Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Muscular Dystrophy |
Muscular DystrophyNoun1. Any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Synonym: Muscular DystrophySynonym: dystrophy (n). (additional references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The major forms of muscular dystrophy include myotonic, Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, congenital, oculopharyngeal, distal, Emery-Dreifuss and severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy. Duchenne is the most common form of muscular dystrophy affecting children, and myotonic muscular dystrophy is the most common form affecting adults. Muscular dystrophy can affect people of all ages. Although some forms first become apparent in infancy or childhood, others may not appear until middle age or later.
The most frequent symptoms are muscle weakness (frequent falls, walking problems, eyelid drooping), skeletal and muscle deformities. Neurologic examination often reveals loss of muscle tissue (wasting), muscle contracture, pseudohypertrophy and weakness. Diagnosis is usually established by muscle biopsy, elevated serum CK levels and electromyography examination, which is consistent with myogenic involvement. Some types of muscular dystrophy may present with additional cardiac disease, intellectual deterioration and infertility.
There is no known cure for muscular dystrophy. Inactivity (such as bedrest and even sitting for long periods) can worsen the disease. Physical therapy and orthopedic instruments (e.g. wheelchairs) may be helpful.
There is no specific treatment for any of the forms of muscular dystrophy. Physical therapy to prevent contractures (a condition in which shortened muscles around joints cause abnormal and sometimes painful positioning of the joints), orthoses (orthopedic appliances used for support) and corrective orthopedic surgery may be needed to improve the quality of life in some cases. The cardiac problems that occur with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and myotonic muscular dystrophy may require a pacemaker. The myotonia (delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction) occurring in myotonic muscular dystrophy may be treated with medications such as phenytoin or quinine.
The prognosis of muscular dystrophy varies according to the type of muscular dystrophy and the progression of the disorder. Some cases may be mild and very slowly progressive, with normal lifespan, while other cases may have more marked progression of muscle weakness, functional disability and loss of ambulation. Life expectancy may depend on the degree of progression and late respiratory deficit. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, death usually occurs in the late teens to early 20s.
The NINDS supports a broad program of research on muscular dystrophy. The goals of these studies are to increase understanding of muscular dystrophy and its cause(s), develop better therapies, and, ultimately, find ways to prevent and cure the disorder.
Varieties and symptoms of muscular dystrophy
Treatment
Prognosis
Current research
External links
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Muscular dystrophy."
Crosswords: Muscular Dystrophy |
| English words defined with "muscular dystrophy": Duchenne's muscular dystrophy ♦ limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ♦ myotonia atrophica, myotonic muscular dystrophy ♦ pseudohypertrophic dystrophy ♦ Steinert's disease. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "muscular dystrophy": Dystrophin ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII ♦ Mice, Inbred mdx, Muscular Disorders, Atrophic. (references) |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Gross fixed autopsy specimen of gastrocnemius muscle from patient who died of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, Duchenne type. Yellowish-white fat replaces normally reddish-brown skeletal muscle. Credit: CDC. |  | Histopathology of gastrocnemius muscle from patient who died of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, Duchenne type. Cross section of muscle shows extensive replacement of muscle fibers by adipose cells. Credit: CDC. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Time will not allow me to describe all forms of muscular dystrophy. (references) | |
DMD is a particularly devastating and lethal form of muscular dystrophy. (references) | ||
All forms of muscular dystrophy, however, grow worse as muscles progressively degenerate. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
Expressions using "muscular dystrophy": Duchenne's muscular dystrophy ♦ myotonic muscular dystrophy. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "muscular dystrophy"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||
Danish | pseudohypertrofisk form(Duchenne) (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), dystrophia musculorum progressiva (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle, progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), dystrophia musculorum progressica (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), dystrophia musculorum hyperplastica (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Dutch | type van Eichhorst (Eichhorst type, progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst), syndroom van Duchenne-van Leyden (Duchenne-v.Leyden syndrome, progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), paralysis muscularis pseudhypertrofica van Duchenne (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), hypertrophia musculorum vera (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), facioscapulohumerale atrofie (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), dystrophia pseudohypertrophica muscularis (progressive muscular dystrophy), dystrophia musculorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), dystrophia musculorum hyperplastica (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), dystrophia muscularis progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), dystrofie van Landouzy-Déjerine (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), dystrofie van Erb (progressive muscular dystrophy). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
French | maladie de Duchenne-Griesinger (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), maladie de Cruveilhier (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), myopathie primitive progressive (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), myopathie primitive progressive pseudo-hypertrophique type Duchenne-Griesinger (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), myopathie primitive progressive type Eichhorst (progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst), maladie d'Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), dystrophie musculaire vraie (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), amyotrophie d'Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), atrophie d'Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), atrophie de Cruveilhier (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), atrophie musculaire progressive spinale type Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), atrophie myélopathique (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy), dystrophie musculaire progressive (progressive muscular dystrophy), poliomyélite antérieure chronique (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), Alliance européenne des associations de myopathes (European Alliance of Muscular Dystrophy Associations), type facio-scapulo-huméral de Landouzy-Déjerine (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), type scapulo-huméral (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), type d'Eichhorst (progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst), syndrome de Duchenne-v.Leyden (progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), syndrome d'Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), paralysie de Cruveilhier (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
German | Erb Muskelatrophie (progressive muscular dystrophy), Beckenguertelform (progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), Duchenne-v.Leyden Syndrom (Duchenne-v.Leyden syndrome, progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), Dystrophia musculorum hyperplastica (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), Dystrophia musculorum progressiva (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle, progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), Dystrophia musculorum progressiva myopathica (progressive muscular dystrophy), Dystrophia musculorum progressiva pseudohypertrophica Typ Duchenne-Griesinger (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), Dystrophia musculorum progressiva Typ Eichhorst (Eichhorst type, progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst), Dystrophia musculorum progressiva Typ Landouzy-Déjerine (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), Dystrophia musculorum vera (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), Dystrophia muscuulorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy), Dystrophia pseudohypertrophica muscularis (progressive muscular dystrophy), Atrophia musculorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy), Eichhorst Typ (Eichhorst type, progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst), skapulohumerale Form der Dystrophia musculorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), Erb Muskeldystrophie (progressive muscular dystrophy), Erb Syndrom (progressive muscular dystrophy), Erb-Landouzy Syndrom (progressive muscular dystrophy), fazioskapulohumerale Form (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), infantile Form der Dystrophia musculorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), juvenile Form der Dystrophia musculorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), Landouzy-Déjerine Syndrom (progressive muscular dystrophy), lumbopelvifemorale Form der Dystrophia musculorum progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), progressive Muskeldystrophie (progressive muscular dystrophy), progressive myopathische Muskelatrophie (progressive muscular dystrophy), Schulterguertelform (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), dystrophische erbliche Myopathie (progressive muscular dystrophy). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Greek | προϊούσα μυική δυστροφία (progressive muscular dystrophy), υπερπλαστική μυική δυστροφία (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Italian | miopatie progressive (progressive muscular dystrophy), malattie di Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), malattia di Erb-Landouzy (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), distrofia muscolare progressiva pseudoipertrofica (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), atrofia muscolare progressiva spinale tipo Aran-Duchenne (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy), atrofie muscolari protopatiche (progressive muscular dystrophy), d.m.p.tipo scapolomerale di Erb (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), distrofia muscolare iperplastica (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscolare primaria (progressive muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscolare progessiva (progressive muscular dystrophy), atrofia muscolare progressiva dell'infanzia (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscolare progressiva giovanile tipo Erb (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), sindrome a lenta progressione,caratterizzata da ipertrofia muscolare per ispessismento delle fibre senza degenerazione grassa o reazione connettivale e da ipodinamia associata a dolorabilit muscolare (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscolare progressiva tipo Duchenne (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscolare progressiva tipo fascioscapolomerale di Landouzy-Déjerine (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscolare progressiva tipo Leyden-Moebius (progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), distrofia muscolare progressiva di Eichhorst (Eichhorst type, progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 筋萎縮症 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | き"いしゅくしょう. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | uscularmay ystrophyday distrofia muscular progressiva (progressive muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscular hiperplástica (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy). (various references) miopatía primitiva progresiva seudohipertrófica de Duchenne-Griesinger (Duchenne-Griesinger pseudohypertrophic progressive muscular dystrophy), miopatía primitiva progresiva escapulohumeral (progressive muscular dystrophy of shoulder girdle), miopatía primitiva progresiva de Eichhorst (Eichhorst type, progressive muscular dystrophy, progressive muscular dystrophy Eichhorst), miopatía primitiva progresiva (facioscapulohumeral progressive muscular dystrophy), síndrome de Duchenne-v.Leiden (progressive muscular dystrophy of pelvic girdle), distrofia muscular progresiva (progressive muscular dystrophy), distrofia muscular hiperplástica (hyperplastic muscular dystrophy). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Misspellings | |
"Muscular Dystrophy" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: muscular distrophy, muscular dysrophy. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® YAWL-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-d-h-l-m-o-p-r-r-s-s-t-u-u-y-y" | |
-5 letters: sulphurators. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 75 73 63 75 6C 61 72 44 79 73 74 72 6F 70 68 79 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01110101 01110011 01100011 01110101 01101100 01100001 01110010 00100000 01000100 01111001 01110011 01110100 01110010 01101111 01110000 01101000 01111001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M u s c u l a r   D y s t r o p h y |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 0075 0073 0063 0075 006C 0061 0072 0044 0079 0073 0074 0072 006F 0070 0068 0079 |
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)47878569877867842389185868481827491 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Anagrams 12. Orthography | 13. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
