Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Optimization |
OptimizationNoun1. The act of rendering optimal; "the simultaneous optimization of growth and profitability"; "in an optimization problem we seek values of the variables that lead to an optimal value of the function that is to be optimized"; "to promote the optimization and diversification of agricultural products". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Computing | A method of arriving at the most desirable set of conditions based on a set of criteria or constraints. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A procedure causing a system, process, or operation to take on its most desirable configuration or procedures in the best or most efficient way. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| A process whose object is to make one or more variables assume, in the best possible manner, the value best suited to the operation in hand, dependent on the values of certain other variables which may be either predetermined or sensed during the operation. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Mining | Coordination of various processing factors, controls, and specifications to provide best overall conditions for technical and/or economicoperation. (references) |
Post & Telecom | The procedure used in the design of a system to maximize or minimize some performance index. Source: European Union. (references) |
Statistics | The act or process of making something as fully functional or effective as possible. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Optimization is a general term for extremum searching (maximizing or minimizing) of particular properties.
In mathematics, it is usually the value of a particular function.
Optimization is also termed Operations research when applied to practical economic problems.
See optimization (mathematics).
In computer science, optimization is the process of improving a system in certain ways such as execution speed, memory requirements and bandwidth. Despite its name, optimization does not necessarily mean finding the optimum solution to a problem. Often this is not possible, and heuristic algorithms must be used instead.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In computing, optimization modifies a system to improve its efficiency. The system can be a single computer program, a collection of computers, or even an entire network such as Internet.Note that although the word "optimization" shares the same root as "optimal," economical optimizations can rarely find a truly optimal system.
Tasks carried out in the computer or in the system often can be done more efficiently. For example,
This code can be rewritten using a mathematic formula like:
Usually, the term "optimization" presumes that the system retains the same functionality. However, often a crucial optimization is to solve only the actual problem, removing useless code. For example, if you could assume the program does not need to handle more than 100 items of input, then you can use fixed static memory allocation, avoiding dynamic memory allocation.
The optimization might be to reduce the maximum execution time, memory use, bandwidth, or some other resource. Most of the time, those objectives can be mutually exclusive, and require a tradeoff. The use of cache is a good example. Increasing the size of cache improves the runtime performance, at least somehow if not linearly, but increase the memory consumption.
In operations research, optimization is the problem of determining the inputs of a function that minimize or maximize its value. Sometimes constraints are imposed on the values that the inputs can take; this problem is known as constrained optimization.
In computer programming, optimization usually specifically means to modify code and its compilation settings on a given computer architecture to produce more efficient software.
Typical problems have such a large number of possibilities that a programming organization can only afford a "good enough" solution.
The effective optimization requires finding a bottleneck a narrow place that slows down the entire system effectively. It was often told that improving about 20% of code is responsibly for 80% of the results.
The architectural design of a system can overwhelmingly affect its performance.
The choice of algorithm affects efficiency more than any other item of the design. Usually, more complex algorithms and data structures perform well with many items while simple algorithms are more suitable to small amounts of data. For small sets of data, the set-up and initialization time of the more complex algorithm can outweigh the benefit of the better algorithm.
Usually, the more memory the program uses, the faster program runs. Take a filtering program. The common practice in such a program is read each line and filter and output that line in the same time. The memory is only needed for one line, but typically the performance is poor. To improve the performance, read the entire file then output the filtered result. This typically improve the peformance dramatically but causes heaviy memory use. Caching the result is also effective though requiring some or huge memory use.
It is well told that optimization often undermines readibility and adds code that is used only to improve the performance. This may complicate programs or systems, making hard to maintain and debug. Compiler optimization, for example, may introduce weird behavior because of compiler bugs. Because of that, it is preferable that optimization or performance tuning is done in the end of development stage. In other words, often systems or programs perform poorly in middle of developing.
Optimization can be automated by compilers or performed by programmers. Gains are usually limited for local optimization, and larger for global optimizations. Perhaps the most powerful optimization is to find a superior algorithm.
Optimizing a whole system is usually done by human beings because the system is too complex for automated optimizers. Grid computing or distributed computing aims to optimize the whole system, by moving tasks from computers with high usage to computers with idle time.
In this technique, programmers or system administrators explicitly change code so that the system performs better. Although it can produce better efficiencies, it is far more expensive than automated optimizations.
Code optimization usually starts with a rethinking of the algorithm used in the program: more often than not, a particular algorithm can be specifically tailored to a particular problem, yelding better performance than a generic algorithm. For example, the task of sorting a huge list of items is usually done with a quicksort routine, which is one of the most efficient generic algorithms. But if some characteristic of the items is exploitable (for example, they are already arranged in some particular order), a different method can be used, or even a custom-made sort routine.
After one is reasonably sure that the best algorithm is selected, code optimization can start: loops can be unrolled (for maximum efficiency of a processor cache memory), data types as small as possible can be used, an integer arithmetic can be used instead of a floating-point one, hash tables can replace linear vectors, and so on.
Performance bottlenecks can be due to the language rather than algorithms or data structures used in the program. Sometimes, a critical part of the program can be re-written in a different, faster programming language. For example, it is common for very high-level languages like Python to have modules written in C, for a greater speed. Programs already written in C can have modules written in assembly. See subpages for each language-specific optimization:
Rewriting pays off because of a law known as the 90/10 law, which states that 90% of the time is spent in 10% of the code, and only 10% of the time in the remaining 90% of the code. So optimizing just a small part of the program can have a huge effect on the overall speed.
Manual optimization often has the side-effect of undermining readability. Thus code optimizations should be carefully documented and their effect on future development evaluated.
The program that does the automated optimization is called an optimizer. Most optimizers are embedded in compilers and operate during compilation. Optimizers often can tailor the generated code to specific processors.
Today, automated optimizations are almost exclusively limited to compiler optimization.
Load balancing spreads the load over a large number of servers. Often load balancing is done transparently (i.e., without users noticing it), using a so-called layer 4 router.
Caching stores intermediate products of computation to avoid duplicate computations.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Typically, A is some subset of Euclidean space Rn, often specified by a set of constraints, equalities or inequalities that the members of A have to satisfy.
The elements of A are called the feasible solutions and the function f is called the objective function. A feasible solution that maximizes (or minimizes, if that is the goal) the objective function is called an optimal solution.
In general there will be several local maxima and minima, where a local minimum x* is defined as as a point such that for some δ > 0 and all x such that ||x - x* || ≤ δ the formula f(x) ≥ f(x*) holds; that is to say on some ball around x* all of the function values are greater than the value at that point. Local maxima are defined similarly. In general, it is easy to find local minima, however additional facts about the problem (e.g. the function being convex) are required to ensure that the solution found is a global minimum.
Optimization problems are often expressed with special notation. Here are some examples:
Techniques for solving mathematical programs depend on the nature of the objective function and constraint set. The following major subfields exist:
Should a function be convex over a region of interest (as defined by constraints) then any local minimum will also be a global minimum. Robust, fast numerical techniques exist for optimizing doubly differentiable convex functions. Outside of these functions, less ideal techniques must be used.
Constrained problems can often be transformed into unconstrained problems with the help of the Lagrange multiplier.
Several techniques exist for find a good local minimum in nonlinear optimization problems with many poor local minima:
Additionally, problems in rigid body dynamics (in particular articulated rigid body dynamics) often require mathematical programming techniques, since you can view rigid body dynamics as attempting to solve an ordinary differential equation on a constraint manifold; the constraints are various nonlinear geometric constraints such as "these two points must always coincide", "this surface must not penetrate any other", or "this point must always lie somewhere on this curve". Also, the problem of computing contact forces can be done by solving a linear complementarity problem, which can also be viewed as a QP (quadratic programming problem).
(Are there other fields with strong connections? Economics)Basis
int i, sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
printf ("sum: %d\
", sum);
sum = (10 * 11) / 2;
printf ("sum: %d\
", sum);
Tradeoff
Different fields
Bottleneck
When to do optimization?
Automated and manual optimization
Techniques
Subpages
References
Related terms
Optimization (mathematics)
Such a formulation is called a mathematical program. A great many real-world and theoretical problems may be modeled in this general framework.Notation
This asks for the minimum value for the expression x2+1, where x ranges over the real numbers R. The answer in this case is 1.
This asks for the maximum value for the expression 2x, where x ranges over the reals. In this case, there is no such maximum as the expression is unbounded, so the answer is "infinity" or "undefined".
This asks for the value(s) of x in the interval ]-∞,-1] which minimizes the expression x2+1. (The actual minimum value of that expression does not matter.) In this case, the answer is x = -1.
This asks for the (x,y) pair(s) that maximize the value of the expression x·cos(y), with the added constraint that x cannot exceed 5. (Again, the actual maximum value of the expression does not matter.) In this case, the solutions are the pairs of the form (5,2&pik) and (-5,(2k+1)π), where k ranges over all integers.Techniques
For derivable functions, unconstrained problems can be solved by finding the places where the gradient of the function is 0 (i.e. the stationary points) and using the Hessian to classify the type of point. If the hessian is positive definite, the point is a local minimum, if negative definite, a local maximum, and if indefinite it is some kind of saddle point.Uses
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Optimization."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| OPL | English | Optimization programming language | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: OptimizationSynonym: optimisation (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Optimization |
| English words defined with "optimization": optimisation. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "optimization": approximation algorithm ♦ dynamic programming ♦ enumerative optimization ♦ feasible region, feasible solution, fractional solution ♦ geometric optimization problem, greedy algorithm, greedy heuristic ♦ Information Management ♦ Lerchs-Grossmann optimization, linear optimization, l-reduction ♦ NP-hard ♦ objective function, optimal solution, optimal value, optimization problem ♦ principle of optimality ♦ rescalable, route optimization ♦ set packing, simulated annealing ♦ traveling salesman problem ♦ uncomputable function. (references) |
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The impact of p53 status and HPV subtypes on radiation responsiveness is a promising area of research that may allow optimization of treatment strategies. (references) | |
Dose-response relationship, time/dose relationship, improvements in technical instrumentation, and optimization of brachytherapy techniques need further study. (references) | ||
Business | Between 2000 and 2009, PDVSA plans to invest USD 2.7. Billion in the optimization of its producing centers. (references) | |
Also, sophisticated optimization systems found in today's sawmills are forcing more stringent and complex criteria on contractors. (references) | ||
In addition to cost reduction, new business drivers include business process optimization and communications improvement, both internal and external. (references) | ||
Economic History | Switzerland | Within the IT budgets, the money is mostly spent on services around eBusiness (such as Web-enabled process optimization). (references) |
Philippines | The best market opportunities will result from construction and development of additional raw water sources, expansion of new water treatment facilities, augmentation of distribution networks, optimization of the existing water supply system such as rehabilitation (pipe replacement) and reduction of non-revenue water. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Optimization" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Optimization" is used about 45 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 45 | 50,900 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "optimization": enumerative optimization ♦ linear optimization ♦ route optimization. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "optimization"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 优化 (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | optimering (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | optimalisering (optimisation), optimaliseren (optimize), optimalisatie (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | optimointi (optimisation), optimoida (to tweak). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | optimisation (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | optimierung (optimation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | βελτιστοποίηση (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | optimum meghatározása, optimalizálás (trade-off), optimálás. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | ottimizzazione (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 最適化 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | さいてきか. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 최 " (optimisation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | optimizationay optimização (optimisation). (various references) оптимизация. (various references) optimizacija. (various references) optimización (optimisation), optimación, mejoramiento (amelioration, betterment, improvement, upgrade). (various references) optimering (optimazation). (various references) оптимізація. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "optimization": optimizations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "optimization": suboptimization. (additional references) | |
Words containing "optimization": suboptimizations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Optimization" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: optimasation, optimazation, optimisation, optimitation, optimizatioin, poeticization, potentisation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "optimization" (pronounced Äptumuzā"shun) |
| 9 | -t u m u z ā" sh u n | victimization. |
| 8 | -u m u z ā" sh u n | maximization. |
| 6 | -u z ā" sh u n | accusation, alphabetization, amortization, authorization, balkanization, cannibalization, capitalization, categorization, centralization, characterization, civilization, collectivization, colonization, colorization, commercialization, communization, computerization, criminalization, decentralization, decriminalization, dehumanization, deinstitutionalization, demilitarization, democratization, demonization, demoralization, denationalization, denuclearization, desalinization, destabilization, disorganization, dramatization, equalization, fertilization, generalization, globalization, harmonization, hospitalization, hybridization, immunization, improvisation, industrialization, institutionalization, internationalization, ionization, legalization, liberalization, localization, magnetization, marginalization, mechanization, mineralization, miniaturization, mischaracterization, mobilization, modernization, monopolization, nationalization, naturalization, neutralization, normalization, organisation, organization, pasteurization, personalization, polarization, politicization, popularization, pressurization, privatization, radicalization, rationalization, realization, reauthorization, recapitalization, renationalization, reorganization, revitalization, securitization, socialization, specialization, stabilization, standardization, sterilization, subsidization, suburbanization, unionization, urbanization, utilization, vaporization, visualization, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 5 | -z ā" sh u n | causation, demobilization. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, augmentation, authentication, automation, aviation, avocation, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, capitulation, carnation, castration, celebration, certification, cessation, cetacean, citation, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, coloration, combination, commemoration, commendation, communication, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehydration, deification, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demodulation, demonstration, denomination, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, glaciation, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, hesitation, hibernation, humiliation, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legislation, levitation, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, location, lubrication, machination, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, masturbation, maturation, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, moderation, modification, modulation, molestation, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, navigation, negation, negotiation, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, oration, orchestration, ordination, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, pollination, pontification, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, privation, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, ramification, ratification, reaffirmation, reallocation, recalculation, recantation, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reparation, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, solicitation, sophistication, specification, speculation, stagflation, stagnation, starvation, station, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, substantiation, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, usurpation, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, variation, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, vocation. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-i-i-i-m-n-o-o-p-t-t-z" | |
-3 letters: imitation. | |
-4 letters: potation. | |
-5 letters: amotion, antipot, impaint, maintop, matzoon, ottoman, ptomain, tampion, timpani, timpano, tompion. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-i-i-i-m-n-o-o-p-t-t-z" | |
+1 letter: optimizations. | |
+3 letters: suboptimization. | |
+4 letters: suboptimizations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4F 70 74 69 6D 69 7A 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)--- .--. - .. -- .. --.. .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001111 01110000 01110100 01101001 01101101 01101001 01111010 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)O p t i m i z a t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004F 0070 0074 0069 006D 0069 007A 0061 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)498286757975926786758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Abbreviations 11. Acronyms 12. Derivations | 13. Rhymes 14. Anagrams 15. Orthography 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; 乌克兰, for Ukranian; |
