-participation dance or audience participation dance, is a major category or classification of dance forms or dance styles based on purpose. The purpose of this type of dance is to actively encourage dancing (participation) in a group. The dancing that is encouraged might be among those who would otherwise be passive dance viewers, or it might be among dancers who are encouraged to dance in a new way, or with new partners.This compares to other major categories based on purpose:
Participation dance is also the common name for social games based on dancing. These can be seen, for example, at weddings, festivals and other large social gatherings.
- - Ceremonial dance - Competitive dance - Performance dance - Social dance
- Some of these dances consist of a few simple steps which are learned during participataion, either from simple instructions given by a dance leader or from watching others who are already experienced at the routine. Examples are Electric Slide, YMCA and the Chicken Dance.
- Other participation dances have an easily learned song that is sung to the music and which may act as a reminder of the steps. Examples are the Hokey-cokey, and the similar Hokey Pokey. Cuing by a danceleader is not uncommon in this type of participation dance.
- Others incorporate some kind of game with rules:
See other Dance Categories by Main Purpose at Wikipedia:Dance basic topics.
- Elimination: Elimination rules disqualify a dancer or dancers, for example because of lack of endurance, by entering a particular part of the floor, by age, etc.
- Follow the leader: A designated leader makes some motions, usually repeating several times, and the rest are to do the same. In some cases the dances form a chain or a file. Examples of the latter case are Conga line, Bunny Hop and Finnish dance Letkajenkka. The "Letkajenkka", also known as Letkajenka, Letkiss and Letka-Enka, was a dance craze in Europe during the 1960s. It is an adaptation of Madison, Conga and Bunny Hop dances, played to a Finnish traditional folk dance song.
- Dance mixer or Mixer dance: A kind of participation game for dancers that have some skills in social dancing. During a song or several songs of a dance or dances well-known to participants (Waltz, Foxtrot,West Coast Swing, etc.), at certain moments pairs exchange partners in random way. The rules vary. Below are some examples.
- A couple dances straight across the dance hall until they reach the opposite end. They separate, men and ladies each walking along opposite walls to the start end of the hall where they meet their next partners. The randomness in partner matching arises from the different speed of travel and often different numbers of men and ladies.
- A couple dances a full round around the room and exchanges partners with these at the start point. Matching randomness is from the speed differences as well as from some chaos introduced at the start point.
- Couples dance until the music stops, then all couples say goodbye to each other and grab next best partner who happens to be close by (Sometimes the slow ones have to run across the room to meet a spare partner).
- Couples dance until the music stops. Then they separate and form two concentric "segregated" circles of men and ladies. As "mixing music" starts (something different from the dance danced), the circles walk in opposite directions until the mixing music stops. New partners are those who happen to stand opposite each other at this moment. If there is a disproportion between genders, the "unlucky" ones are encouraged to go and grab someone sitting or standing along the walls.
- The same as above, only during the "mixing music" the dancers instead of walking do some simple kind of round dance with frequent exchange of partners.
- A funny version of the above (observed during a Polka mixer in Lithuania): After some dancing the caller calls: "Guys inside (the circle), gals outside. Gals condinue dancing, guys groom themselves." Then the caller calls "Guys, grab yourselves a pair". Then he calls: "Now gals inside, guys outside." (A pause of suspence...) "Gals condinue dancing, guys groom themselves." (Got it? :-)...
See also Novelty/Fad dance for a list of novelty and fad dances.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Participation dance."
Synonyms: ParticipationSynonyms: engagement (n), involvement (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: non-engagement (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Cooperation | Noun: cooperation; coadjuvancy, coadjutancy; coagency, coefficiency; concert, concurrence, complicity, participation; union; additivity, combination; collusion. |
Participation | Noun: participation; cotenancy, joint tenancy; occupancy in common, possession in common, tenancy in common; joint stock, common stock; co-partnership, partnership; communion; community of possessions, community of goods; communism, socialism; cooperation. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Just so we're clear, Mr. Vaughn, I know all about your participation in busting Agent Bristow out of federal custody (Alias; writing credit: Robert Soulé; Henri de Turenne) | |
Lyrics | With complete participation (We Will All Go Together When We Go; performing artist: Tom Lehrer) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Military and civilian personnel in an office in the Main Navy or Munitions Buildings, circa 1919. Numbers on columns indicate that this space is on the third floor, eighth wing, looking south in of one of those buildings. Many of the people present are Navy Yeomen and Yeomen (F). This office is in the same space as seen in Photo # NH 52923, but on the opposite side of the room. Note name tags for "Miss Jones" and "Miss Crandall" on desks in the photo center; also Red Cross participation poster on the back wall, proclaiming "We Belong - 100% Strong". Credit: NAVY. |  | Johnson and McCormick trying to stop Uncle Sam with "participation in reparations inquiry" sign. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Wellington, Kansas. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe engine crew checking in after a day's run. Left to right: brakeman W.I. Pace; fireman Edward L. Hicks; and engineer J.B. Aubuchon. Note blackboard showing participation of railroad men in war ond campaign. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Marcus Tullius Cicero | Freedom is participation in power. |
President Woodrow Wilson | Only a peace between equals can last. Only a peace the very principle of which is equality and a common participation in a common benefit. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Amendment to US Constitution | 1795-1996 | But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | She renounces all participation in the Sanitary, Maritime, and Quarantine Board of Egypt and consents, in so far as she is concerned, to the transfer to the Egyptian Authorities of the powers of that Board. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The coming of this man and his participation in the destiny of this child had been the advent of God. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Nervously the driver tried to force him into participation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | At each step, the NIA is fostering industry participation. (references) | |
Information on participation in drug trials is also available. (references) | ||
You should find out about costs before committing to participation in the trial. (references) | ||
Business | Show participation costs are high and many reach only a local audience. (references) | |
Many training institutes would welcome foreign investment and participation. (references) | ||
New ventures with 51 percent foreign equity participation are now permissible. (references) | ||
Children | Panama | Youth participation in criminal gangs is an increasing problem. (references) |
Jordan | The Unit cooperates with police to apprehend perpetrators of domestic violence, facilitates participation in education and rehabilitation programs, and refers patients to other facilities. (references) | |
Mozambique | In 1999 the Cabinet issued a resolution that approved the first national policy on persons with disabilities and laid out principles and strategies aimed at encouraging their active participation in the country's socio-economic development; the plan would address concerns of persons with disabilities, including access to public buildings and government infrastructure. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Ghana | In March students at the University of Cape Coast protested against new academic standards; in July nine students were suspended for between 2 and 3 academic years for their participation in the protests. (references) |
Morocco | The Ministry of Interior, which has used this power to control participation in the political process, also must approve political parties. (references) | |
Costa Rica | In March 2000, public sector employees, students, taxi drivers, and other workers called a general strike that lasted several days to protest the passage of legislation that would partially open the electrical company to private participation. (references) | |
Discrimination | Indonesia | However, guidelines adopted in the past 20 years also state that women's participation in the development process must not conflict with their role in improving family welfare and the education of the younger generation. (references) |
Economic History | Kuwait | A future BOT is planned for a central incinerator in the Shuaiba Industrial Area, a project which stipulates foreign participation with at least 25 percent equity. (references) |
Japan | However, corporate practices such as cross-shareholding limit the percentage of shares in individual firms and in the overall market that foreign investors can actually purchase, while informal restrictions on management participation of foreign shareholders limit the attractiveness of Japan's equity market to foreign investors. (references) | |
Human Rights | India | Many commanders' inclination to distance their units from such practices has led to reduced participation in them and a transfer of some of these abuses to government-supported countermilitants. (references) |
Ethiopia | At year's end, no charges were pending against those who were released; however, there were reports that detainees were fingerprinted and required to sign statements that admitted to participation in an illegal act. (references) | |
Lithuania | It was reopened in 2000, when additional evidence came to light about his alleged participation in genocide in Lithuania and Belarus during World War II. Scottish authorities declined to extradite Gecas because of his poor health, and he died in September. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Nicaragua | As in previous years, some indigenous groups complained that central government authorities excluded the indigenous people of the Atlantic coast from meaningful participation in decisions affecting their lands, cultures, traditions, and the allocation of natural resources. (references) |
Peru | The geographic isolation of much of the indigenous population and the centralization of government in Lima further limit the access and participation of indigenous people in society. (references) | |
Mexico | Opponents claimed that the process by which the reform was amended contravened international norms and conventions--specifically ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, which requires public participation in the development of legislation that affects the lives of indigenous people. (references) | |
Minorities | Bulgaria | Only the courts continued to lack any notable ethnic Turk participation. (references) |
Congo | Unlike in the previous year, there were no reports of the participation of the Government of Rwanda in arming Hutus and sending them into the country to terrorize the population. (references) | |
Netherlands | The Act on the Stimulation of Labor Participation by Ethnic Minorities is intended to increase job opportunities for ethnic minorities; it requires employers with a work force of over 35 persons to register their non-Dutch employees, and employers are to strive for a composition of their work force that reflects the regional working population. (references) | |
Political Economy | DENMARK | Ownership restrictions apply only in a few sectors: hydrocarbon exploration, which usually requires limited government participation, but not on a "carried-interest" basis; arms production, non-Danes may hold a maximum of 40 percent of equity and 20 percent of voting rights; aircraft, non-EU citizens or airlines may not directly own or exercise control over aircraft registered in Denmark; and ships registered in the Danish International Ships Register, a Danish legal entity or physical person must own a significant share, about 20 percent, and exercise significant control over the ship, or the ship must be on bareboat charter to a Danish firm. (references) |
Bahrain | However, Bahrain has joined the other GCC countries in a joint announcement officially ending participation in the secondary and tertiary boycotts. (references) | |
COSTA RICA | The Rodriguez Administration, inaugurated in May 1998, has been unable to achieve a political consensus on an appropriate mechanism to allow private sector participation in fields such as telecommunications, energy, and insurance. (references) | |
Political Rights | Hungary | The level of women's political participation is greater in provincial and municipal governments than at the national level. (references) |
Ethiopia | Opposition participation in the elections was hampered by difficulty in registering candidates and limitations on time remaining to campaign. (references) | |
Hungary | The Hungarian Women's Alliance holds weekend courses throughout the year to promote the participation of women in public life. (references) | |
Trade | Spain | Some are guarantee programs that require the participation of an approved lender. (references) |
Peru | In 1992 Peru suspended its participation in the Andean Community's integration process because it was reluctant to abandon its two level tariff structure for the four-tiered common external tariff (CET) favored by the other members. (references) | |
Lebanon | The Overseas Private Investment Corporation OPIC's mission is to mobilize and facilitate the participation of United States private capital and skills in the economic and social development of less developed countries and areas, and countries in transition from non-market to market economies. (references) | |
Travel | Chile | Since the 1970's, the Government of Chile has carried out a very successful privatization program that has transferred hundreds of companies and public services to private operators, many with foreign capital participation. (references) |
Morocco | Business Structure: Several Moroccan laws govern companies operating in Morocco: Code of Commerce provides rules for businesses operated by companies or individuals; Stock Companies; Limited Liability Companies; Limited Partnerships; Partnerships Limited by Share; and Societes by Participation. (references) | |
Guatemala | Larger quantities of products and display systems for participation in trade events or tools and equipment for projects should be imported temporarily with the assistance of a customs broker. (references) | |
Women | Malaysia | Women are represented in growing numbers in the professions, but women's groups argue that the level of participation is still disproportionately low; however, in the scientific and medical fields, women make up more than half of all university graduates and the total representation of women at universities increased from 29 percent in 1970 to over 50 percent of the student population in recent years. (references) |
Maldives | In 2000 the Cabinet created a Gender Equality Council to serve as an advisory body to the Government to help strengthen the role of women in society and to help ensure equal participation by women in the country's development; however, there were no reports of specific council actions during the year. (references) | |
South Africa | The Office of the Status of Women reported in 2000 that "although gender discrimination has been removed from labor laws, this has not been sufficient to achieve equality in women's participation in the paid labor force." According to data supplied in 2000 by employers with 50 or more employees, women hold 13 percent of all top management positions, 20 percent of all senior management positions, and 43 percent of professional and middle management positions. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Brazil | They note that those who hire gunmen have become more adept at hiding their participation and increasingly target labor leaders with significant experience in organizing and leading land appropriations. (references) |
Poland | Claiming that the Government was refusing seriously to discuss labor issues with it, the OPZZ suspended participation in the commission in April 1999 and stayed away throughout the year; however, since the formation of the new Government in October, OPZZ has participated in the commission. (references) | |
Poland | Solidarity protested some unions' (largely OPZZ affiliates) participation in negotiations with the Government on the grounds that their membership figures remain unproved. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | POLICE, n. An armed force for protection and participation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Robert Novak | There was some surprise, Senator, that Iran was listed among those three nations, and the report had been that it was because of the alleged participation of the government in the arms shipment to terrorists in Israel. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | While we think on this calamity and sympathize with the immediate sufferers, we have abundant reason to present to the Supreme Being our annual oblations of gratitude for a liberal participation in the ordinary blessings of His providence. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | New States, settled from among ourselves in this and in other parts, have been admitted into our Union in equal participation in the national sovereignty with the original States. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | The people of other nations, inhabitants of regions acquired not by conquest, but by compact, have been united with us in the participation of our rights and duties, of our burdens and blessings. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | This joint participation in establishments interesting to humanity and beneficial to commerce is worthy of two enlightened nations, and indicates feelings which can not fail to have a happy influence upon their political relations. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | We have acted to encourage public participation in regulatory decision-making. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Participation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.78% of the time. "Participation" is used about 2,687 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.78% | 2,681 | 3,424 |
| Noun (common) | 0.22% | 6 | 143,867 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,687 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "participation": Consumer Participation ♦ employee participation ♦ equity participation ♦ group participation ♦ loan participation ♦ participation certificate ♦ participation financing ♦ participation loan ♦ participation share ♦ Patient Participation ♦ political participation ♦ survey of income and program participation ♦ worker participation ♦ workers participation. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "participation": participation-minded. | |
Ending with "participation": non-participation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "participation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | pjesëmarrje (attendance, complicity, involvement, partaking). (various references) | |
Arabic | مقاسمة, مشاركة (communion, input, involvement, part, partnership, presence, sharing), إشتراك (collaboration, implication, partnership, subscription). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | съучастничество (abetment, complicity), участие (appurtenance, communion, contribution, dos, immixture, interest, part, partnership, share), споделяне (partaking). (various references) | |
Chinese | 参与 (Engage, Engaged, Engaging, Participate, Participated, participating). (various references) | |
Czech | podíl (contribution, holding, interest, lot, part, portion, quota, quotient, share), participace, úèastenství, úèast (attendance, compassion, concern, interest, involvement, turnout). (various references) | |
Danish | medbestemmelse (co-determination, employee participation, employees'representation in management), kapitalinteresser. (various references) | |
Dutch | medezeggenschap (co-determination, employee participation, employees'representation in management), inspraak (voice), deelneming (sympathy). (various references) | |
Finnish | yhteistoiminta (co-operation, joint action, team-work), työpaikkademokratia (co-determination, employee participation, employees'representation in management), työntekijöiden osallistuminen (co-determination, employee participation, employees'representation in management), osanotto (sympathy), osallisuus (complicity, part, share), osalliminen. (various references) | |
French | participation (part). (various references) | |
German | Beteiligung (advocation, concern, interest, involvement, share, stake, turn out, turnout), Teilnahme (attendance, interest, sympathy), Partizipation, Mitbestimmung (co determination). (various references) | |
Greek | συμμετοχή (involvement, participation in). (various references) | |
Hebrew | "שתתפות. (various references) | |
Hungarian | részvétel (attendance, involvement, sharing), részesség, részesedés (cut, interest, portion, share, sharing, snack). (various references) | |
Indonesian | partisipasi, keikutsertaan. (various references) | |
Italian | partecipazione (announcement, attendance, interest, presence, share, sharing, sympathy). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 関与 (being concerned in, participating in, taking part in). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | パーティシペーション , しゅつじょう (appearance, performance), さ"か (admiration, affiliated with, calamity, eulogy, mountain nomads, mountain villa, obstetrics, oxidation, paean, praise, song of praise, three summer months, under jurisdiction of, under the umbrella), さ"れつ (atrocious, attendance, cruel, horrible, presence), さ"よ (taking part), かた" (assistance, complicity, conspiracy, lower end, support), かめい (affiliation, alias, command, family honour, family name, house name, nom de plume, order, pen name, pseudonym, undermentioned, undersigned), か"よ (being concerned in, participating in, taking part in). (various references) | |
Korean | 참가 (participating, participatory). (various references) | |
Manx | commeeys (communion, connection, league, partnership). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | articipationpay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | participação (communication, communion, notice, notification). (various references) | |
Romanian | participare (communion, concern, contribution, partnership, portion, share). (various references) | |
Russian | участие (concern, do, immixture, involvement, partaking, partnership, share), соучастие (accessoriness, cahoot, complicity). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | participacija, učešće (inning, involvement, part, partaking, stake, turn out, turnout). (various references) | |
Spanish | participación (entry, holding, interest, share). (various references) | |
Swedish | närdemokrati, medverkan (agency, assistance, co-operation, instrumentality, instrumentation, partnership), medinflyttande, medbestämmanderätt (voice), medbestämmande (codetermination, co-determination), engagemang (commitment, contract, dedication, engagement, investment, involvement, obligation), deltagande (attendance, immixture, partaking, participant, pitiful, sympathizing, sympathy), delaktighet (concern), arbetstagarrepresentation i ledningen (co-determination, employee participation, employees'representation in management). (various references) | |
Turkish | ortaklık (association, community, company, coparcenary, copartnership, joint adventure, joint undertaking, joint venture, partnership, privity, tie up), katılma (addition, admission, attendance, convulsion, entry, joining, rise), katılım (accession, accretion, attendance, share, subscription, turnout), iştirak (association, contribution, joining, sharing, taking part). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | участь (immixture, part, partaking, partnership, share), співучасть (abetment, cahoot, complicity, fellowship). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự tham gia, sự tham dự, sự góp phần v o. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | consortia, consortio, consortium, participare, participatio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "participation": participational, participations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "participation": nonparticipation. (additional references) | |
Words containing "participation": nonparticipations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Participation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: articipation, Pantikapaion, partisipation, poeticization. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "participation" (pronounced pÄrti'supā"shun) |
| 9 | -t i' s u p ā" sh u n | anticipation. |
| 8 | -i' s u p ā" sh u n | dissipation. |
| 7 | -s u p ā" sh u n | emancipation. |
| 6 | -u p ā" sh u n | constipation, occupation, preoccupation. |
| 5 | -p ā" sh u n | usurpation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | faction, fashion, fiction, fission, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, abduction, abolition, abortion, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction |
