Paging

Definitions: Paging

Paging

Noun

1. Calling out the name of a person (especially by a loudspeaker system); "the public address system in the hospital was used for paging".

2. The system of numbering pages.

Specialty Definitions: Paging

Domain	Definitions
Computing	Paging A technique for increasing the memory space available by moving infrequently-used parts of a program's working memory from RAM to a secondary storage medium, usually disk. The unit of transfer is called a page. A memory management unit (MMU) monitors accesses to memory and splits each address into a page number (the most significant bits) and an offset within that page (the lower bits). It then looks up the page number in its page table. The page may be marked as paged in or paged out. If it is paged in then the memory access can proceed after translating the virtual address to a physical address. If the requested page is paged out then space must be made for it by paging out some other page, i.e. copying it to disk. The requested page is then located on the area of the disk allocated for "swap space" and is read back into RAM. The page table is updated to indicate that the page is paged in and its physical address recorded. The MMU also records whether a page has been modified since it was last paged in. If it has not been modified then there is no need to copy it back to disk and the space can be reused immediately. Paging allows the total memory requirements of all running tasks (possibly just one) to exceed the amount of physical memory, whereas swapping simply allows multiple processes to run concurrently, so long as each process on its own fits within physical memory. (1996-11-22). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
Post & Telecom	1)service which provides the subscriber with the facility, by means of portable equipment used in a given area, to receive an alert by radio initiated by any telephone in a public network; the alert can be accompanied by a spoken message or visual coded display either entered by the caller or generated within the network;2)the procedure by which a GSM PLMN fixed infrastructure attempts to reach a mobile station within its location area, before any other network-initiated procedure can take place. Source: European Union. (references)
Public Administration	Non-speech, one-way, personal selective calling system. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Paging

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Definition

Paging, in computer science, refers to the algorithm that divides computer memory into small partitions, and allocates memory using a page as the basic building block.

Advantages

A key advantage that this method has over simpler methods such as the buddy memory allocation technique and dynamic allocation techniques is that the memory allocated to a program does not have to be contiguous, and because of that, there is very little internal fragmentation - thus little memory is wasted.

Because programs rarely use all parts of their code and data at one point in time, the concept of virtual memory can be implemented by writing pages to disk, and reading pages from disk when they are needed. This is another advantage of paging over other memory allocation techniques.

Disadvantages

The only major disadvantage of paging is the relatively complicated nature of the code required to handle it, especially if virtual memory is to be implemented. Otherwise, there are only minor disadvantages such as the need for a memory management unit, which means that paging cannot be implemented on 286 or lower computers.

How it works

The memory access part of paging is done at the hardware level, and is handled by the memory management unit (MMU for short), available only on 386+ computers. As mentioned earlier, physical memory is divided into small blocks (typically 4 kilobytes or less) in size, and each block is assigned a page number. The operating system may keep a list of free pages in its memory, or may choose to probe the memory each time a memory request is made (though most modern operating systems do the latter). Whatever the case, when a program requests for memory, the operating system allocates a number of pages to the program, and keeps a list of allocated pages for that particular program in memory. Now, let us take a look at an example.

Page Number Program Allocated to Physical Memory Address

0 Program A.0 1000:0000

1 Program A.1 1000:1000

2 Program A.2 1000:2000

3 Program B.0 1000:3000

4 Program B.1 1000:4000

5 Program D.0 1000:5000

6 Program D.1 1000:6000

7 Program B.2 1000:7000

Figure 1 - A possible page allocation list. (4K pages) This allocation could have happened in the following order

Page Number	Program Allocated to	Physical Memory Address
0	Program A.0	1000:0000
1	Program A.1	1000:1000
2	Program A.2	1000:2000
3	Program B.0	1000:3000
4	Program B.1	1000:4000
5	Program D.0	1000:5000
6	Program D.1	1000:6000
7	Program B.2	1000:7000

Program A requests 3 pages of memory
Program C requests 2 pages of memory
Program D requests 2 pages of memory
Program C terminates, leaving 2 empty pages
Program B requests 3 pages of memory, and it is allocated the 2 empty pages that program C left, plus an additional page after program D

Consequently, Program A's page tables would contain the following mapping (Program's Page #=>OS Page #): (0=>0, 1=>1, 2=>2); Program B's : (0=>3,1=>4,2=>7); and Program D's : (0=>5, 1=>6).

Ok. So far so good. But what happens when a program wants to access its own memory? Let's say Program A contains a statement "LOAD memory at 30FE". What happens? Let's take a look at it now.

30FE is 0011000011111110 in binary notation (in a 16-bit system), and we have pages of 4K in size. So when a request for memory at 30FE is made, the MMU looks at it in this way :

\r
0011000011111110         =   30FE\r
|__||__________|\r
 |       |\r
 |       v\r
 v       Relative memory address in page (00FE)\r
Page Number (3)\r

Because we have pages 4096 bytes (4096-1 = 4095 can be represented by 12 bits in binary) in size, the MMU looks at the first 4 bits for the page number, and the next 12 bits for the relative memory address in the page. If our pages were 2048 bytes in size, the MMU would look at the first 5 bits for the page number, and the next 11 bits for the relative memory address. So smaller pages mean more pages.

Thus, when this memory access request is made, the MMU looks at the program's page tables for the mapping to the OS page number. In this case, the first page of Program A maps to the first OS page. Then, it looks for the physical mapping of the OS page. The first OS page maps to the physical memory address 1000:1000, and the relative memory address that the program wants is 00FE, so the MMU will return memory at the physical address 1000:10FE.

Paging and virtual memory

When paging is used alongside with virtual memory, the operating system has to keep track of pages in use and pages which will not be used or have not been used for some time. Then, when the operating system deems fit (there are a few algorithms for deciding when exactly is a good time), or when a program requests a page that has been swapped out, the operating system swaps out a page to disk, and brings another page into memory. In this way, you can use more memory than your computer physically has.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Paging."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Paging

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
PA	English	Paging area	Post & Telecom
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonyms: Paging

Synonyms: folio (n), page number (n), pagination (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: Paging

English words defined with "paging": page, Printing wheel ♦ thrash. (references)

Specialty definitions using "paging": common access channel, COMMUNICATIONS COORDINATOR ♦ demand paged, demand paging, directed page ♦ enhanced paging, Expanded Memory Specification ♦ least recently used ♦ memory management, Memory Management Unit, mobile station identifier, moby, Motorola, Inc. ♦ N-variabel ♦ page in, page out, paging area, paging device, paging receiver, paging request type 1, paging system, prepaging ♦ radio identity code, RFC 1568, RFC 1861 ♦ Simple Network Paging Protocol, SNPP, super synchronization word ♦ third generation computer, TYMCOM-X ♦ virtual memory paging algorithms, voice mail ♦ working set. (references)

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Modern Usage: Paging

Domain	Usage
Movie/TV Titles	Paging a Wife (1925)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Paging

Domain	Title
References	Cellular Mobile and Radio Paging Service in India: A Strategic Entry Report, 1995 (reference) Paging Network, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Paging Equipment in Chile: A Strategic Entry Report, 1996 (reference) Local Loop Wireless: Paging in Ukraine: A Strategic Entry Report, 2000 (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	New American Bible Full Sized White Bonded Leather Gold Paging Gift Boxed/No. 611/13W (reference) PAGING NETWORK, INC.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series) (reference) Paging New Jersey: A Literary Guide to the Garden State (reference) Paging Services [DOWNLOAD: PDF] (reference) Singapore Paging Services Report 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Experience Rating Plan Manual Revisions - Rule Paging (reference) (more periodical examples)

Music	Paging Mr Strike (Enhanced) [IMPORT] (reference) Paging Mr. So & So (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	Private Page PS2000 Unit On-premis Paging Sys: Up To (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Paging

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Sounds Captioned with "Paging".

Play	Caption
	Flip; flap; flapping; flipping; read; reading; paper; paging; library.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Paging

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Compensatory devices, such as memory books and electronic paging systems, are used both to improve particular cognitive functions and to compensate for specific deficits. (references)
Business		In addition to Motorola, Nec has dominance in the paging market. (references)
		C&W offers PSTN, telex, telegraph, leased line, X.25 and paging. (references)
		Due to the new CPP policy, the paging market continues to decline. (references)
Economic History	Bulgaria	Bulgaria also has a digital cellular telephone network operated by the Bulgarian company Mobiltel which uses the Pan-European digital GSM standard (900 MHZ). A license for a second GSM operator has been awarded at the end of 2000 to the Greek OTE, which will start operating under the name COSMO Bulgaria Mobile at the beginning of September 2001. Radio Telecom/Mobifon operates one of two national paging systems. (references)
	India	Paging: 13 vacant slots are available for providing paging services. (references)
	Honduras	Most promising sub-sectors include cellular and wireless telephone systems, data transmission equipment, fiber optic equipment, trunked mobile radio systems and paging systems. (references)
Political Economy	THE BAHAMAS	Some of those fees, including Internet service, public paging, specialized mobile radio trunking, and private specialized mobile radio are considered too high. (references)
	PAKISTAN	Under the WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services, Pakistan made commitments to provide market access and national treatment for all local, domestic long distance and international basic voice telecommunications services and private leased circuit services as of January 1, 2004. E-mail, Internet, electronic information services, data communication network services, trunk radio services, cellular mobile telephone services, audiotex, voice mail and card-pay services, close user group for banking operations, international satellite operators for domestic data communication, paging services, vehicle tracking system and global mobile personal communication systems are now open for 100 percent foreign ownership at the onset of the investment, which has to be reduced to 60 percent within five years. (references)
	MEXICO	In cellular telephony and paging services, foreign investors may participate up to 100 percent, subject to approval by the national foreign investment commission. (references)
Travel	Uzbekistan	Cellular telephone and paging services are available; Uzbekistan has six cellular phone service providers. (references)
	Thailand	Thailand's economic plunge in 1997 caused a sharp decline in the demand for telecommunications services that included landline telephone, cellular phone, radio communications, paging, and VSAT services . Consequently, planned investments in the expansion of 6 million landline telephones and cellular phones in the radio frequency ranges of 1500 and 1900-megahertz have been deferred . However, the installation of rural public long distance telephone lines and the installation of submarine fiber optic cable were not affected by the economic crisis. (references)
	Armenia	The company also operates paging and cellular services. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Paging

"Paging" is generally used as a lexical verb (-ing form) -- approximately 55.26% of the time. "Paging" is used about 38 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Lexical Verb (-ing form)	55.26%	21	76,261
Adjective (general or positive)	31.58%	12	101,599
Noun (proper)	5.26%	2	245,945
Noun (common)	5.26%	2	245,945
Noun (singular)	2.63%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	38	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Paging

Country	Name
USA	Paging Network, Inc.
	(more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expression: Paging

Expressions using "paging": demand paging ♦ enhanced paging ♦ paging area ♦ paging device ♦ paging occasions ♦ paging receiver ♦ paging request type 1 ♦ paging service ♦ paging system ♦ radio paging service ♦ simple Network Paging Protocol ♦ virtual memory paging algorithms. Additional references.
Hypenated Usage
	Ending with "paging": radio-paging.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Paging

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day
arch paging	470
paging	269
paging services	161
ameritech paging	103
paging and system	99
sbc paging	77
paging uab	56
verizon paging	56
cook paging	56
airtouch paging	45
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Paging

Language		Translations for "paging"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Chinese		调页. (various references)

Danish		personsøgetjeneste (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paging-procedure (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paging (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), sidevis rulning (page scrolling), sideskift-/sideoverfoeringsteknik, sideskift, bladring. (various references)

Dutch		personenoproep, paging-procedure (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paging-dienst (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paging, paginering (pagination), pagineren (folio, number the folios, paginate), semafoondienst (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), semafoon (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), bladeren (leaf through), afrollen per pagina (page scrolling). (various references)

Finnish		sivutus, radiohakupalvelu (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), henkilöhakupalvelu (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), henkilöhaku (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), hakupalvelu (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), hakea henkilöä (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), hakea (apply for, fetch, hunt . . up, look, look . . up, page, paging service, radio paging service, search, seek, sue for, to). (various references)

French		pagination (pages numbering, pagination). (various references)

German		Seitenüberlagerung. (various references)

Greek		μεταφορά σελίδων, αναζήτηση (finding, hunting, paging procedure, pursuit, quest, recherche, search, search process, seek), διαδικασία αναζήτησης (paging procedure). (various references)

Hebrew		שרות אתור. (various references)

Hungarian		betördelés. (various references)

Italian		procedura di paging (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paginazione (page scrolling), sfogliare le pagine, servizo di radioavviso (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), radioavviso (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), avviso di chiamata (page, paging service, radio paging service, to). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		ページ組み (concentration of hydrogen ions, pace, pacemaker, paper, paper chromatography, paper company, paper holder, paper plan, paperback, papercraft, paste, pathos, person with driving licence but no practice, pest, pH, written test), ページに及ぶ (page boy, page girl, page in, page one, page out, pageant, pager), 丁付け (numbering, pagination). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		ページング , ページぐみ, ちょうづけ (bookkeeper, bookkeeping, numbering, pagination). (various references)

Korean		쪽매기기. (various references)

Pig Latin		agingpay.(various references)

Portuguese		procedimento de paging (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paging (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), paginação (making up and imposing, pagination, upmaking), sistema de chamada de pessoas (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), serviço de paging (page, paging service, radio paging service, to). (various references)

Romanian		paginaţie (make up, page imposition, pagination). (various references)

Russian		подкачка (rollin). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		prelom (break, fracture, makeup), pozivanje preko pejdžera, obeležavanje strana (pagination). (various references)

Spanish		paginación (making-up, page-setting, pagination), servicio móvil de aviso a personas (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), servicio de radiobúsqueda (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), radiobúsqueda (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), hojear (browse, leaf, leaf through, look through, run through, scan, skim through, thumb, thumb through), desplazamiento por páginas (page scrolling). (various references)

Swedish		personsökning (page, paging service, radio paging service, to), sidväxling, bläddring (browsing). (various references)

Turkish		sayfalara numara koyma (pagination), çağrı çihazını arama. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Paging

Derivations
	Words beginning with "paging": pagings. (additional references)
	Words ending with "paging": decoupaging, mispaging, rampaging. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Paging" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Padgug, pagain, Paggi, pagi, Pagina, pagine, pagings, Pagini, Pagliano, Pagoaga, Pagon, pagona, paign, paing, parging, pegin, praguian, pugging, Pugni. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Paging"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "paging" (pronounced pā"jing)
4	-ā" j i ng	aging, disengaging, engaging, enraging, gauging, raging, staging, waging.
3	-j i ng	acknowledging, alleging, arbitraging, arranging, avenging, averaging, besieging, bridging, bulging, challenging, changing, charging, converging, cringing, damaging, discharging, discouraging, dislodging, disparaging, diverging, divulging, dodging, dredging, edging, emerging, encouraging, enlarging, exchanging, fledging, foraging, forging, fudging, gouging, grudging, hedging, hemorrhaging, imaging, indulging, infringing, judging, leveraging, lodging, lounging, lunging, managing, merging, messaging, micromanaging, mischarging, mismanaging, mortgaging, nudging, obliging, outraging, overcharging, packaging, pillaging, pledging, plunging, presaging, purging, rampaging, ranging, ravaging, rearranging, recharging, repackaging, resurging, rummaging, salvaging, savaging, scavenging, scrounging, shortchanging, splurging, surging, trudging, unchanging, urging, verging.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Paging

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Direct Anagrams: gaping.
	Words within the letters "a-g-g-i-n-p"
	-1 letter: aging, aping.
	-2 letters: agin, gain, gang, giga, nipa, pain, pang, pian, pina, ping.
	-3 letters: ain, ani, gag, gan, gap, gig, gin, gip, nag, nap, nip, pan, pia, pig, pin.
	-4 letters: ag, ai, an, in, na, pa, pi.
	Words containing the letters "a-g-g-i-n-p"
	+1 letter: gapping, gasping, gawping, pagings, panging, parging.
	+2 letters: galoping, gapingly, graphing, grasping, pargings, plaguing, pranging, sparging, upgazing.
	+3 letters: dognaping, galloping, gazumping, grappling, mispaging, packaging, pargeting, passaging, pillaging, portaging, presaging, rampaging, spangling, upgrading, upstaging.
	+4 letters: dognapping, galumphing, gingersnap, grapplings, graspingly, hypnagogic, operagoing, paganising, paganizing, paginating, paragoning, pargetting, programing.
	+5 letters: angiography, apologising, apologizing, campaigning, decoupaging, disparaging, expurgating, gatekeeping, gingersnaps, megaphoning, operagoings, programings, programming, propagating, prorogating, repackaging, spurgalling, upgathering.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.