Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Date "ONLINE" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | On-line |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A computer network is a system for communication among two or more computers.Computer networks may be categorized with respect to range:
Computer network applications may be categorized with respect to the functional relationships between components:
- personal area network (PAN)
- wireless PAN
- local area network (LAN)
- wireless LAN
- metropolitan area network (MAN)
- wide area network (WAN)
- (Tiny area network (TAN)
Computer networks may be categorized with respect to network topologies
- client-server
- multitier architecture
- peer-to-peer
Computer networks may be categorized with respect to specialised functions
- star network
- grid network
- toroidal networks and hypercubes
- tree and hypertree networks
Computer networks may be implemented using a variety of protocol stack architectures, computer buses or combinations of media and protocol layers, incorporating one or more of:
- Storage Area Networks
- Server farms
For a list of more see Network protocols
- ARCNET
- DECnet
- Ethernet
- IP
- TCP
- UDP
- Appletalk
- Token Ring
- IPX
- FDDI
- HIPPI
- Myrinet
- ATM
- RS-232
- IEEE-488
- USB
- IEEE 1394 aka Firewire, iLink
- X.25
- Frame relay
- Bluetooth
- IEEE 802.11
- System Network Architecture
For standards see IEEE 802.
Suggested topics:
- communication theory
- data transmission
- Public switched telephone network
- Modems and dialup
- wireless transmission
- short range
- Bluetooth
- medium range
- IEEE 802.11
- long range
- satellite
- MMDS
- SMDS
- cellular telephone data transmission
- CDMA
- CDPD
- GSM
- iMode
- TDMA
- paging networks
- DataTAC
- Mobitex
- Motient
- Wired Transmission
- dedicated lines (leased lines)
- Time-division multiplexing
- packet switching
- Frame relay
- PDH
- Ethernet
- RS-232
- Optical fiber transmission
- Synchronous optical networking
- Routing
- Bitnet
References
Andrew S. Tanenbaum, "Computer Networks" (ISBN 0133499456).
See also computing, internet, routing
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Computer network."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:InternetIn the general sense, an internet (with a lowercase "i", a shortened form of the original inter-network) is a computer network that connects several networks. As a proper noun, the Internet is the publicly available internationally interconnected system of computers (plus the information and services they provide to their users) that uses the TCP/IP suite of packet switching communications protocols. Thus, the largest internet is called simply "the" Internet. The art of connecting networks in this way is called internetworking.
The creation of the Internet
Main article: History of the InternetThe core networks forming the Internet started out in 1969 as the ARPANET devised by the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
Some early research which contributed to ARPANET included work on decentralised networks (including damage survivability) , queueing theory and packet switching.
On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET changed its core networking protocols from NCP to the then-new TCP/IP, marking the start of the Internet as we know it today.
Another important step in the development was the National Science Foundation's (NSF) building of a university backbone, the NSFNet, in 1986. Important disparate networks that have successfully been accommodated within the Internet include Usenet, Fidonet, and Bitnet. See History of the Internet.
During the 1990s, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing computer networks. This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents one company from exerting control over the network.
Today's Internet
The Internet is held together by bi- or multilateral commercial contracts (for example peering agreements) and by technical specifications or protocolss that describe how to exchange data over the network. These protocols are formed by discussion within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its working groups, which are open to public participation and review. These committees produce documents that are known as Requests For Comments (RFCs). Some RFCs are raised to the status of Internet Standard by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Some of the most used protocols in the Internet protocol suite are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, and SSL.
Some of the popular services on the Internet that make use of these protocols are e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, file sharing, the World Wide Web, Gopher, session access, WAIS, finger, IRC, MUDs, and MUSHs. Of these, e-mail and the World Wide Web are clearly the most used, and many other services are built upon them, such as mailing lists and web logs. The internet makes it possible to provide real-time services such as web radio and webcasts that can be accessed from anywhere in the world.
Some other popular services of the Internet were not created this way, but were originally based on proprietary systems. These include ICQ, AIM, CDDB, and Gnutella.
There have been many analyses of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networkss.
Internet culture
The Internet has a large and growing number of users that have created a distinct culture, Internet dynamics. see Netiquette, Internet friendship, Trolls and trolling, Flaming, Cybersex, Hacktivism or Hacker culture, Internet humor, Internet slang, and Internet art.
The most used language for communications on the Internet is English, due to the Internet's origins, to its use commonly in software programming, to the poor capability of early computers to handle characters other than western alphabets.
The net has grown enough in recent years, though, that sufficient native-language content for a worthwhile experience is available in most developed countries. However, some glitches such as mojibake still remain troublesome for Internet users.
Internet politics
The proliferation of the Internet caused vast impacts in the society. Instances include copyright issues, issues concerned with free speech such as pornography and hatred. In response to that situation, lately cyber laws have been created and enforced. Many discussions have raged over the question of how states should interact with telecommunication tools including the Internet.
Internet access
Countries with the best internet access include South Korea (50% of the population has broadband access) and Sweden, according to [1] "Web-savviest nation".
- Dial-up access
- Broadband access
Public places to use the Internet
Public places to use Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with internet connection are available. There are also internet access points in public places like airport halls, sometimes just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", "web payphone".Alternatively there are Wifi-cafes ("hotspots"), where one needs to bring one's own wifi-enabled notebook or PDA, for which the cafe provides wireless access to the Internet.
The services may be free (possibly in connection with paid services such as buying coffee) or for a fee (metered access or with a pass for e.g. a day or month).
A hotspot may also be larger, e.g. including the piece of street in front of the library, a whole street, a campus including outdoor areas, a town part or, as is under construction in some places, a whole town; see also Metropolitan area network, Wireless community network.
Advantages of using one's own computer include more upload and download possibilities, using one's favorite browser and browser settings (the preferences menu may be disabled in a public computer), and integrating activities on internet and on one's own computer, using one's own programs and data. (Using public computers one can use one's email box as storage area for data. For programs one may do the same, but the size of the mailbox and restrictions on the public computer limit the possibilities of running one's own programs.)
See also
- Catenet
- intranet
- extranet
- Internet2
- bogon filtering
- NANOG
- Minitel - French predecessor to the Internet
- Network Mapping
External links
- The Internet Society (ISOC)
- Internet Mapping Project
- TCP/IP switchover anniversary
- RFC 801, planning the TCP/IP switchover
- peepo a graphic portal for people with low literacy
- Internet-Chronic in German
- Web content by language
- Access and usage statistics: [1], [1], [1]
- Access at home, by native language
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Internet."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Online means being connected to the Internet or another similar network, like a bulletin board system. Some companies have online in their name, such as America Online. Although it sounds similar, online is not the same as on air. When one is online, one can receive and transmit information, whereas when one is on the air, one is broadcasting television or radio signals.
Some consider certain experiences while online to be taking place in a universe called cyberspace that is distinct from the world of experience when not online. A variety of slang terminology has evolved to describe these cyberspacial experiences.
External link
- NetLingo: dictionary of online terminology
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Online."
Crosswords: ONLINE |
| Specialty definitions using "ONLINE": Advanced query, AFK, America's Multimedia Online, AMO, AOL, AOL!, application service provider, Association for Progressive Communications ♦ communications link encryption, Computer-Assisted Instruction ♦ domain name system, Dynix ♦ electronic image processing ♦ GLOBAL CHANGE MASTER DIRECTORY ♦ IMing, ISP ♦ link encryption ♦ Middleware, Modernization Blueprint ♦ National Space Science Data Center, Never Offline ♦ OCLC, Online Computer Library Center, Inc., Online Media, Online Public Access Catalog, OPAC, open source ♦ POP-1 ♦ set-top box, Sun Microsystems, Inc. ♦ The Microsoft Network, timesharing service ♦ video compression ♦ WebCrawler. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "ONLINE" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. German (on-line), Swedish (on-line). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Code four, I repeat, code four! I need all security staff online, now (The Invisible Man; writing credit: Craig Silverstein; Jonathan Glassner) I go online sometimes, but everyone's spelling is really bad, and it's depressing (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) You've got to get online, honey (Sex and the City; writing credit: Mark Leiren-Young) | |
Clever | Digital Wisdom: Affirm brain online before opening mouth.com. (references; author: unknown) Adult Education Topic: Learning to live: Basic differences between your mother and your wife. Online class and role playing. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Natalie 3 - Babystrich online (1998) The Online Adventures of Ozzie the Elf (1997) Get It Online (1996) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Publishes an online factsheet on Usher syndrome. (references) | |
Online support groups are places where people can talk informally. (references) | ||
These online communities can help you connect with a network of people whose concerns are similar to yours. (references) | ||
Business | The French are beginning to purchase online. (references) | |
Both sources offer information on national and Europe-wide tenders online. (references) | ||
The agreement will add the kingdom to a list of 11 other countries already online. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Malaysia | Most major newspapers have an online edition. (references) |
Italy | In April Parliament approved a law requiring registration of online information sites and acceptance of liability by site sponsors. (references) | |
Czech Republic | In July an online journalist was questioned repeatedly by police and fined approximately $275 (10,000 Czech crowns) for refusing to cooperate. (references) | |
Economic History | Korea | Around 80% of retail trading is conducted online. (references) |
Spain | Of this number, only 12.5 percent make purchases online. (references) | |
Bahamas | Sun International Hotels also developed an online casino for the internet. (references) | |
Trade | Taiwan | In the area of online banking, securities transactions and other online transactions, the Ministry of Finance began to recognize two competing security standards on August 4, 2000. (references) |
Women | Malaysia | According to an online resource, Muslim women have previously been fired in Kelantan for not wearing a head covering, although independent sources were unable to verify this report. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "ONLINE" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 75.20% of the time. "ONLINE" is used about 511 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 75.2% | 385 | 14,324 |
| Adverb (general) | 24.8% | 127 | 28,395 |
| Total | 100.00% | 511 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Australia | P.O.S. Media Online Ltd | Finland | EQ Online OYJ |
| Germany | d+s online AG | Hong Kong | China Online (Bermuda) Ltd |
| Japan | Global Media Online Inc. | Netherlands | World Online N.V. |
| South Africa | Aqua Online Holdings Ltd. | Sweden | Scandinavia Online AB |
| United Kingdom | Aspinalls Online PLC | USA | America Online Latin America, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "ONLINE": America's Multimedia Online ♦ online Media ♦ online Public Access Catalog ♦ online system ♦ Online Systems. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "ONLINE": informix-online. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
online casino | 45,307 | online | 4,174 |
online game | 31,360 | online map | 4,081 |
education online | 21,679 | buy car online | 3,480 |
free online game | 18,326 | chat online | 3,321 |
online pharmacy | 18,212 | ragnarok online | 2,990 |
america online | 17,935 | online greeting card | 2,942 |
dictionary online | 11,719 | online degree | 2,937 |
bible online | 9,772 | online art gallery | 2,837 |
e online | 9,549 | online university | 2,735 |
gambling online | 8,871 | online college | 2,631 |
army knowledge online | 6,112 | free game to play online | 2,583 |
online dating | 5,532 | phantasy star online | 2,452 |
online radio | 5,186 | book online | 2,446 |
online auction | 5,179 | money online | 2,303 |
buy book online | 4,959 | online car | 2,299 |
trader online | 4,946 | free online greeting card | 2,275 |
shopping online | 4,761 | auction compaq dell ebazaar ibm no nokia online reserve sony toshiba | 2,256 |
online gaming | 4,688 | optimum online | 2,227 |
online kid game | 4,576 | online travel | 2,164 |
music online | 4,533 | auto trader online | 2,043 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "ONLINE"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 線上 , 在线 (on-line). (various references) | |
Danish | opkoblet (on-line), on-line (on-line), online (on-line), direkte styret (on-line). (various references) | |
Dutch | on-line (on-line), online (on-line), gekoppeld (conjugate, on-line). (various references) | |
Finnish | suorakäyttöinen (on-line), suorakäyttö- (on-line), suoraan kytketty (on-line), suora- (on-line). (various references) | |
French | en ligne (on-line), en liaison (on-line), en connexion (on-line), connecté (brought on line, on-line), allume (on). (various references) | |
German | online (on-line), verbunden (adjunct, adjunctive, adjuratory, aligned, associated, beholden, chained, conjoined, conjoint, connected, incorporated, interconnected, joined, merged, obliged, related, United), eingeschaltet (on, operate, parenthesize). (various references) | |
Greek | on line (on-line). (various references) | |
Italian | in linea (on-line), connesso (connected, linked, related, relative), collegato (connected, related, relative). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | オロチン酸 (28.35g, angstrom, car, khaki, ombudsman, on, on air, on parade, on stage, on the air, on the air lamp, on the mark, on the rocks, on your mark, oncogene, on-line, on-line real time system, on-line system, online-manual, only, only one, on-mike, on-off, on-side, on-site, Ontario, on-the-job training, onward, orotic acid, ounce, ovation). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | オンラインマニュアル (online-manual). (various references) | |
Korean | 온라인으로 (on-line). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | onlineay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | ligado (associated, attached, bonded, conjoint, connected, legato, linked, related, relational, united), em linha (on-line, tandem). (various references) | |
Spanish | en línea (on-line), conectado (bridged, connected, on-line). (various references) | |
Swedish | online- (on-line), direktansluten (on-line). (various references) | |
Thai | ออนไลน์. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words containing "ONLINE": curmudgeonliness, curmudgeonlinesses, nonlineal, nonlinear, nonlinearities, nonlinearity. (additional references) | |
| |
"ONLINE" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Noelyne, Noleen, norlite, oeningen, Ohlinger, olien, oline, olino, Oncins, ondine, onelie, onin, onleeee, onli, onlinr, onlywey, orlane, uniline, unliner, unlines. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "ONLINE" (pronounced ô"nlī'n) |
| 4 | -n l ī' n | mainline. |
| 3 | -l ī' n | feline, airline, alkaline, anticline, baseline, bloodline, borderline, byline, coastline, crystalline, Dateline, deadline, dragline, frontline, guideline, hairline, hardline, headline, hemline, hotline, lifeline, midline, multiline, outline, pipeline, shoreline, sideline, skyline, strandline, streamline, Timberline, underline, waistline. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-i-l-n-n-o" | |
-1 letter: eloin, linen, olein. | |
-2 letters: enol, leno, lien, line, linn, lino, lion, loin, lone, neon, nine, noel, noil, none. | |
-3 letters: eon, inn, ion, lei, lie, lin, nil, oil, ole, one. | |
-4 letters: el, en, in, li, lo, ne, no, oe, on. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-i-l-n-n-o" | |
+1 letter: leonine, nonlife. | |
+2 letters: eloining, indolent, insolent, lanoline, lenition, limonene, longeing, longline, monellin, ninefold, nonelite, nonideal, nonlives, nontitle, solanine. | |
+3 letters: anthelion, antinovel, belonging, chelonian, cloisonne, clonidine, congenial, cornelian, crinoline, dandelion, denominal, eloigning, enclosing, enfolding, englobing, enhaloing, ennobling, enrolling, ensouling, entoiling, falconine, frontline, indolence, inflexion, inglenook, innersole, insolence, insolents, insolvent, lanolines, lenitions, lessoning, limonenes, lineation, longlines, looniness, loosening, loudening, lyonnaise, mandoline, melatonin, monellins, monocline, nielloing, nilpotent, nonbelief, nonedible, nonlineal, nonlinear, nonmobile, nonmotile, nonpareil, nonpolice, nonsaline, nonviable, nucleonic, phelonion, pollening, quinoline, reloaning, singleton, solanines, tensional. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Names: Company Usage | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Derivations | 13. Rhymes 14. Anagrams 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
