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Object

Definition: Object

Object

Noun

1. A tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects".

2. The goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable); "the sole object of her trip was to see her children".

3. A grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb".

4. The focus of cognitions or feelings; "objects of thought"; "the object of my affection".

Verb

1. Express or raise an objection or protest; express dissent; "She never objected to the amount of work her boss charged her with".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Date "object" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references)

Specialty Definition: Object

Domain	Definition
Computing	Object In object-oriented programming, a unique instance of a data structure defined according to the template provided by its class. Each object has its own values for the variables belonging to its class and can respond to the messages (methods) defined by its class. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
Law	Objects of a power. The persons in whose favour a power of appointment may be exercised. (Jowitt's, 2nd ed. , 1977, p. 1270). Source: European Union. (references)
Literature	Object means forecast, or that on which you employ forecast. (Latin, ob jacio.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Mechanical Engineering	The object(the workpiece)on which work is performed. The object or part of it may form the visual object of a visual task. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Accusative case

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The accusative case of a noun is the case used to mark the direct object of a verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions.
The accusative case exists (or existed once) in all the Indo-European languages (including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Russian), and the Finno-Ugric languages).
English, which lacks declension in its nouns, has an explicitly marked accusative case in a few pronouns (e.g. "whom" is the accusative case of "who", and "him" is the accusative case of "he"). (Contrast with dative case, the indirect object.)
Note: who/whom and he/him are not only examples of nominative/accusative relationships in English, but also of nominative/dative. (Consider: I gave him the present, etc.) (In Old English, they were distinct - him was the dative, hine the accusative.) This duality is one of the reasons many students of English do not consider the dative to be distinct from the accusative in English -- as such, neither is an ideal term. Instead, objective is often used, to distinguish from the nominative, which is often (in the context of English grammar) called simply the subjective. English morphologically distinguishes only one case, the possessive case -- which in reality is not a case at all, but a clitic (see the entry for genitive case for more information). With a few pronominal exceptions, the objective and subjective always have the same form.
Compare nominative case, dative case, ergative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case.
See also: Declension
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Accusative case."

Astronomical object

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Solar system Extrasolar system

Simple objects Compound objects Extended objects

Sun
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Moon
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Asteroids
Meteoroids
Comets

Exoplanets
Stars by spectral type
White dwarfs
Yellow dwarfs
Red dwarfs
Brown dwarfs
Black dwarfs
Red giants
Blue giants
Red supergiants
Variable stars
Mira variables
Cepheid variables
Semiregular variables
Irregular variables
Eruptive variables
Compact stars
White dwarfs
Neutron stars
Black holes
Magnetars
MACHO
Novae
Pulsars
Supernovae

Stellar associations
Binary stars
visual binaries
spectroscopic binaries
eclipsing binaries
detached binaries
semidetached binaries
contact binaries
Triple stars
Star clusters
Open clusters
Globular clusters
Galaxies
Active galaxies
Blazars
Quasars
Radio galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Starburst galaxies
Galaxy clusters

Nebulae
Planetary nebulae
Bright nebulae
Emission nebulae
Reflection nebulae
Dark nebulae
Molecular clouds
H II regions

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Astronomical object."

Category theory

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Category theory is a mathematical theory that deals in an abstract way with mathematical structures and relationships between them. It is half-jokingly known as "abstract nonsense".
See list of category theory topics for a breakdown of Wikipedia pages.
As a matter of history, the category concept was introduced in algebraic topology, as an important part of the transition from homology (an intuitive and geometric concept) to homology theory, an axiomatic approach. It has been claimed, for example by or on behalf of Ulam, that comparable ideas were current in the later 1930s in the Polish school.
The subsequent development of the theory was powered first by the computational needs of homological algebra; and then the axiomatic needs of algebraic geometry, the field most resistant to the Russell-Whitehead view of united foundations. General theory - an updated universal algebra with many new features allowing for semantic flexibility and higher-order logic - came later.
Broadly-based foundational applications of category theory are contentious; but they have been worked out in quite some detail, as a commentary on or basis for constructive mathematics. One can say, in particular, that axiomatic set theory still hasn't been replaced by the category-theoretic commentary on it, in the everyday usage of mathematicians. The idea of bringing category theory into earlier, undergraduate teaching (signified by the difference between the Birkhoff- Mac Lane and later Mac Lane-Birkhoff abstract algebra texts) has hit noticeable opposition.
Categorical logic is now a well-defined field based on type theory for intuitionistic logics, with application to the theory of functional programming and domain theory, all in a setting of a cartesian closed category as non-syntactic description of a lambda calculus. The use of category theory language, at the very least, allows one to clarify what exactly these related areas have in common.
Introduction
A category attempts to capture the essence of a class of related mathematical objects, for instance the class of groups. Instead of focusing on the individual objects (groups) as has been done traditionally, the morphisms, i.e. the structure preserving maps between these objects, are emphasized. In the example of groups, these are the group homomorphisms. Then it becomes possible to relate different categories by functors, generalizations of functions which associate to every object of one category an object of another category and to every morphism in the first category a morphism in the second. Very commonly, certain "natural constructions", such as the fundamental group of a topological space, can be expressed as functors. Furthermore, different such constructions are often "naturally related" which leads to the concept of natural transformation, a way to "map" one functor to another.
Historically, the clarification of certain natural transformations occurring in algebraic topology served as the motivation to define functors and categories. Early on, the theory was applied in homological algebra and algebraic geometry; it is now also used in various other branches of mathematics. Special categories called topoi can even serve as an alternative to set theory as the foundation of mathematics. Category theory is also used in a foundational way in functional programming, for example to discuss the idea of typed lambda calculus in terms of cartesian closed categories.

Categories

Definition
A category consists of:
a class of things called objects.
for every two objects A and B a set Mor(A,B) of things called morphisms from A to B. If f is in Mor(A,B), we write f : A -> B.
for every three objects A, B and C a binary operation Mor(A,B) x Mor(B,C) -> Mor(A,C) called composition of morphisms. The composition of f : A -> B and g : B -> C is written as g o f or gf. (Some authors write it as fg.)

such that the following axioms hold:

(associativity) if f : A -> B, g : B -> C and h : C -> D then h o (g o f) = (h o g) o f, and
(identity) for every object X there exists a morphism id_X : X -> X called the identity morphism for X, such that for every morphism f : A -> B we have id_B o f = f = f o id_A

From these axioms, one can prove that there is exactly one identity morphism for every object.
If the class of objects is actually a set, the category is said to be small. Many important categories are not small.

Examples
Each category is presented in terms of its objects and its morphisms.

The category Grp consisting of all groups together with their group homomorphisms.
The category Vect_K of all vector spaces over the field K together with their K-linear maps.
The category Set of all sets together with functions between sets.
The category Top of all topological spaces with continuous functions.
Any partially ordered set (P, ≤) forms a small category, where the objects are the members of P, and the morphisms are arrows pointing from x to y precisely when x ≤ y.
Any monoid forms a small category with a single object x, and where every element of the monoid is a morphism from x to x (the monoid operation yields the categorical composition of morphisms). In fact, one may view categories as generalizations of monoids; several definitions and theorems about monoids may be generalized for categories.
Any directed graph can be considered as a small category: the objects are the vertices of the graph and the morphisms are the paths in the graph. Composition of morphisms is concatenation of paths.
If I is a set, the discrete category on I is the small category which has the elements of I as objects and only the identity morphisms as morphisms.
Any category C can itself be considered as a new category in a different way: the objects are the same as those in the original category but the arrows are those of the original category reversed. This is called the dual or opposite category and is denoted by C^op.
If C and D are categories, one can form the product category C x D: the objects are pairs consisting of one object from C and one from D, and the morphisms are also pairs, consisting of one morphism in C and one in D. Such pairs can be composed componentwise.

Types of morphisms
A morphism f : A -> B is called a
monomorphism if fg₁ = fg₂ implies g₁ = g₂ for all morphisms g₁, g₂ : X -> A.
epimorphism if g₁f = g₂f implies g₁ = g₂ for all morphisms g₁, g₂ : B -> X.
isomorphism if there exists a morphism g : B -> A with fg = id_B and gf = id_A.
automorphism if f is an isomorphism and A = B.
endomorphism if A = B.

Special objects
An object A of the category C is called

initial, if for every object B there is a unique morphism A -> B. For example, the empty set is an initial object in the category of sets.
terminal, if for every object B there is a unique morphism B -> A. For example, every singleton (set with one element) is a terminal object in the category of sets.
Functors
Functors are structure-preserving maps between categories.

Definition
A (covariant) functor F from the category C to the category D
associates to each object X in C an object F(X) in D;
associates to each morphism f:X->Y a morphism F(f):F(X)->F(Y)
such that the following two properties hold:
F(id_X) = id_F(X) for every object X in C.
F(g o f) = F(g) o F(f) for all morphisms f : X -> Y and g : Y -> Z.

A contravariant functor F from C to D is a functor that "turns morphisms around" (i.e. if f:X->Y is a morphism in C, then F(f):F(Y)->F(X)); the quickest way to define a contravariant functor is as a covariant functor between C^op and D.
An important consequence of the functor axioms is this: if f is an isomorphism in C, then F(f) is an isomorphism in D.

Examples
Dual vectorspace: an example of a contravariant functor from the category of all real vector spaces to the category of all real vector spaces is given by assigning to every vector space its dual space and to every linear map its dual or transpose.
Algebra of continuous functions: a contravariant functor from the category of topological spaces (with continuous maps as morphisms) to the category of real associative algebras is given by assigning to every topological space X the algebra C(X) of all real-valued continuous functions on that space. Every continuous map f : X -> Y induces an algebra homomorphism C(f) : C(Y) -> C(X) by the rule C(f)(φ) = φ o f for every φ in C(Y).
Homomorphism groups: to every pair A, B of abelian groups and can assign the abelian group Hom(A,B) consisting of all group homomorphisms from A to B. This is a functor which is contravariant in the first and covariant in the second argument, i.e. it is a functor Ab^op x Ab -> Ab (where Ab denotes the category of abelian groups with group homomorphisms). If f : A₁ -> A₂ and g : B₁ -> B₂ are morphisms in Ab, then the group homomorphism Hom(f,g) : Hom(A₂,B₁) -> Hom(A₁,B₂) is given by φ |-> g o φ o f.
Forgetful functors: the functor F : Ring -> Ab which maps a ring to its underlying abelian additive group. Morphisms in Ring (ring homomorphisms) become morphisms in Ab (abelian group homomorphisms).
Tensor products: If C denotes the category of vectorspaces over a fixed field, with linear maps as morphisms, then the tensor product VW defines a functor C x C -> C which is covariant in both arguments.
Lie algebras: Assigning to every real (complex) Lie group its real (complex) Lie algebra defines a functor.
Fundamental group: Consider the category of topological spaces with distinguished points. The objects are pairs (X,x), where X is a topological space and x is an element of X. A morphism from (X,x) to (Y,y) is given by a continuous map f : X -> Y with f(x) = y.
For every topological space with distinguished point (X,x), we will define a fundamental group. This is going to be a functor from the category of topological spaces with distinguished points to the category of groups.
Let f be a continuous function from the unit interval [0,1] into X so that f(0) = f(1) = x. (Equivalently, f is a continuous map from the unit circle in the complex plane so that f(1) = x.) We call such a function a loop in X. If f and g are loops in X, we can glue them together by defining h(t) = f(2t) when t is in [0,0.5] and h(t) = g(2(t - 0.5)) when t is in [0.5,1]. It is easy to check that h is again a loop. If there is a continuous map F(x,t) from [0,1] × [0,1] to X so that f(t) = F(0,t) is a loop and g(t) = F(1,t) is also a loop then f and g are said to be equivalent. It can be checked that this defines an equivalence relation. Our composition rule survives this process. Now, in addition, we can see that we have an identity element e(t) = x (a constant map) and further that every loop has an inverse. Indeed, if f(t) is a loop then f(1 - t) is its inverse. The set of equivalence classes of loops thus forms a group (the fundamental group of X). One may check that the map from the category of topological spaces with a distinguished point to the category of groups is functorial: a topological (homo/iso)morphism will naturally correspond to a group (homo/iso)morphism.
Universal constructions: Functors are often defined by universal properties; examples are the tensor product discussed above, the direct sum and direct product of groups or vector spaces, construction of free groups and modules, direct and inverse limits. The concepts of limit and colimit generalize several of the above. Universal constructions often give rise to pairs of adjoint functors.
Pre-Sheaves: If X is a topological space, then the open sets in X can be considered as the objects of a category CX; there is a morphism from U to V if and only if U is a subset of V. In itself, this category is not very exciting, but the functors from CX^op into other categories, the so-called pre-sheaves on X, are interesting. For instance, by assigning to every open set U the associative algebra of real-valued continuous functions on U, one obtains a pre-sheaf of algebras on X.
This motivating example is generalized by considering pre-sheaves on arbitrary categories: a pre-sheaf on C is a functor defined on C^op. The Yoneda lemma explains that often a category C can be extended by considering a category of pre-sheaves on C.
Category of small categories: The category Cat has the small categories as objects, and the functors between them as morphisms.

Further concepts and results
The definitions of categories and functors provide only the very basics of categorical algebra. Additional important topics are listed below. Although there are strong interrelations between all of these topics, the given order can be considered as a guideline for further reading.

Natural transformations: While functors provide a way to pass from one category to another, natural transformations provide a similar relation between functors.
The Yoneda lemma is one of the most famous basic results of category theory.
Limits and colimits: To introduce "unique constructions", such as products (of sets, of topologies, of partial orders, ...), into the theory, limits and colimits are needed.
Adjoint functors: A functor can be left (or right) adjoint to another functor that maps in the opposite direction. However, when compared to classical relationsships of structure-preserving mappings (such as being inverse to each other), the concept of adjunction of functors appears quite abstract and general. Yet it turns out that it is a highly useful tool that has relations to many other important concepts, for example to the construction of limits.
Equivalence of categories: In order to obtain a meaningful criterion when two categories can be considered similar, it is necessary to find a notion that is more general than the classical concept of an isomorphism. Equivalences of categories are also closely related to dualities of categories.
Commutative diagrams: Since category theory usually deals with objects and arrows, it is convenient to express identities in this setting by diagramms.

Additional properties of categories

In many categories, the morphism sets Mor(A,B) are not just sets but actually abelian groups, and the composition of morphisms is compatible with these group structures, i.e. is bilinear. Such a category is called preadditive. If furthermore the category has all finite products and coproducts, it is called an additive category. If all morphisms have a kernel and a cokernel, and all epimorphism are cokernels and all monomorphisms are kernels, then we speak of an abelian category. A typical example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups.
A category is called cartesian closed if it has finite direct products and a morphism defined on a finite product can always be represented by a morphism defined on just one of the factors.
A topos is certain type of cartesian closed category in which all of mathematics can be formulated (just like classically all of mathematics is formulated in the category of sets). A topos can also be used to represent a logical theory.
A category is called complete if all limits in it exist. The categories of sets, abelian groups and topological spaces are complete.
A groupoid is a category in which every morphism is an isomorphism. Groupoids are generalizations of groups, group actions and equivalence relations.

Historical notes
Categories, functors and natural transformations were introduced by Eilenberg and Mac Lane in 1945. Initially, the notions were applied in topology, especially algebraic topology, later also in homological algebra and algebraic geometry.

Literature

William Lawvere and Steve Schanuel, Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
Saunders Mac Lane (1998): Categories for the Working Mathematician, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5, Springer; ISBN 0-387-98403-8
Francis Borceux. Handbook of Categorical Algebra, volumes 50-52 of Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Category theory."

Object

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Etymology: The word object comes from the latin word objectum a noun form of objectus which in turn comes from objicere, which means to throw or put something before someone. Objicere comes from ob-, "in front of" (related to the Greek ἐπί epi-) and jacere, "throw".
As an English word, object has many senses. Some of these senses are subjects of Wikipedia articles:

object (philosophy)
In computer science, an object is anything representing data.
object (task)
direct object and indirect object (grammar)
categories in mathematics contain objects. For instance, the monster group is an object in the category of all groups.

See objecthood.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Object."

Object (computer science)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In computer science, an object is anything that can be either input or output such an immediate number, literal string, variable or reference.

See Also:

Object-oriented programming
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Object (computer science)."

Object (object-oriented programming)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In computer science, an object is something that has an identity, a state, and a behaviour. The state is encoded in instance variables (data members), the behaviour is encoded in methodss (member functions). Objects are bundles of related variables and methods and are often used to model real-world objects. Objects can be affected by eventss. Object-oriented programs typically contain a large number of objects.
It could be said that a class is a blueprint, and an object is a house. An object belonging to a class is referred to as an instance of the class. If humanity were a class, then [you] would be an instance of the class [human].

Overview of Identities, States, and, Behaviours
The identity of an object from the class [dog] might be [Rex]. Its states may include being happy, black, and poodle. Rex can engage in behaviors such as sleeping, barking, and eating. An event affecting Rex might be that he is hit by a car. A program containing an object which represents a bicycle might report such states as velocity or temperature and such behavior as accelerating or the like.

The Atomic Object and Encapsulation
In the atomic or cellular view of an object (or a class), the variables are considered to be within the nucleus and surrounded by methods. In other words, the variables and methods are encapsulated within the object. Each atom (or cell) is modular, that is, modifications to the object do not require encapsulating code to be rewritten, nor do objects need to be located within the same process or computer.

Object-to-Object Communication
Objects can interact and communicate with each other. If object A wants object B to perform one of B's methods, object A will send a message to object B. Consider a program which models driving a vehicle, Object A might be you and Object B might be a car. A message from A-B might involve identifying the object being called upon to perform some action [YourCar], the name of the method (or action) to perform [changeVelocity], and a parameter such as [muchFaster].
Read on: class, object (philosophy), object-oriented programming language, object-oriented programming, object-oriented technology, computing

List of basic computer science topics
See also: object creation
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Object (object-oriented programming)."

Object (philosophy)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

As used in philosophy, in general, an object is something that can have properties and relations. Hence a particular object is, basically, either a particular material body or a particular mind--or, on a neutral monist view, a particular that can be viewed under both physical and mental aspects.
Objects are often treated as types of particulars, but occasionally, philosophers see fit to speak of abstract objects--Platonic forms would be an example.
Much, much more at objecthood
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Object (philosophy)."

Object (task)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

An object in this meaning is the same thing as an objective or task. It comes from old project terminology and refers to the act of actually performing something according to a plan, or rather "according to a project" (the word "project" used to mean "plan").

See Also

Other uses of the word object
Project
Project management
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Object (task)."

Object-oriented programming

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm that emphasizes the following aspects:

The use of objects - objects are used extensively to modularize and structure the computer program.
Abstraction - combining multiple smaller operations into a single unit that can be referred to by name.
Encapsulation - separating implementation from interfaces.
Polymorphism - using the same name to invoke different operations on objects of different data types.
Inheritance - defining objects data types as extensions and/or restrictions of other object data types.

Notes: Abstraction is important to but not unique to OOP. Reusability is a benefit often attributed to OOP.
OOP is often called a paradigm rather than style or type of programming to emphasize the point that OOP can change the way software is developed, by changing the way that programmers and software engineers think about software.

Basic
The most fundamental aspect of object-oriented programming is that a computer program is composed of a collection of what are called objects. Each object is capable of receiving messages and sending messages to other objects and the user accesses the object via the interface, independent way from the internal structure of the object (encapsulation)--the technique known as abstraction with use of objects.
In OOP, programmers are supposed to concentrate on distributing responsibility over objects, which is in contrast to the view in traditional paradigms such as imperative programming where programmers are more concerned about steps of data processes to produce certain results. The proponents of OOP claim that the use of OOP style programming can make programs easier to write, maintain, reuse and prove correct (at least in some cases).

Inheritance
Inheritance: One object's data and/or functionality may be based on those of other objects, from which the former object is said to inherit. This allows commonalities among different kinds of objects to be expressed once and reused multiple times. Inheritance is also commonly held to include subtyping, whereby one type of object is defined to be a more specialised version of another type (see Liskov substitution principle), though non-subtyping inheritance is also possible. Inheritance is typically expressed by describing classes of objects arranged in an inheritance hierarchy reflecting common behavior.

OOP with procedural languages
In procedural languages, OOP often appears as a form where data types are extended to behave like an object in OOP, very similar to abstract data type with an extension such as inheritance. Each method is actually a subprogram which is syntaxtically bound to a class.

Definition
The definitions of OOP are disputed. In the most general sense, object-oriented programming refers to the practice of viewing software primarily in terms of the "things" (objects) it manipulates, rather than the actions it performs. Other paradigms such as functional and procedural programming focus primarily on the actions, with the objects being secondary considerations; in OOP, the situation is converse.
Widely-used terminology distinguishes object-oriented programming from object-based. The former is held to include inheritance (described below), while the latter does not. See Dispute over the definition of object-oriented programming

Class-based models
The most popular and developed model of OOP is a classed based model, as opposed to object-based model. In this model, objects are entities that combine both state (i.e., data) and behavior (i.e., procedures, or methodss). Objects are defined by a classes, which is a definition, or blueprint, of all objects of a specific type. An object is considered to be an instance of a class. A class is similar to a structure, with the addition of method pointers, member access control, and an implicit member data type which locates instances of the class (i.e.: actual objects of that class) in the class hierarchy (essential for runtime inheritance features).

Object-based models
Object-based programming techniques include the concept of an object (encapsulation, and abstraction) but do not include the class-based models of inheritance.

History
The concepts of object-oriented programming first took root in Simula 67, a language designed for making simulations, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Centre in Oslo. (Reportedly, the story is that they were working on ship simulations, and were confounded by the combinatorial explosion of how the different attributes from different ships could affect one another. The idea occurred to group the different types of ships into different classes of objects, each class of objects being responsible for defining its own data and behavior.) They were later refined in Smalltalk, which was developed in Simula at Xerox PARC, but was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which objects could be created and modified "on the fly" rather than having a system based on static programs.
Object-oriented programming "took off" as the dominant programming methodology during the mid-1980s, largely due to the influence of C++, an extension of the C programming language. Its dominance was further cemented by the rising popularity of Graphical user interfaces, for which object-oriented programming is allegedly well-suited. Indeed, the rise of GUIs changed the user focus from the sequential instructions of text-based interfaces to the more dynamic manipulation of tangible components. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the Cocoa frameworks on Mac OS X, written in Objective C, an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk.
Object-oriented features were added to many existing languages during that time, including Ada, BASIC, Lisp, Pascal, and others. Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code. "Pure" object-oriented languages, on the other hand, lacked features that many programmers had come to depend upon. To bridge this gap, many attempts have been made to create new languages based on object-oriented methods but allowing some procedural features in "safe" ways. Bertrand Meyer's Eiffel was an early and moderately successful language with those goals.
In the past decade Java has emerged in wide use partially because of it similarity to the [C language] but more importantly because if its implementation using a virtual machine that theoretically runs code unchanged on many different platforms, the latter of which makes it the darling of larger development shops with hetergeneous environments.
More recently, a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented yet compatible with procedural methodology, such as Python and Ruby. Besides Java, probably the most commerically important recent object-oriented languages are VB.NET and C Sharp designed for Microsoft's .NET platform.
Just as procedural programming led to refinements of technique such as structured programming, modern object-oriented software design methods include refinements such as the use of design patterns, design by contract, and modelling languages (such as UML).

Further reading

Booch, Grady. (1993) ISBN 0805353402 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications (Second Edition). Addison-Wesley.
Gamma, Erich, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides. (1995) ISBN 0201633612 Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley.
Meyer, Bertrand. (1997) ISBN 0136291554 Object-Oriented Software Construction (Second Edition). Prentice Hall.
Rumbaugh, James, Michael Blaha, William Premerlani, Frederick Eddy, William Lorensen. (1991) ISBN 0136298419 Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. Prentice Hall.
Jacobsen, Ivar. (1994) ISBN 0201544350 Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case-Driven Approach. Addison-Wesley.
Abelson, Harold, Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. (1996) ISBN 0262011530 Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (Second edition). The MIT Press

See also:

Software component
Interface description language
class
object
object-based programming
Object-oriented programming language
Functional programming
Procedural programming
Structured programming
Post-object programming
glossary of object-oriented programming

External link

Object-oriented programming FAQ
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Object-oriented programming."

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Object

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
OBEX	English	OBject EXchange	Computer - (WordPerfect)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Object

Synonyms: aim (n), objective (n), physical object (n), target (n). (additional references)

Synonyms within Context: Object

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Conformity	Example, instance, specimen, sample, quotation; exemplification, illustration, case in point; object lesson; elucidation.
Disapprobation	Verb: disapprove; dislike; lament; object to, take exception to; be scandalized at, think ill of; view with disfavor, view with dark eyes, view with jaundiced eyes; nil admirari, disvalue; improbate.
Dislike	Verb: mislike misrelish, dislike, disrelish; mind, object to; have rather not, would rather not, prefer not to, not care for; have a dislike for, conceive a dislike to, entertain a dislike for, take a dislike to, have an aversion to, have an aversion for; have no taste for, have no stomach for.
Hate	Repugnance; (dislike); misanthropy, demonophobia, gynephobia, negrophobia; odium, unpopularity; detestation, antipathy; object of hatred, object of execration; abomination, aversion, b_te noire; enemy; bitter pill; source of annoyance.
Importance	Verb: be important; Adjective:, be somebody, be something; import, signify, matter, boot, be an object; carry weight; (influence); make a figure; (repute); be in the ascendant, come to the front, lead the way, take the lead, play first fiddle, throw all else into the shade; lie at the root of; deserve notice, merit notice, be worthy of notice, be worthy of regard, be worthy of consideration.
Intention	Final cause; raison d'etre; cui bono; object, aim, end; "the be all and the end all"; drift; (meaning); tendency; destination, mark, point, butt, goal, target, bull's-eye,
MATERIALITY	Object, article, thing, something; still life; stocks and stones; materials .
Pain	Sufferer, victim, prey, martyr, object of compassion, wretch, shorn lamb.
Substantiality	Noun: substantiality, hypostasis; person, being, thing, object, article, item; something, a being, an existence; creature, body, substance, flesh and blood, stuff, substratum; matter; corporeity, element, essential nature, groundwork, materiality, substantialness, vital part.
Success	Gain a point, attain a point, carry a point, secure a point, win a point, win an object; get there; manage to, contrive to; accomplish; (effect, complete); do wonders, work wonders; make a go of it.
Ugliness	Eyesore, object, witch, hag, figure, sight, fright; monster; dog, woofer, pig; octopus, specter, scarecrow, harridan, satyr, toad, monkey, baboon, Caliban, Aesop, "monstrum horrendum informe ingens cui lumen ademptum".
Unimportance	Triviality, levity, frivolity; paltriness; Adjective:; poverty; smallness; vanity; (uselessness); matter of indifference; no object.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Object

English words defined with "object": depicted object, direct object ♦ extraterrestrial object ♦ indirect object ♦ natural object ♦ Object glass, Object lesson, object of a preposition, object of the verb ♦ prepositional object ♦ retained object ♦ sex object ♦ Test object ♦ Ulterior object, unidentified flying object. (references)

Specialty definitions using "object": active object ♦ binary large object ♦ Common LISP Object System, Common Object File Format, Common Object Model, Common Object Request Broker Architecture, Component Object Model ♦ decayed object, Distributed Component Object Model, Document Object Model ♦ Formal Object Role Modeling Language ♦ GNU Network Object Model Environment, Gopher object type, Graphics Language Object System, Graph-Oriented Object Database ♦ highly sensitive object ♦ international object ♦ LEVEL5 OBJECT, Lisp Object Oriented Programming System ♦ mailbox object, MUD Object Oriented ♦ Nexpert Object ♦ Object CHILL, Object Compatibility Standard, Object Data Management Group, Object Database Management Group, object features, object ID, object identification, object identifier, Object Linking and Embedding, Object Lisp, Object Management Group, Object management system, Object Modelling Technique, Object Oberon, Object Pascal, object perceived color, object perceived colour, Object Request Broker, Object Role Modeling, Object Value, Object Z ♦ rich object, risk-sensitive object ♦ Scheme Object System, Simple Object Access Protocol, special object, Storage Object, Summary Object Interchange Format ♦ work object. (references)

Etymologies containing "object": Who. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Object" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses.

Dutch (article, object, thing).

Modern Usage: Object

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	No. We're discussing an object from which I receive in the classic formula a glancing blow which will raise a lump without actually cracking the cranium (Sleuth; writing credit: Anthony Shaffer) I object. (While You Were Sleeping; writing credit: Daniel G. Sullivan; Fredric LeBow) An object of affection to quench your royal fire (Coming to America; writing credit: David Sheffield) A toothbrush, see,is a non-lethal sort of object. (The Shawshank Redemption; writing credit: Frank Darabont) I object to a cut-rate one. (Casablanca; writing credit: Murray Burnett; Joan Alison)
Movie/TV Titles	Love Object (1974) I Object (1974) The Love Object (1967) Object Z Returns (1966) The Object Is (1963)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Commercial Usage: Object

Domain	Title
Books	Best of Booch: Designing Strategies for Object Technology (reference) Designing Object Oriented C++ Applications Using The Booch Method (reference) Use Case Driven Object Modeling With Uml: A Practical Approach (Addison Wesley Object Technology Series) (reference) Goal accusative and object accusative in Homer : a contribution to the theory of transitivity (reference) ATL Internals (The Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series) (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Object (reference) (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies	Object of Obsession (reference) The Object of Beauty (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	Object Unknown [CD-SINGLE] (reference) Unidentified Musical Object (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	IBM OBJECT REXX INTERPRETER ED (reference) 3M Object Display Camera Auto Foc Iris Shutter 16X Zoom 3-Lux (reference) Object Rexx 1.0 Development Edition (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Object

Photo Album: Object

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Follow-up observations of an unusual object initially suspected to be the first directly ... Credit: NASA.		NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has revealed a new class of object in the universe -- a ... Credit: NASA.
	Astronomers have made the first unambiguous detection of an elusive type of object known as a ... Credit: NASA.		Betelgeuse, the brightest star in the constellation Orion. (Produced with ESA's Faint Object Camera (FOC), Hubble Space Telescope.). Credit: NASA.
	Mira A, also known as Omicron Ceti, in the constellation Cetus. (Produced with ESA's Faint Object Camera (FOC), Hubble Space Telescope.). Credit: NASA.		Pluto and its satellite Charon as taken with ESA's Faint Object Camera on HST. Credit: NASA.
	Pluto as taken with ESA's Faint Object Camera on HST. Credit: NASA.		Map of Pluto derived from data from ESA's Faint Object Camera on HST. Credit: NASA.
	Life in the marsh colonizing a man-made object on Helena Island. Credit: America's Coastlines.		A cat train on the move across the tundra Moving equipment and supplies from Barter Island to Tigvariak Island Black object is a boat hull for use in the summer. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Digital Photo Gallery: Object


"Object series" by Karl-Erik Bennion Commentary: "Shot of color oil novelty toy."	"Wood object" by Iliana . Commentary: "Wood object."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

Sounds Captioned with "Object".

Play	Caption	Play	Caption
	Ocean shore and flying object sounds with a digital melody in the background.		Man grunting while trying to heave a heavy object.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Familiar Quotations: Object

Author	Quotation
Averroes	Knowledge is the conformity of the object and the intellect.
Daniel Webster	Let our object be our country, our whole country and nothing but our country.
George Meredith	Possession without obligation to the object possessed approaches felicity.
John Keats	There is not a fiercer hell than the failure in a great object.
Karl Marx	Nothing can have value without being an object of utility.
Napoleon Bonaparte	Public instruction should be the first object of government.
Pliny The Younger	An object in possession seldom retains the same charm that it had in pursuit.
Shakespeare	How quickly nature falls into revolt when gold becomes her object.
Sir Richard Steele	The fool within himself is the object of pity, until he is flattered.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Historic Usage: Object

Author	Date	Quotation
US Declaration of Independence	1776	The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. (reference)
US Constitution	1791	In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually to provide for the same. (reference)
Communist Manifesto	1848	German Socialism forgot, in the nick of time, that the French criticism, whose silly echo it was, presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its corresponding economic conditions of existence, and the political constitution adapted thereto, the very things whose attainment was the object of the pending struggle in Germany. (reference)
Treaty of Versailles	1919	Any of the Governments of the Members may formally object to the inclusion of any item or items in the agenda. (reference)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Use in Literature: Object

Title	Author	Quote
Emma	Austen, Jane	She was, of course, the object of their joint dislike
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded	Carroll, Lewis	A very few steps brought me in sight of the object of my search
Scarlet Letter	Hawthorne, Nathaniel	But the object that most drew my attention, in the mysterious package, was a certain affair of fine red cloth, much worn and faded
Les Miserables	Hugo, Victor	But nothing checks or interrupts the tension of all these energies towards their object.
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man	Joyce, James	The object of the artist is the creation of the beautiful
King Richard III	Shakespeare, William	Good faith, good faith, the saying did not hold In him that did object the same to thee
Walden	Thoreau, Henry David	As if the main object were to talk fast and not to talk sensibly
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Non-Fiction Usage: Object

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		For this exercise, you stand and hold a cone-shaped object within your vagina. (references)
		A penetrating head injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue. (references)
		XXY males frequently have trouble finding the right word to describe an object or a situation. (references)
Business		Most food chains do not seem to object to products that have been made using GMOs as long as they do not need to be labeled (see list above). (references)
		It should also include information on the function, construction, building technologies and materials to be used in the building of the object. (references)
		Provided the competent authority evaluates the application positively, the dossier is forwarded to the European Commission and the competent authorities of the other member states, which have the right to object. (references)
Civil Liberties	Georgia	Rezonansi also was the object of threats during the year. (references)
	Georgia	This suit and others were initiated by government officials who were the object of such investigative reports. (references)
	Eritrea	The Government does not excuse individuals who object to national service for religious reasons or reasons of conscience, nor does the Government allow alternative service. (references)
Economic History	Oman	Oman was the object of Franco-British rivalry throughout the 18th century. (references)
	Australia	The Commission usually has 21 days in which to endorse, object or suggest a different price to that proposed. (references)
	Germany	Employers, for example, object to its "rigidities" - in principle protective rules, such as restrictions on night work. (references)
Human Rights	Kenya	Lawyers can object to the appointments of specific assessors. (references)
	Israel and the occupied territories	The IDF soldiers stated that they viewed the bag as a suspicious object. (references)
	Kuwait	However, the Government does not return deportees to their countries of origin forcibly, allowing those who object to remain in detention. (references)
Indigenous People	Chile	Several Mapuche families continued to object to exchanging traditional lands for other property as part of the Ralco hydroelectric project. (references)
	Chile	Sixty-seven families accepted economic inducements to move to other land but six families involved continued to object to ENDESA's effort to have them resettled. (references)
Minorities	Cote d'Ivoire	Some non-Muslims also object to having to hear the muezzins' calls to prayer. (references)
Political Economy	ECUADOR	Many bidders object to the requirement for a bank-issued guarantee to ensure execution of the contract. (references)
	CANADA	U.S. exporters object to provincial minimum import price requirements, and cost-of-service and packaging size issues hinder the importation of U.S. wine. (references)
	Venezuela	Human rights organizations continued to object to the way the national Human Rights Ombudsman was chosen and complained that the office has acted on few cases brought before it. Violence and discrimination against women, abuse of children, discrimination against persons with disabilities, and inadequate protection of the rights of indigenous people remained problems. (references)
Women	Cote d'Ivoire	Neighbors often intervene in a domestic quarrel to protect a woman who is the known object of physical abuse. (references)
	Costa Rica	An old law permitted a judge to pardon a man accused of statutory rape if the perpetrator intends to marry the victim, she and her family acquiesce, and the National Institute for Children does not object; however, an August 1999 reform to the Penal Code rendered this article void. (references)
Worker Rights	Cyprus	Unions in both parts of Cyprus may and do affiliate with international trade union organizations, although Greek Cypriot unions sometimes object to recognition of Turkish Cypriot unions formed after 1963. (references)
Lexicography	Devil's Dictionary	ACQUAINTANCE, n. A person whom we know well enough to borrow from, but not well enough to lend to. A degree of friendship called slight when its object is poor or obscure, and intimate when he is rich or famous.
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Spoken Usage: Object

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Dennis Miller	The sad truth is, we don't object to the slanted nature of our news because being told how to think is easier than figuring it out for ourselves.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Speeches: Object

Speaker	Term	Phrase(s)
George Washington	1789-1797	Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge.
John Adams	1797-1801	To accomplish this important object, a prudent foresight requires that systematic measures be adopted for procuring at all times the requisite timber and other supplies.
Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809	Some of the States have paid a laudable attention to this object, but every degree of neglect is to be found among others.
James Madison	1809-1817	From the talents and activity of the officer charged with this object everything that can be done may be expected.
James Monroe	1817-1825	That armament has been eminently successful in the accomplishment of its object.
John Quincy Adams	1825-1829	Its object was to balance the burdens upon native industry imposed by the operation of foreign laws, but not to aggravate the burdens of one section of the Union by the relief afforded to another.
Andrew Jackson	1829-1837	But beyond this object we have already seen the operation of the system productive of discontent.
Martin van Buren	1837-1841	Such attempts at dangerous agitation may periodically return, but with each the object will be better understood.
James K. Polk	1845-1849	One great object of the Constitution was to restrain majorities from oppressing minorities or encroaching upon their just rights.
James Buchanan	1857-1861	Let every Union-loving man, therefore, exert his best influence to suppress this agitation, which since the recent legislation of Congress is without any legitimate object.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Usage Frequency: Object

"Object" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 86.67% of the time. "Object" is used about 5,777 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	86.67%	5,007	1,957
Lexical Verb (infinitive)	10.01%	578	10,939
Lexical Verb (base form)	3.16%	183	22,794
Noun (proper)	0.1%	6	143,867
Unclassified Items	0.05%	3	202,518
Total	100.00%	5,777	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Expressions: Object

Expressions using "object": abstract object ♦ accomplish one's object ♦ active object ♦ all our efforts tend to same object ♦ animated object ♦ art object ♦ basic Object System ♦ be an object of derision ♦ binary large object ♦ bounded object ♦ child object ♦ common LISP Object System ♦ common Object File Format ♦ common Object Model ♦ common Object Request Broker Architecture ♦ component Object Model ♦ conspicuous object ♦ cultural object ♦ depicted object ♦ deposited object ♦ direct object ♦ distributed Component Object Model ♦ document Object Model ♦ extraterrestrial object ♦ fat object ♦ flying object ♦ foreign object damage ♦ formal Object Role Modeling Language ♦ gnu Network Object Model Environment ♦ gopher object type ♦ graphics Language Object System ♦ have as its object ♦ highly sensitive object ♦ his only one and only object ♦ holy object ♦ inanimate object ♦ indirect object ♦ LEVEL5 OBJECT ♦ Lisp Object Oriented Programming System ♦ mailbox object ♦ managed object ♦ mental object ♦ money is no object ♦ mud Object Oriented ♦ Natural language description of object movements in a traffic scene ♦ natural object ♦ near Earth object ♦ nexpert Object ♦ no object ♦ Object Attachment ♦ object ball ♦ object CHILL ♦ object clause ♦ object code ♦ object Compatibility Standard ♦ object Data Management Group ♦ object Database Management Group ♦ object deletion ♦ object drawing ♦ object features ♦ object file ♦ object for meditation ♦ object glass ♦ object ID ♦ object identification ♦ object identifier ♦ object language ♦ object lens ♦ object lesson ♦ object Linking and Embedding ♦ object Lisp ♦ object Management Group ♦ object management system ♦ object Modelling Technique ♦ object Oberon ♦ object of a preposition ♦ object of admiration ♦ object of art ♦ object of compassion ♦ object of desire ♦ object of hatred ♦ object of interest ♦ object of praise ♦ object of the verb ♦ object of value ♦ object of vertu ♦ object oriented ♦ object Pascal ♦ object perceived color ♦ object perceived colour ♦ object plate ♦ object program ♦ object recognition ♦ object Request Broker ♦ object Role Modeling ♦ object slide ♦ object staff ♦ object teaching ♦ object to ♦ object Value ♦ object Z. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "object": object-based, object-categories, object-cathexes, object-cathexis, object-centred, object-choice, object-code, object-concepts, object-discourses, object-discoveries, object-enabled, object-enabling, object-finder, object-glass, object-glasses, object-identity, object-language, object-lesson, object-level, object-like, object-linking, object-management, object-matter, object-naming, object-notion, object-orientated, object-orientation, object-oriented, object-oriented, object-oriented analysis, object-oriented database, object-oriented database management system, object-oriented design, Object-Oriented Fortran, object-oriented language, Object-Oriented Pascal, object-oriented programing language, object-oriented programming, object-oriented programming language, Object-oriented SQL, Object-Oriented Turing, object-passing, object-processing, object-recognizing, object-referring, object-related, object-relations, object-relationship, object-relationships, object-term, object-text, object-topic, object-topics, object-transcending, object-types, object-words.
	Ending with "object": faint-object, love-object, money-no-object, subject-object.
	Containing "object": Concurrent Object-Oriented C, Concurrent Object-Oriented Language, distributed-object-computing, Dynamic Object-Oriented Requirements System, Lisp Object-Oriented Programming System, Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling, red-object-appropriate, Subject-object-verb, Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Object

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
sims object	1,927	object design	60
downloads object sims	571	download free object sims	59
object	526	the object of my affection	54
business object	378	3d object	53
free object sims	295	object sims superstar	47
download object sims	286	dock object	47
object insertion	224	shock wave flash object	46
object oriented programming	202	anal object	45
object oriented database	198	component object model	44
object sim	183	object sims skin	44
downloads free object sims	128	object in pussy	43
apply c description education experience experience job job job job listing mail now object object objective oo ooa ood opening opportunity oriented oriented reference resume resume resume skill submit work	124	object oriented design	42
object oriented	122	active can component create object t x	41
c++ not object object oo ooa ood oriented oriented our present resume us we	113	direct object	41
necessary object	107	downloadable object sims	41
adult object sims	96	christian object lesson	39
object desktop	94	child object lesson	38
sex object	93	bar object	38
object lesson	88	download object sim	37
unidentified flying object	68	free object sim	35
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Modern Translation: Object

Language		Translations for "object"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		send (article, item, piece, thing), objekt (article, objective, target, thing), gjë (article, baby, item, job, line, piece, thing). (various references)

Arabic		‏مفعول به (predicate), ‏موضوع (item, matter, motif, question, subject, theme, topic), ‏موضع (locale, locality, locus, objectify, place, position, seat, site, situation, spot), ‏هدف (aim, butt, clout, end, goal, ideal, intent, intention, mark, objective, plan, purpose, study, target, tendency, view), ‏قصد (aim, design, end, go to, goal, have in mind, intend, intent, intention, mean, motive, purpose, repair to, sake, seek), ‏غاية (aim, destination, end, goal, mean, plan, point, purpose, tendency, uttermost), ‏عارض (adventitious, disagree, discountenance, dissent, exhibitor, join issue with, mind, negative, nix, not to hold with, oppose, part company, precarious, protest, take issue wit), ‏ذات (one, person, self), ‏المجرور (genitive), ‏إحتج (allege, complain, demur, deprecate, expostulate, grouse, nag, pick, protest, remonstrate, represent, take exception to, yell), ‏إعترض (bar, blockade, challenge, cross, demur, except, expostulate, impugn, intercept, interpose, interrupt, intervene, object to, obstruct, oppose, protest, remonstrate, stop, take exception to, traverse), ‏رفض الموافقة على, ‏شىء (contraption, matter, something, thing, thingummy), ‏دافع (advocate, apologize, assert, buckler, champion, cushion, defend, guard, guard against, hold off, impetus, impulse, impulsive, inducement, motive, payer, projectile, propellant, propeller, propulsive, repulsive, score, stand for, stick up for, urge, vindicate). (various references)

Basque		gauzaki. (various references)

Bulgarian		не одобрявам (damn, disapprove, discountenance, disesteem, disfavor, disfavour, negative, object to, turn away), имам нещо против (mind), предмет (article, subject, subject matter, thing), противопоставям се (counter, react, resist), протестирам (declaim, kick, obtest, outcry, protest, remonstrate, up in arms), жалък човек (poor creature), допълнение (addendum, addition, adjunct, affix, afterthought, amplification, annexe, complement, pendant, supplement), намерение (aim, aiming, animus, design, drift, intent, intention, motion, notion, plan, purpose, scope, thought, view), скица (contour, cure, delineation, design, diagram, draft, draught, freehand drawing, outline, plan, plat, plot, schema, scheme, scream, skeleton, sketch, study, vignette), нещо с жалък вид, нещо със смешен вид, обект (entity, objective, project), вещ (adept, canny, discriminating, expert, proficient, scientific, skilful, skilled, sophisticated, thing), възразявам (but, except, expostulate, quarrel, remonstrate, reply, take up, talk back), цел (aim, ambition, consummation, designation, destination, effect, end, goal, intent, intention, mission, objective, point, purport, purpose, scope, target, turn), значение (account, amount, consequence, consideration, denotation, hang, heft, import, importance, intention, interest, magnitude, matter, meaning, message, moment, notability, pith, sense, significance, signification, tenor, value, weight). (various references)

Chinese		賓語 , 物體 (body, substance), 物件 , 物 (matter, thing), 事物 (thing), 對象 (boyfriend, girlfriend, partner, target), 对象. (various references)

Czech		zámìr (contemplation, design, entente, intention, plot, purpose), protestovat (protest, remonstrate), předmìt (article, item, matter, subject, thing), nesouhlasit (be at odds with, disaccord, disagree, disapprove, discommend, discountenance, dissent), namítat (demur, offer), mít námitky (demur), cíl (aim, goal, objective, purpose, target), úèel (purpose, use, view). (various references)

Danish		ting (article, thing, things). (various references)

Dutch		object (article, thing), onderwerp (article, subject, theme, thing, topic), mikpunt (article, thing), ding (affair, article, business, business deal, case, matter, thing, thingamajig, whatchamacallit). (various references)

Esperanto		objekto (article, thing). (various references)

Faeroese		ting (article, congress, convention, parliament, thing), lutur (article, commodity, part, Parthian, piece, rôle, share, thing). (various references)

Farsi		مفعول (Passive), منظره (Landscape, Outlook, Perspective, Picture, Prospect, Scene, Scenery, Sight, Spectacle, View, Vision), موضوع (Head, Issue, Motif, Point, Problem, Proposition, Question, Subject, Text, Theme, Topic), مخالفت کردن (Blackball, Controvert, Oppose, Withstand), هدف (Aim, Butt, Cause, Goal, Mark, Parrot, Point, Prick, Purpose, Scope, Sight, Target, Victim), چیز (Article, Nip, Res, Stuff, Thing), کالا (Article, Commodity, Lot, Merchandise, Stuff, Traffic), اعتراض کردن (Except, Obtest, Protest, Squawk), شیی (Subject, Substance). (various references)

Finnish		objekti (context, object of interest), kohde (objective, subject), esine (article, thing). (various references)

French		objet (individual object, object of interest, particular object), chose. (various references)

German		Objekt (article, entity, objekt, property, subject, thing), Gegenstand (article, item, matter, subject, theme, thing, topic), zweck (aim, end, function, goal, point, purpose, target), Ding (affair, article, business, business deal, case, Dong, entity, gadget, item, job, matter, thing). (various references)

Greek		αντικείμενο (article, objective, subject). (various references)

Hawaiian		objekt (article, thing), send (article, thing), gjë (article, thing). (various references)

Hebrew		מושא, מטרה (aim, cause, goal, intent, intention, objective, purpose, target), לערער על (appeal against, challenge), להתנגד (be against, brave, demur, discountenance, mind, oppose, rebel, resist, take exception to), תכלית (aim, completion, end, intention, limit, perfection, point, purpose), עצם (essence, matter, substance, thing), אוביקט, חפץ (article, delight, desire, thing, wanting, willing, wish), דבר (affair, anything, matter, message, saying, something, thing, word). (various references)

Hungarian		tárgy (chose, matter, purport, referent, subject, subject-matter, theme, thing, topic), dolog (affair, business, business deal, case, chose, clinker, close call, crackerjack, dishonour, job, labor, labour, lash-up, ledger, matter, mite, number, quickie, quicky, shebang, shocker, startler, stuff, the cards were stacked against me, thing, work), cél (aim, cock-shot, consummation, destination, goal, intent, Mark, objective, purport, purpose, target). (various references)

Indonesian		penderita (accusative, sufferer, victim), benda (article, thing), barang (article, baggage, commodity, item, ware), bahan (data, datum, material, matter, stuff). (various references)

Italian		oggetto (article, subject, subject matter, thing), cosa (article, dud, matter, piece, stuff, thing, what). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		趣旨 (meaning), 物 (thing). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		ぶっしょう (evidence, exhibit, natural phenomenon, science of inanimate nature, the Buddha nature), もくてきご, もくてきぶつ, あて (addressed to, aim, end, expectations, hopes), めあて (end, guide, purpose, view), あって (aim, end, expectations, hopes), オブジェ , オブジェクト , もの (person, thing), かくたい, たいしょうたい, ぶったい (body), さんたい (the three character styles: square and semicursive and grass), しゅし (finger, gist, idea, meaning, motive, opinion, pit, seed), きゃくご, きゃくたい, たい (against, another intention, band, be crowned with, body, company, complying with, corps, double-mindedness, fickleness, form, ill will, image counter, keeping in mind, malice, obedience, opposition, party, ratio, reality, receive, schnapper, sea bream, secret purpose, snapper, style, substance, the body, ulterior motive, versus), たいしょう (a caravan, admiral, antithesis, big prize, boss, comparison, contrast, crushing victory, first prize, general, great victory, hearty laugh, imperial rescript, loud laughter, specific, subject, symmetry, Taisho Era, target), かくご (preparedness, readiness, resignation, resolution). (various references)

Korean		목표 (goal, no-goal). (various references)

Lombard		roba (article, thing). (various references)

Malay		benda (article, thing). (various references)

Manx		shassoo noi (confrontation, objection, resist, resistance, withstand), red (article, item, matter, thing), nhee (concern, fact, item, matter, thing). (various references)

Norwegian		ting (article, thing). (various references)

Occitan		objèct (thing). (various references)

Papiamen		opheto (article, thing), kos (affair, article, business, business deal, case, matter, thing), koroto (article, thing). (various references)

Pig Latin		objectay.(various references)

Polish		obiekt (article, thing), przedmiot (article, thing). (various references)

Portuguese		objeto (article, cockshot, fixture, goods, target, thing), objecto (article, thing), coisa (affair, article, business, business deal, case, matter, shebang, stuff, thing, wing). (various references)

Romanian		obiect (article, cause, implement, reason, subject, thing), lucru (act, activity, article, belongings, business, cert, deed, employment, happening, implement, job, labor, labour, matter, occurrence, operation, predecessor, service, situation, thing, things, traps, work, working). (various references)

Russian		вещь (article, concern, pair, shebang, thing). (various references)

Scottish		uamhas (dread, horror, monster, object of, terror), gràdh (affection, beloved, beloved object, love), gobhal (a fork, a forked object, fork), gaol (beloved object, fondness, love), fairleas (an object on the sky-line), cuspair (an object, mark to aim at, object aimed at), culaidh (apparel, boat, boat; object : culaidh-eagail, tool), àsran (a forlorn object). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		objekat (installation), stvar (affair, article, case, cause, matter, shebang, subject, thing), staviti prigovor (raise an objection), protestovati (deprecate, obtest, protest), predmetni (objective, topic), predmet (article, case, item, lemma, material, subject, topic), biti protiv. (various references)

Spanish		objecto (article, thing), objeto (aim, end, exhibit, goal, objet, purpose, single, target, thing). (various references)

Swahili		kitu (article, thing). (various references)

Swedish		objekt (article, objects, thing), tingest (thing), ting (matter, session at court, thing), invända, föremål (article, items, subject, thing). (various references)

Tagalog		bágay (article, thing). (various references)

Thai		กล่าวคำคัดค้าน, วัตถุประสงค์ (sake), วัตถุ (material), คัดค้าน (baulk at, jib at, lay against, negative, object against, object to, sit down on). (various references)

Turkish		obje, razı olmamak (stand off), nesne (article, objective, objective case), karşı çıkmak (antagonize, argue against smth., be faced with, contravene, deprecate, disaffirm, except, face, go against, go counter to, interpose, mind, object to, oppose, protest, protest against, resist, run counter to, set against, traverse), itirazı olmak (have an objection to, object to), itiraz etmek (argue, argue against smth., blow the whistle on, buck, challenge, contest, contravene, demur, deprecate, dispute, except, expostulate, gainsay, interpose, make an objection to, object to, oppose, protest, protest against, raise an objection to, remonstrate, take exception to, take objection to), hedef (aim, blank, bourn, Bourne, butt, clout, cock-shy, destination, goal, home, intention, land of promise, Mark, objective, promised land, purpose, rover, target, terminus), gaye (aim, cause, consummation, ideal, intent, intention, purpose), cisim (body, matter, substance), cins adam, şey (affair, article, chose, concern, doing, doings, doodad, doohickey, lark, matter, stuff, thing, thingumabob, thingumajig, thingummy, well, whosit), amaç (aim, bourn, Bourne, cause, consummation, design, destination, dream, drift, function, goal, idea, ideal, intent, intention, meaning, mission, objective, plan, point, purpose, purview, scope, sense, target, terminus, turn, use, view, wherefore, will). (various references)

Turkmen		obяekt (r) (building site), garюy cykmak (disagree). (various references)

Ukrainian		річ (own, thing), висловлювати несхвалення (object to), об'єкт (not-self, subject, target), недоладна людина, не схвалювати (discountenance), не зносити, не любити (bar), мета (aim, ambition, design, effect, goal, intention, objective, point, purport, purpose, use), заперечую, заперечувати (abnegate, answer, answer back, challenge, contradict, contravene, demur, deny, disaffirm, disallow, disavow, disclaim, disown, expostulate, forbid, gainsay, impugn, mind, negative, nill, oppugn, rejoin, talk back), безглузда річ, протестувати (cry shame, demur, deprecate, except, expostulate, obtest, protest, remonstrate), противитися (object to, oppose), предмет (article, body, chapter, stuff, subject, teaching), додаток (addendum, adjunct, adjunction, affix, annex, annexe, appendage, appendant, appendix, codicil, complement, enclosure, inclosure, supplement). (various references)

Vietnamese		vật thể đối tượng, vật đáng khinh, người lố lăng, mục đích người đáng thương, đồ vật (gadget, nick-nack). (various references)

Welsh		gwrthrych (subject), gwrthddadlau (controvert), drych (looking-glass, mirror, pattern, spectacle). (various references)

Yucatec		ba'al (article, thing). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Ancestral Language Translations: Object

Language	Period	Translations
Latin	500 BCE-Modern	causati, causeris, obicere, obiciebant, obiciens, obicientes, obicit, obiciuntur, objectare, recusantes, res. (various references)
Medieval Latin	700-1500	objectum. (various references)
Italian	900-Modern	scopo. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Bible Trace: Object

Language	Date	Source	Acts Chapter 24, Verse 19
Greek (transliterated)	250 BC	Septuagint	OuV dei epi sou pareinai kai kathgorein ei ti ecoien proV me
Latin	405	Vulgate	Quidam autem ex Asia Iudaei quos oportebat apud te praesto esse et accusare si quid haberent adversum me
Middle English	1395	Wyclif	And summe Jewis of Asie, whiche it behofte to be now present at thee, and accuse, if thei hadden ony thing ayens me,
Renaissance English	1526	Tyndale	Which ought to be here present before the and accuse me yf they had ought agaynst me:
Jacobean English	1611	King James	Who ought to have been here before thee, and object, if they had ought against me.
Victorian English	1833	Webster	Who ought to have been here before thee, and object if they had aught against me.
Basic English	1964	Ogden	And it would have been better if they had come here to make a statement, if they have anything against me.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Matched Bible Translations: Object

Language	Acts Chapter 24, Verse 19
Albanian	Por ishin disa Judenj të Azisë, që duhej të dilnin para teje për të më akuzuar, se kishin diçka kundër meje.
Cebuano	kini sila mao untay kinahanglan ania dinhi sa imong atubangan ug magahimo sa sumbong, kon ugaling aduna man silay bisan unsa nga batok kanako.
Chinese	他們若有告我的事、就應當到你面前來告我。
Croatian	Ali neki Židovi iz Azije - da, trebalo bi da se oni pojave pred tobom i optuže me ako što imaju protiv mene.
Danish	og de burde nu være til Stede hos dig og klage, om de have noget på mig at sige.
Dutch	Welke behoorden hier voor u tegenwoordig te zijn, en mij te beschuldigen, indien zij iets hadden tegen mij.
Finnish	heidän tulisi nyt olla saapuvilla sinun edessäsi ja syyttää, jos heillä olisi jotakin minua vastaan.
French	C`était à eux de paraître en ta présence et de se porter accusateurs, s`ils avaient quelque chose contre moi.
German	Das waren aber etliche Juden aus Asien, welche sollten hier sein vor dir und mich verklagen, so sie etwas wider mich hätten.
Hungarian	Kiknek ide kellett volna te elõdbe jõni és vádolni, ha valami panaszuk volna ellenem.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari	Hanya ada beberapa orang Yahudi di sana dari provinsi Asia. Merekalah yang seharusnya ada di sini untuk mengajukan pengaduan mereka kepada Tuan, kalau mereka ada sesuatu pengaduan terhadap saya.
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama	melainkan ada beberapa orang Yahudi sahaja dari Asia, yang patut ada di sini menghadap Tuan membawa tuduhannya kalau mereka itu ada barang pendakwaannya atas hamba.
Italian	Furono dei Giudei della provincia d'Asia a trovarmi, e loro dovrebbero comparire qui davanti a te ad accusarmi, se hanno qualche cosa contro di me;
Latvian	Tâpçc daþiem Âzijas jûdiem vajadzçja bût ðeit tavâ priekðâ un apsûdzçt, ja tiem kas bûtu pret mani.
Maori	Tera ano ra etahi Hurai no Ahia; ko te tikanga kia haere mai ratou ki a koe ki te whakawa, ki te mea he mea ta ratou moku.
Norwegian	og disse burde trede frem for dig og komme med sin klage om de hadde noget å si på mig.
Portuguese	os quais deviam comparecer diante de ti e acusar-me se tivessem alguma coisa contra mim;
Rumanian	Ei knwiwi ar trebui sq se knfqyiweze knaintea ta, wi sq mq pkrascq, dacq au ceva kmpotriva mea.
Shuar	Tura wi yajauch Túraitkuinkia winia Wáitkiarainia nu Táchatniukait ámin ujatmaktasa.
Spanish	Ellos deberían comparecer delante de ti y traer acusaciones, si es que tienen algo contra mí.
Swahili	Lakini kulikuwa na Wayahudi wengine kutoka mkoa wa Asia; hao ndio wangepaswa kuwa hapa mbele yako na kutoa mashtaka yao kama wana chochote cha kusema dhidi yangu.
Swedish	av några judar från provinsen Asien, vilka nu borde vara här tillstädes inför dig och framställa sina klagomål, om de hava något att anklaga mig för.
Uma	Kakoo-kono-na, ke to Yahudi to ngkai Asia toera-dile to kana tumai mpakilu-a hi Gubernur, ane ria mpu'u sala' -ku hi hira' -e.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Derivations & Misspellings: Object

Derivations
	Words beginning with "object": objected, objectification, objectifications, objectified, objectifies, objectify, objectifying, objecting, objection, objectionable, objectionableness, objectionablenesses, objectionably, objections, objective, objectively, objectiveness, objectivenesses, objectives, objectivism, objectivisms, objectivist, objectivistic, objectivists, objectivities, objectivity, objectless, objectlessness, objectlessnesses, objector, objectors, objects. (additional references)
	Words ending with "object": reobject. (additional references)
	Words containing "object": nonobjective, nonobjectivism, nonobjectivisms, nonobjectivist, nonobjectivists, nonobjectivities, nonobjectivity, reobjected, reobjecting, reobjects, unobjectionable. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Object" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: bject, Obect, obje, objec, objecti, objectiq, objet, obtect. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Rhyming with "Object"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "object" (pronounced Ä"bjekt or ubje"kt)
5	-b j e k t	abject.
4	-j e k t	project.
3	-e k t	defect, prospect.
6	u b j e" k t	subject.
4	-j e" k t	deject, eject, inject, interject, reject.
3	-e" k t	affect, bedecked, checked, collect, confect, connect, correct, decked, deflect, detect, direct, disaffect, disconnect, disinfect, disrespect, dissect, effect, elect, erect, expect, incorrect, indirect, infect, inflect, inspect, interconnect, intersect, misdirect, necked, neglect, overprotect, perfect, protect, rechecked, recollect, reconnect, redirect, reelect, reflect, reinspect, respect, resurrect, sect, select, suspect, trekked, unchecked, wecht, wrecked.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Anagrams: Object

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "b-c-e-j-o-t"
	-1 letter: objet.
	-2 letters: cote.
	-3 letters: bet, bot, cob, cot, jet, job, joe, jot, obe, toe.
	-4 letters: be, bo, et, jo, oe, to.
	Words containing the letters "b-c-e-j-o-t"
	+1 letter: objects.
	+2 letters: objected, objector, reobject.
	+3 letters: abjection, bijection, objectify, objecting, objection, objective, objectors, reobjects.
	+4 letters: abjections, bijections, jackbooted, nonsubject, objections, objectives, objectless, reobjected, subjection, subproject.
	+5 letters: nonsubjects, objectified, objectifies, objectively, objectivism, objectivist, objectivity, projectable, reobjecting, stockjobber, subjections, subprojects.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern

5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art

9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Historic
12. Quotations: Fiction

13. Quotations: Non-fiction
14. Quotations: Spoken
15. Quotations: Speeches
16. Usage Frequency

17. Expressions
18. Expressions: Internet
19. Translations: Modern
20. Translations: Ancient

21. Bible Trace
22. Abbreviations
23. Acronyms
24. Derivations

25. Rhymes
26. Anagrams
27. Bibliography

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.