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Definition: Moral |
MoralAdjective1. Relating to principles of right and wrong; i.e. to morals or ethics; "moral philosophy". 2. Concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles; "moral sense"; "a moral scrutiny"; "a moral lesson"; "a moral quandary"; "moral convictions"; "a moral life". 3. Adhering to ethical and moral principles; "it seems ethical and right"; "followed the only honorable course of action"; "had the moral courage to stand alone". 4. Arising from the sense of right and wrong; "a moral obligation". 5. Psychological rather than physical or tangible in effect; "a moral victory"; "moral support". 6. Based on strong likelihood or firm conviction rather than actual evidence; "a moral certainty". Noun1. The significance of a story or event; "the moral of the story is to love thy neighbor". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "moral" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | MORAL, adj. Conforming to a local and mutable standard of right. Having the quality of general expediency. It is sayd there be a raunge of mountaynes in the Easte, on one syde of the which certayn conducts are immorall, yet on the other syde they are holden in good esteeme; wherebye the mountayneer is much conveenyenced, for it is given to him to goe downe eyther way and act as it shall suite his moode, withouten offence. Gooke's Meditations. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Computing | MORAL Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes, Soft Prac & Exp 10:851-887 (1980). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Literature | Moral The moral Gower. John Gower, the poet, is so called by Chaucer. (1320-1402.) Father of moral philosophy. Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274). Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:EthicsEthics is the general term for attempts to state or determine what is good, both for the individual and for the society as a whole. It is often termed the science of morality.
In philosophy, ethics is one of the three major traditional areas of investigation, alongside metaphysics and logic. See particularly meta-ethics.
'The goal of a theory of ethics is to determine what is good, both for the individual and for the society as a whole. Philosophers have taken different positions in defining what is good, on how to deal with conflicting priorities of individuals versus the whole, over the universality of ethical principles versus "situation ethics" in which what is right depends upon the circumstances rather than on some general law, and over whether goodness is determined by the results of the action or the means by which results are achieved.' (Jennifer P. Tanabe, Contemplating Unification Thought)
The history of ethics
The formal study of ethics in a serious and analytical sense began with the early Greeks, and later Romans. Imporant Greek and Roman ethicists include The Sophists and Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who developed ethical naturalism. The study of ethics was developed further by Epicurus and the epicureanism movement, and by Zeno and the stoics.
Although not developed in a formal and analystical sense, the subject of ethics was of great concerns to the writers of the Hebrew Bible, and centuries later, the New Testament and the Apocrypha. A suvey of ethics in these subjects can be found in article in Ethics in the Bible; a related article, Ethics in religion covers the more extended topic of how the subject of ethics has developed in major world religions.
The formal study of philosophy stagnated until the medieval era, where it gained a new stregth through the writings of Maimonides, Saint Thomas Aquinas and others. It was at this time that the debate bewteen ethics based on natural law and divine law gained a new importance.
Modern Western philosophy began with the work of greats such as Thomas Hobbes, David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Their work was followed up by the utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Friedrich Nietzsche has little patience for previous views of ethics, and launched an assault on such theories. The study of analytic ethics took off with G. E. Moore and W. D. Ross, followed by the emotivists, C. L. Stevenson and A. J. Ayer. Existentialism was developed by writers such as Jean Paul Sartre. Some modern philosophers who have done serious philosophical writing on ethics include John Rawls, Elliot N. Dorff and Charles Hartshorne.
Divisions of Ethics
In analytic philosophy, ethics is traditionally divided into three fields: Metaethics, Normative ethics and applied ethics.
Metaethics
Metaethics is the investigation of where ethical principles come from. It asks: Where do ethical principles come from? What do they mean? How do we know that any exist? Are ethics merely social conventions, or are they universal truths? Metaethics is one of the most imporant fields in philosophy.
Metaethics studies the nature of ethical sentences and attitudes. This includes such questions as what "good" and "right" mean, whether and how we know what is right and good, whether moral values are objective, and how ethical attitudes motivate us. Often this is derived from some list of moral absolutes, e.g. a religious moral code, whether explicit or not. Some would view aesthetics as itself a form of meta-ethics.
Normative Ethics
Normative ethics bridges the gap between metaethics and applied ethics. It is the attempt to arrive at practical moral standards that tell us right from wrong, and how to live moral lives.
Theory of value asks questions like: What sorts of situations are good? Is pleasure always good? Is it good for people to be equally well-off? Is it intrinsically good for beautiful objects to exist?
- One branch of normative ethics is theory of conduct; this is the study of right and wrong, of obligation and permissions, of duty, of what is above and beyond the call of duty, and of what is so wrong as to be evil. Theories of conduct propose standards of morality, or moral codes or rules. For example, the following would be the sort of rules that a theory of conduct would discuss (though different theories will differ on the merit of each of these particular rules): "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"; "The right action is the action that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number"; "Stealing is wrong."
- Another branch of normative ethics is theory of value; this looks at what things are deemed to be valuable. Suppose we have decided that certain things are intrinsically good, or are more valuable than other things that are also intrinsically good. Given this, the next big question is what would this imply about how we should live our lives? The theory of value also asks: What sorts of things are good? Or: What does "good" mean? It may literally define "good" and "bad" for a community or society.
Applied Ethics
Applied ethics applies normative ethics to specific controversial issues. Many of these ethical problems bear directly on public policy. For example, the following would be questions of applied ethics: "Is getting an abortion ever moral?"; "Is euthanasia ever moral?"; "What are the ethical underpinnings of affirmative action policies?"; "Do animals have rights?"
The ability to formulate the questions are prior to rights balancing.
Not all questions studied in applied ethics concern public policy. For example: Is lying always wrong? If not, when is it permissible? The ability to make these ethical judgements is prior to any etiquette.
Examples of applied ethics include:
Ethics has been applied to economics, politics and political science, leading to several distinct and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including: Business ethics and Marxism
- Abortion, legal and moral issues
- Animal rights
- Bioethics
- Business ethics
- Criminal justice
- Environmental ethics
- Feminism
- Gay rights
- Just war theory
- Medical ethics
- Utilitarian ethics
- Utilitarian Bioethics
Ethics has been applied to family structure, sexuality, and how society views the roles of individuals; leading to several distinct and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including feminism.
Ethics has been applied to war, leading to the fields of pacifism and nonviolence.
Ethics has been applied to analyze human use of Earth's limited resources. This has led to the study of environmental ethics and social ecology. A growing trend has been to combine the study of both ecology and economics to help provide a basis for sustainable decisions on environmental use. This has led to the theories of ecological footprint and bioregional autonomy. Political and social movements based on such ideas include eco-feminism, eco-anarchism, deep ecology, the green movement, and ideas about their possible integration into Gaia philosophy.
Ethics has been applied to criminology leading to the field of criminal justice.
There are several sub-branches of applied ethics examining the ethical problems of different professions, such as business ethics, medical ethics, engineering ethics and legal ethics, while technology assessment and environmental assessment study the effects and implications of new technologies or projects on nature and society. Each branch characterizes common issues and problems that may arise, and define their common responsibility to the public, or to obey some social expectations of honest dealings and disclosure.
Major doctrines of ethics
Philosophers have developed a number of competing systems to explain how to choose what is best for both the individual and for society. No one system has gained universal assent. The major philosophical doctrines of ethics include:
- Divine command ethics
- Consequentialism
- Virtue ethics
- Social contract theory
- Ethical skepticism
- Ethical relativism
- Ethical subjectivism
- Ethical nihilism
- Ethical egoism
- Ethical hedonism
- Non-hedonistic ethical egoism
- Utilitarianism
- Immanuel Kant's Deontological ethics
- The Utilitarian Kantian Principle (Cornman, Lehrer)
Descriptive ethics
Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories, which typically vary by context. This leads to situational ethics and situated ethics. These philosophers often view aesthetics and etiquette and arbitration as more fundamental, percolating 'bottom up' to imply, rather than explicitly state, theories of value or of conduct. In these views ethics is not derived from a top-down a priori "philosophy" (many would reject that word) but rather is strictly derived from observations of actual choices made in practice:
Those who embrace such descriptive approaches tend to reject overtly normative ones. There are exceptions, such as the movement to more moral purchasing.
- Ethical codes applied by various groups. Some consider aesthetics itself the basis of ethics - and a personal moral core developed through art and storytelling as very influential in one's later ethical choices.
- Informal theories of etiquette which tend to be less rigorous and more situational. Some consider etiquette a simple negative ethics, i.e. where can one evade an uncomfortable truth without doing wrong? One notable advocate of this view is Judith Martin ("Miss Manners"). In this view, ethics is more a summary of common sense social decisions.
- Practices in arbitration and law, e.g. the claim by Rushworth Kidder that ethics itself is a matter of balancing "right versus right", i.e. putting priorities on two things that are both right, but which must be traded off carefully in each situation. This view many consider to have potential to reform ethics as a practice, but it is not as widely held as the 'aesthetic' or 'common sense' views listed above.
- Observed choices made by ordinary people, without expert aid or advice, who vote, buy and decide what is worth fighting about. This is a major concern of sociology, political science and economics.
The analytic view
The descriptive view of ethics is modern and in many ways more empirical. But because the above are dealt with more deeply in their own articles, the rest of this article will focus on the formal academic categories, which are derived from classical Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle.
First, we need to define an ethical sentence, also called a normative statement. An ethical sentence is one that is used to make either a positive or a negative (moral) evaluation of something. Ethical sentences use words such as "good," "bad," "right," "wrong," "moral," "immoral," and so on. Here are some examples:
In contrast, a non-ethical sentence would be a sentence that does not serve to (morally) evaluate something. Examples would include:
- "Sally is a good person."
- "People should not steal."
- "The Simpson verdict was unjust."
- "Honesty is a virtue."
- "Sally is a tall person."
- "Someone took the stereo out of my car."
- "Simpson was acquitted at his trial."
Ethics by cases
By far the most common way to approach applied ethics is by resolving individual cases. This is, not coincidentally, also the way business and law tend to be taught. Casuistry is one such application of case-based reasoning to applied ethics.
Bernard Crick in 1982 offered a more socially-centered view, that politics was the only applied ethics, that it was how cases were really resolved, and that "political virtues" were in fact necessary in all matters where human morality and interests were destined to clash. This and other views of modern universals is dealt with below under Global Ethics.
Is ethics futile?
The whole assumption of the field of ethics is that consistent description, consistent deliberation, and consistent and fair application of authority is possible. However, the more case-based views seem to suggest that a great deal of judgement is required, and that for instance one could never train a robot to do ethics, as it requires empathy and wisdom. However, one might be able to teach an artificial intelligence with empathy and wisdom to do ethics.
Is each case unique? Possibly. The view that ethics is innate and tied to a personal moral core or aesthetics is harder to relate to the formal categories above other than as a meta-ethics in itself.
It is considered by some ethicists to be just a variant of mysticism or narcissism, permitting those who avow aesthetic choices as being 'above ethics' to justify anything.
However, the term ethics is actually derived from the ancient Greek ethos, meaning moral character. Mores, from which morality is derived, meant social rules or etiquette or inhibitions from the society. In modern times, these meanings are often somewhat reversed, with ethics being the external "science" and morals referring to one's inmost character or choices. But it is significant that the origins of the words reflect the tension between an inner-driven and an outer-driven view of what makes moral choices consistent.
Ethics in religion
There are articles on Ethics in religion and Ethics in the Bible.
Ethics in psychology
By the 1960s there was increased interest in moral reasoning. Psychologists Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Lawrence Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan and others began to try to codify rational ethics, and try to express universal levels of moral awareness and capacity. Many viewed rational principles as 'higher' than relationships, but others did not.
Politics
Often, such efforts take legal or political form before they are understood as works of normative ethics. The UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights of 1948 and the Global Green Charter of 2001 are two such examples. However, as war and the development of weapon technology continues, it seems clear that no non-violent means of dispute resolution is accepted by all.
The need to redefine and align politics away from ideology and towards dispute resolution was a motive for Bernard Crick's list of political virtues.
Related Topics (in philosophy)
See the list of ethics topics for more specialized and applied topics.
- Deontology
- Epistemology
- Etiquette
- Goodness
- Morality
- Ontology
- Trust
- Truth
- Value theory
- Virtue ethics
See the list of ethicists for theorists who have contributed to the above ideas.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ethics."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A morality is a complex of concepts and beliefs by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. Oftentimes, these concepts and beliefs are generalized and codified in a culture or group, and thus serve to regulate the behaviour of its members.
In general
Views on morality have varied greatly over time, and from culture to culture. Usually, a morality applies to fields in which the choices made by individuals express an intention relative to other individuals (even non-members of the society). Thus, there exists an academic dispute about whether morality can exist only in the presence of a society (meaning a plurality of few individuals), or also in a hypothetical individual with no relationships with others.
A concept of morality may tend toward any of the possible directions in a given field, and moralities exist that recommend heavy restrictions on behaviours, as well as moralities that recommend totally free self-determination, as well as a variety of intermediate positions.
The efficacy of a morality depends on the social position and political representativeness of the group that espouses it, and on its relationship with the norms of the related society. A morality is put into effect through its influence on the society's general rules and formal codes—especially penal codes and the determination of juridicially correct conduct. The fields in which the influence of morality is most commonly appreciated are sex-related matters, financial and professional conduct (with the notable example of deontology), and human relationships in general.
A morality can be suggested by many sources. Very often, an individual's morality is influenced, to large degree, by religion or theology, but other sources are also often cited, such as objective (natural) reality or political reality.
Many groups may, effectively, be distinguished by their morality, as a fundamental characteristic; in some cases, the common view on morality can be a basic factor of aggregation, as it happens in developed countries where the giantism of social structures causes (for other reasons) the need of building inside them sub-groups, identified by a common belief or view upon certain matters. This process, indeed, shows a similarity with the process of creation of political regroupements, and in fact sometimes the two fields (not always reciprocally) interfere.
On a subjective level, morality is a system of personal ethical conduct that the individual imposes on himself or herself. It is more concerned with individual choices, as a personal effect of free will, rather than with dispute resolution or conflict, and does not seem to imply a relationship with other individuals or groups. This subjective self-regulation can also sometimes be derived from religion or theology, but is also often seen as totally personal, unsharable, intuitive, creative and aesthetic (a "moral core").
The nature of morals themselves is often at issue between those who advocate shared morality or intuitive morality. They may be seen as rules, or simply as examples drawn from stories. Most sources of morality, e.g. the Bible, include both, although it is usually clear that the rules drawn in the story itself are more important than those observed within it as examples.
Rebellion against morality
Moralities often include rules and regulations that do not have obvious reasons for existing, i.e., no immediate, immensely harmful results of transgression are apparent. This is so because the harmful effects of such actions are largely indirect, but real nonetheless. Thus, the need for the particular aspect of morality may be questioned. It is not unusual for rebellion against morality to occur, especially by the developing members of societies, or those whose behaviour is especially affected. At times, this questioning extends to the society in general, even to the extent of changing of laws which prohibited certain behaviours. Sometimes, the abandonment of the previous moral stance is found to have no great apparent detriment, perhaps due to changed circumstances, such as technological developments. Usually, however, the rebellion occurs only until the harmful consequences of the previously forbidden actions, and the need for that morality, are rediscovered. (If this were not so, the particular aspect of the morality would not exist.)
Impact of the Evolutionionary World-view on Morals
A corollary of evolution is that it denies the absolute significance of moral values. Opponents of moral absolutism such as evolutionary psychologists have argued that human morality evolved because it assists survival. An innate tendency to develop a sense of right and wrong may help an individual to survive and reproduce in a social, thinking species. Selected behaviours, seen in abstraction as moral codes, are common to all human cultures, and reflect, in their development, similarities to natural selection. This aspect of morality can be seen in religious doctrine, much of which deals with the acceptance, in people, of positive aspects, and the rejection of negative ones. Thus it can be argued that there may be a simple Darwinian explanation for the existence of religion: regardless of the truth or falsity of religious beliefs, religion tends to encourage morality, morality tends to encourage communality, and communality tends to assist survival.
The thesis of evolutionary psychology is controversial. One might argue that it puts one in an impossible moral dilemma. My definition of who is wise and what is good may differ from yours. The problem is, who is to decide?
Furthermore, if the unimpeded progress of evolution were our chief concern, why should we care for the defenseless, the weak, or the sick? Would it not be more prudent to put them to sleep, lest they hinder the evolutionary process? Where is the rational basis for any sentimental feelings for the innate value of human life? In some juridical systems, the word morality concretely means a requirement for the access to certain charges or careers, or for the obtaining of certain licenses or concessions, and generally consists of the absence of previous records on (e.g.) crimes, bankruptcy, political or commercial irregularities.
In some systems, the lack of morality of the individual can also be a sufficient cause for punishment, or can be an element for the grading of the punishment.
Especially in the systems where modesty (i.e., with reference to sexual crimes) is legally protected or otherwise regulated, the definition of morality as a legal element and in order to determine the cases of infringement, is usually left to the vision and appreciation of the single judge and hardly ever precisely specified. In such cases, it is common to verify an application of the prevalent common morality of the interested community, that consequently becomes enforced by the law for further reference. See also: blue laws, sexual morality, moral relativism, moral absolutism, moral universalism, moral hazard
Compare: ethics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Morality."
Synonyms: MoralSynonyms: ethical (adj), honorable (adj), honourable (adj), moral(a) (adj), lesson (n). (additional references) |
| Antonyms: amoral (adj), immoral (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Duty | Right, meet; (due); moral, ethical, casuistical, conscientious, ethological. |
Judgment | Noun: result, conclusion, upshot; deduction, inference, ergotism; illation; corollary, porism; moral. |
Maxim | Noun: maxim, aphorism; apothegm, apophthegm; dictum, saying, adage, saw, proverb; sentence, mot, motto, word, byword, moral, phylactery, protasis. |
Virtue | Adjective: virtuous, good; innocent; meritorious, deserving, worthy, desertful, correct; dutiful, duteous; moral; right, righteous, right-minded; well-intentioned, creditable, laudable, commendable, praiseworthy; above all praise, beyond all praise; excellent, admirable; sterling, pure, noble; whole-souled. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Moral |
| English words defined with "moral": Moral certainty, Moral insanity, Moral liberty, moral obligation, moral philosophy, moral principle, moral sense. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "moral": Advice, Amorous, Animal Rights, Augustinians ♦ Bad Lot, Bottle-holder, Brisingamen ♦ Caliban, Can but, Cannot but, Catius, Champion, Chloe, CLERGY MEMBER, Clock, Cocktail, Consuelo, Corpulence, Cotta, Crotona's Sage ♦ Decide, Degradation, Didactic Poetry, Doctors Disagree, Dullard, Duty to Warn ♦ Ethics, Institutional ♦ FOOL, Frog ♦ General Naturalization Provisions, George Geith, Gower, Gulistan ♦ Hair, Handkerchiefs, Heralds, Human Experimentation ♦ IDENTIFICATION CLERK, IMMORAL, Improve the Occasion ♦ Lake ♦ machination, Marble, meerschaum, moral sanction, Mulatto, Multitudes ♦ Nitouche, Nymph ♦ Obermann ♦ Pietists, Platitude, Prison ♦ Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal, Registry Date, reinvent the wheel, religious instruction, Round Peg, Rum ♦ Sadi, safety, Satan, Secret Order, security clerk, Sex Offenses, superloser ♦ Viper and File ♦ Wagon, Wharton, Woman. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "moral": morale. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Moral" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Albanian (ethic, ethical, ethics, moral), Danish (morals), French (ethical, fair, just, moral, morale, righteous, spirit), German (ethics, moral, moral standards, morale, morality, morals), Indonesian (morale), Portuguese (ethic, ethical, ethics, moral, morale, morality, morals, spiritual), Romanian (courage, ethic, ethical, healthful, moral, morale), Serbo-Croatian (ethics, moral, morale, morals), Spanish (moral, moral philosophy, morale, morality, morally, mulberry, mulberry bush), Swedish (ethic, ethics, morale, morality, morals), Turkish (morale). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Well, he's always been lacking in moral fiber (Trainspotting; writing credit: Irvine Welsh; John Hodge) Sick Boy's always been lacking in moral fiber (Trainspotting; writing credit: John Hodge. Based on the novel by Irvine Welsh.) You are lost in a maze of moral relativism, Kain (Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver; writing credit: Amy Hennig) Anyway, once upon a time, there was a big, mean lion who got a thorn in his paw. All the villagers tried to pull it out, but nobody was strong enough, so they got Hercules and he used his mighty strength, and bingo! Anyway, the moral is, is that the lion was so happy, that he gave Hercules this big thing of riches (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) Vice, virtue, it's best not to be too moral - you cheat yourself out of too much life (Harold and Maude; writing credit: Colin Higgins) | |
Lyrics | Here's the moral and the story from the guy who knows ("Runaround Sue"; performing artist: Dion) Down with the moral majority (Minority; performing artist: Green Day) You're such a moral, moral man (What Would Happen; performing artist: Meredith Brooks) | |
Clever | It is curious that physical courage should be so common in the world, and moral courage so rare. (references; author: Mark Twain) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Faltas a la moral (1970) Moral 63 (1963) Das Dorf ohne Moral (1961) Moral em Concordata (1959) Die Nacht ohne Moral (1953) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | A Moral and Physical Thermometer. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Moral Thermometer. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | The moral majority Family values Right to life. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Moral -- buy bonds and vote no. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | J.H. La Pearl's combination of sure hits moral, refined, and up to date. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Gustave Flaubert | That which is beautiful is moral, that is all, nothing more. |
Henry David Thoreau | The perception of beauty is a moral test. |
Honore de Balzac | Love is to the moral nature what the sun is to the earth. |
Horace | When you introduce a moral lesson let it be brief. |
Johann Kaspar Lavater | The great rule of moral conduct is next to God, respect time. |
Minna Antrim | A fool bolts pleasure, then complains of moral indigestion. |
Napoleon. | Even in war moral power is to physical as three parts out of four. |
Percy Bysshe Shelley | The great instrument of moral good is the imagination. |
The Advancement and Learning | All good moral philosphy is but the handmaid to religion. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | "Undoubtedly," it will be said, "religious, moral, philosophical and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical development. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The High Contracting Parties, recognising that the well-being, physical, moral and intellectual, of industrial wage-earners is of supreme international importance, have framed, in order to further this great end, the permanent machinery provided for in Section l and associated with that of the League of Nations. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealths be added to that of the United States with all that such co-operation implies in the air, on the sea, all over the globe and in science and in industry, and in moral force, there will be no quivering, precarious balance of power to offer its temptation to ambition or adventure. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
United Nations | 1948 | Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded | Carroll, Lewis | It was Moral Philosophy that our idol lectured on. |
Young Zaphod Plays It Safe | Douglas Adams | What do you think I am, completely without any moral whatsits, what are they called, those moral things |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | And the infectious poison of that sin had been thus rapidly diffused throughout his moral system |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | A heap of mud and stone, if you will, but above all, a moral being |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | She ate the apple and gave it also to Adam who had not the moral courage to resist her. |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | From this way of reasoning the author drew several moral applications useful in the conduct of life, but needless here to repeat |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | the culture of an Irishman is an enterprise to be undertaken with a sort of moral bog hoe. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | In our society, the myth prevails that an alcohol problem is a sign of moral weakness. (references) | |
They may believe that it's a moral weakness, or a "natural" part of aging--not a medical issue. (references) | ||
Other symptoms include gradual emotional dullness, loss of moral judgment, and progressive dementia. (references) | ||
Business | While there has been little regulatory pressure at either the national or state level for industry to reduce air-polluting emission, companies are assuming some moral responsibility in this area. Much of this responsibility has come as a result of increasing community concern associated with a diminishing ozone layer over Australia and the consequent health effects on the populace. (references) | |
Children | Belgium | The new article provides that every child has the right to respect for his or her moral, physical, mental, and sexual integrity. (references) |
Guatemala | The Constitution charges the Government with protecting the physical and mental health, as well as the moral well-being, of minors. (references) | |
Afghanistan | Approximately three-fourths of the curricula in the Ministry of Religious Affairs schools reportedly dealt with religious and moral subjects. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Bangladesh | Fatwas commonly deal with marriage and divorce, or mete out punishments for perceived moral transgressions. (references) |
Turkey | State-sponsored Islamic religious and moral instruction in all public primary and secondary schools is compulsory. (references) | |
Thailand | Reasons for censoring films include violating moral and cultural norms and disturbing the public order and national security. (references) | |
Discrimination | Swaziland | The law reportedly has been used on occasion to bring moral suasion to bear against employers. (references) |
Economic History | Bulgaria | The Law distinguishes between moral and economic rights. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Contents are thoroughly screened to conform to strict moral and religious standards. (references) | |
Human Rights | Peru | However, the office has no enforcement mechanism other than moral suasion. (references) |
Hungary | Military trials follow civil law and may be closed if national security or moral grounds so justify. (references) | |
Madagascar | In 1994 the National Assembly assigned that role to the Office of the Mediator, which relies on moral suasion to correct abuses. (references) | |
Minorities | Lithuania | The authorities indicated that the intent of the law is to apply moral incentives to learn Lithuanian as the official language of the State; they asserted that no one would be dismissed solely because of an inability to meet the language requirements. (references) |
Political Economy | Mongolia | Government attempts to enforce compliance by newspapers, magazines, television, and radio with moral strictures and tax laws may have been an attempt to intimidate the media and have resulted in self-censorship by the press. (references) |
PHILIPPINES | In response to public resistance to oil price increases, the government has sometimes stepped in to apply moral suasion on oil companies to limit, delay, or stagger fuel price adjustments, resulting in alleged cost under-recoveries. (references) | |
Trade | Korea | The result was high levels of non-performing loans in the Korean banking system, due to distortions in credit allocation due to government controls; limited risk-analysis; weak prudential oversight; tightly bound societal relationships; and moral hazard arising from the widespread belief that the government would make good any and all losses. (references) |
China | Prohibited Imports: The following items are prohibited from entering China: counterfeit currencies and counterfeit negotiable securities; printed matter, magnetic media, films, or photographs which are deemed to be detrimental to the political, economic, cultural and moral interests of China; lethal poisons; illicit drugs; disease-carrying animals and plants; foods, medicines, and other articles coming from disease-stricken areas; old/used garments; and RMB. Food items containing certain food colorings and additives deemed harmful to human health by the Ministry of Health are also barred entry. (references) | |
China | The following items are prohibited from entering China: arms, ammunition, and explosives of all kinds; counterfeit currencies and counterfeit negotiable securities; printed matter, magnetic media, films, or photographs which are deemed to be detrimental to the political, economic, cultural and moral interests of China; lethal poisons; illicit drugs; disease-carrying animals and plants; foods, medicines, and other articles coming from disease-stricken areas; old/used garments; and RMB. Food items containing certain food colorings and additives deemed harmful to human health by the Ministry of Health are also barred entry. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Equatorial Guinea | However, parliamentarians can only rely on moral authority in reaching agreements. (references) |
Philippines | In addition to fines, the Government also makes use of administrative procedures and moral suasion to encourage voluntary employer correction of violations. (references) | |
Guatemala | The Human Rights Ombudsman's Office can investigate union complaints and issue a statement, but the office has no enforcement powers beyond attempting to resolve the situation through publicity and moral suasion. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DULLARD, n. A member of the reigning dynasty in letters and life. The Dullards came in with Adam, and being both numerous and sturdy have overrun the habitable world. The secret of their power is their insensibility to blows; tickle them with a bludgeon and they laugh with a platitude. The Dullards came originally from Boeotia, whence they were driven by stress of starvation, their dullness having blighted the crops. For some centuries they infested Philistia, and many of them are called Philistines to this day. In the turbulent times of the Crusades they withdrew thence and gradually overspread all Europe, occupying most of the high places in politics, art, literature, science and theology. Since a detachment of Dullards came over with the Pilgrims in the Mayflower and made a favorable report of the country, their increase by birth, immigration, and conversion has been rapid and steady. According to the most trustworthy statistics the number of adult Dullards in the United States is but little short of thirty millions, including the statisticians. The intellectual centre of the race is somewhere about Peoria, Illinois, but the New England Dullard is the most shockingly moral. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Bob Costas | Players' biggest failing is that they confuse economic issues with moral issues. That's the way the former commissioner, Fay Vincent, put it. They, as I would put it, they confuse self-interest with high principle. |
Harry Belafonte | I would like him to live up to a higher moral standard. You know, Jeffords doesn't have to be the only one who sits in disagreement with the policies of this country and this government and acts upon it out of conscience. |
Rush Limbaugh | Capitalism is the only moral system of economics ever conceived, despite all the feel-good promises of unworkable socialists and communists. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | That a change in the relations in which a man is placed should change his ideas of moral right or wrong, is neither new, nor peculiar to the color of the blacks. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | From evil--physical, moral, and political--it is not our claim to be exempt. |
Abraham Lincoln | 1861-1865 | The fugitive-slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. |
Herbert C. Hoover | 1929-1933 | I am not prepared to believe that this indicates any decay in the moral fiber of the American people. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and intellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to govern himself with reason and justice. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | Moral stamina means more energy and more productivity, on the farm and in the factory. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Our military strength Our moral and physical strength begins at home as already discussed. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | This is a great moral challenge for the entire world. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | America is never wholly herself unless she is engaged in high moral principle. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Liberty for the Iraqi people is a great moral cause, and a great strategic goal. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Moral" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 91.83% of the time. "Moral" is used about 3,218 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 91.83% | 2,955 | 3,161 |
| Noun (singular) | 7.39% | 238 | 19,410 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.78% | 25 | 69,787 |
| Total | 100.00% | 3,218 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "moral": following accepted moral principles ♦ moral agent ♦ moral certainty ♦ moral code ♦ moral courage ♦ moral coward ♦ moral cripple ♦ moral decline ♦ moral defeat ♦ moral duty ♦ moral excellence ♦ moral faculty ♦ moral fiber ♦ moral fibre ♦ moral force ♦ moral hazard ♦ moral insanity ♦ moral integrity ♦ moral law ♦ moral lecture ♦ moral liberty ♦ moral majority ♦ moral obligation ♦ moral of a fable ♦ moral person ♦ moral philosopher ♦ moral philosophy ♦ moral play ♦ moral principle ♦ moral rectitude ♦ moral responsibility ♦ moral sanction ♦ moral sense ♦ moral sensibility ♦ moral standards ♦ moral strength ♦ moral suasion ♦ moral support ♦ moral theology ♦ moral tuition ♦ moral turpitude ♦ moral values ♦ moral victory ♦ non moral ♦ point a moral ♦ the moral faculties ♦ the moral of a story. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "moral": moral-at-the-end, moral-based, moral-fibre, moral-philosophical, moral-practical, moral-religious, moral-scientific. | |
Ending with "moral": medico-moral. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
moral | 179 | moral leadership | 18 |
moral mundo não o tem | 81 | moral ethics | 18 |
employee moral motivation | 73 | kohlberg moral reasoning | 18 |
moral story | 55 | moral philosophy | 18 |
moral development | 48 | development kohlbergs moral theory | 17 |
moral values | 48 | employee moral | 17 |
moral majority | 45 | es la moral que | 15 |
moral turpitude | 45 | moral hazard | 15 |
moral relativism | 44 | derecho moral y | 15 |
moral dilemma | 43 | moral recreation welfare | 14 |
moral court | 41 | desarrollo moral | 14 |
etica moral y | 40 | etica moral | 13 |
inma del moral | 37 | development kohlberg moral | 13 |
assedio moral | 35 | harcelement moral | 13 |
moral education | 29 | e etica moral | 13 |
dano moral | 29 | moral reasoning | 12 |
moral pendidikan | 28 | moral theology | 11 |
moral issue | 25 | e moral ética | 11 |
moral mushroom | 24 | moral theory | 11 |
la moral | 23 | moral decay | 11 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "moral"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | moreel. (various references) | |
Albanian | moral (ethic, ethical, ethics), me moral, zakone (morals, mores), parime morale (morality, morals), i moralshëm (ethic, ethical, virtuous), fisnik (aristocrat, blue-blooded, gallant, generous, gent, gentle, gentleman, gentlemanlike, gently born, grand, great, high minded, knight, knightly, lofty, nobiliary, noble, nobleman, patrician), doke (habits, morals, mores). (various references) | |
Arabic | مناقبي, مغزى (import, meaning, moral of a fable, purport, sense, significance, signification, tenor), معنوي (incorporeal), عبرة (example, lesson, teardrop, warning), إفتراضي (hypothetical, presumptive), أخلاقي (proper), أخلاق (decency, ethics, manners, morals), أدبي (literary). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | вероятен макар и недоказан, нравствен (ethic, ethical), нематериален (immaterial, incorporeal, metaphysical, platonic, unsubstantial), морален (well-conditioned, well-conducted), морал (jobation, morality, morals), поучителен (admonitory, didactic, donnish, edifying, enlightening, exhortative, gnomic, improving, instructive, preceptive, preceptorial, sapiential), поука от басня, поука (example, lesson, message), духовен (clerical, clerkly, ghostly, immaterial, inner, noetic, otherworldly, platonic, spiritual, unfleshly, unworldly). (various references) | |
Chinese | "德 (morality, virtue). (various references) | |
Czech | mravní nauèení, mravní (ethical), morální. (various references) | |
Danish | moralsk risiko (moral hazard), Moralsk Oprustning (Moral Re-armament), moralsk defekt (moral defect), MO (Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, Moral Re-armament), tvangsmæssig tilståelse (moral obligation for confession), tilståelsesbehov (moral obligation for confession), immateriel skade (moral prejudice), ideelle rettigheder (moral rights), etisk sanktion (moral sanction), etik (ethics, moral code). (various references) | |
Dutch | zedenkundig (ethical), moreel (mood). (various references) | |
Esperanto | moralinstruo, moralaĵo, morala. (various references) | |
Farsi | پند (Advice, Aphorism, Axiom, Maxim, Motto, Precept, Rede), مفهوم (Concept, Context, Effect, Hang, Implication, Implicit, Intelligible, Intention, Purporst, Sense, Significance, Sound, Substance, Tacit), معنی (Abstract, Connotation, Definition, Drift, Effect, Idea, Implication, Innuendo, Intent, Purporst, Sense, Significance), معنوی (Abstract, Immaterial, Incorporate, Spiritual, Virtual), وابسته بعلم اخلاق , سیرت (Character, Inclination, Morality), اخلاقی , اخلاق (Behavior, Comportment, Morality), روحیه (Mentality, Morale, Spirit, Tuck). (various references) | |
Finnish | moraalinen, moraali (morale, morals), siveellinen, opetus (education, instruction, lesson, teaching, training). (various references) | |
French | moral (morale). (various references) | |
German | sittlich, moralisch (ethical, ethically, morally). (various references) | |
Greek | ηθικόσ (ethical), ηθικός (ethical, righteous), ηθικό δίδαγμα (precept), επιμύθιο (cautionary tale). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מורלי, מורל (morale, morals), מוסרי (ethical, strait laced, virtuous), מוסר "שכל (instructive lesson), מוסר (chastisement, correction, ethics, instruction, morale, punishment, reproof), מ"ותי (ethical), לקח (instruction, learning, lesson, take, teaching), של מוסר "שכל, שכלי (intellectual, logical, mental, rational), אתי (ethical), משל (referent). (various references) | |
Hungarian | tanulság (edification, lesson, moral of a fable), erkölcsi (ethic, ethical), erkölcsös (chaste, ethic, ethical, honest, modest, puritanic, puritanical, virtuous), morális, közszellem (morale), hangulat (cue, feel, feeling, frame of mind, humor, humour, mood, morale, perverse mood, tone, way you feel). (various references) | |
Indonesian | batin (arcane, hidden, inner, internal, mental, mind, secret), akhlak (character, morals). (various references) | |
Italian | morale (ethics, morale, morality, morally, morals). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | "徳的 (ethical), 無形 (abstract, immaterial, intangible, spiritual), "意 (hidden meaning, symbolism). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ぐうい (hidden meaning, symbolism), どうとくてき (ethical), むけい (abstract, immaterial, intangible, nonsense, spiritual, unfounded, unsupported). (various references) | |
Korean | 도덕 (Moralities, morality). (various references) | |
Manx | moralagh, mie (fair, favourable, good, goodly, goodness, nice, pious, ready, virtue, virtuous), bun-cheeal, beasagh (civil, civil as person, civilized, decorous, quiet-mannered, submissive), beaoil. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | oralmay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | moral (ethic, ethical, ethics, morale, morality, morals, spiritual). (various references) | |
Romanian | moravuri (habits, manners), moralitate (morality), moralã (ethics, lecture, lesson, moral philosophy, morality, spirits), moral (courage, ethic, ethical, healthful, morale), virtuos (chaste, nice, pious, virtuoso, virtuous), tâlc (allegory, comparison, sense, significance), spiritual (bright, clever, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical, ghostly, humorous, humoursome, immaterial, ingeniously, mental, neat, sacerdotal, sacred, smart, spirited, spiritual, witty), principii morale, principii etice, pildã (example, instance, lead, marvel, model, nonesuch, parable, pattern, piece), intelectual (brain, high-brow, intellectual, mental, scholar, spiritual), etic (ethic, ethical), de înaltã ţinutã eticã, învãţãturã (advice, apprenticeship, article, culture, doctrine, education, instruction, learning, lesson, lore, message, precept, scholarship, studies, study, teaching). (various references) | |
Russian | нравственный, нравственность (rectitude), нравоучение (lecture, pi jaw), моральный (ethic, ethical), мораль моральный, мораль (ethics, morality, referent), поучение (homily), духовный (clerical, clerkly, ecclesiastical, ghostly, inward, noetic, otherworldly, psychic, sacred, spiritual, unworldly), добродетельный (virtuous). (various references) | |
Scottish | beusach (virtuous). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | moralan (virtuous), moral (ethics, morale, morals), maksima (maxim), pouka (instruction, lesson, object lesson, precept), nauk (lesson), naravoučenije. (various references) | |
Spanish | moral (moral philosophy, morale, morality, morally, mulberry, mulberry bush). (various references) | |
Swedish | sedlig (ethical), moralisk (ethic, ethical), etisk (ethic, ethical). (various references) | |
Thai | เรื่องสอนใจ, ทางศีลธรรม (morally). (various references) | |
Turkish | medeni cesaret (courage), manevi (bodiless, ghostlike, ghostly, incorporeal, inner, intangible, spiritual, unearthly, unworldly), törel (ethic, ethical), kıssadan hisse (moral of a fable), dürüst (above board, candid, christian, conscientious, dinkum, direct, downright, fair, faithful, Frank, guileless, honest, incorruptible, jannock, just, level, on the square, open, plain, regular, right, righteous, right-minded, sincere, single minded, single-hearted, sporting, Square, straight, straight as a die, straight out, straightforward, upfront, upright, upstanding, virtuous), ahlâklı (ethic, ethical), ahlâki (ethic, ethical), ahlâk dersi. (various references) | |
Turkmen | moral (r) (morality, morals), ahlak. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | моральний (ethic, ethical), мораль (ethic, ethics, morality, pi), етичний (ethic, ethical), повчання (edification), доброчесний (celestial, clean, righteous, virtuous, well doing). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | phẩm hạnh (morality), nhân cách sự giống hệt, hình ảnh (image), hợp đạo đức tinh thần, b i học (teaching), đức hạnh (honour). (various references) | |
Welsh | moeswers, moesol (ethical). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | bona, bonae, bonam, bonas, bonis, caligine, caliginem, caliginis, caligo, fas, inbecillitas, inbecillitate, inbecillitatem, inbecillitates, moralis, moralis.. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | eresh. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "moral": morale, morales, moralise, moralised, moralises, moralising, moralism, moralisms, moralist, moralistic, moralistically, moralists, moralities, morality, moralization, moralizations, moralize, moralized, moralizer, moralizers, moralizes, moralizing, morally, morals. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "moral": amoral, antitumoral, balmoral, femoral, humoral, immoral, neurohumoral, nonmoral, premoral, tumoral, unmoral. (additional references) | |
Words containing "moral": amoralism, amoralisms, amoralities, amorality, amorally, balmorals, demoralization, demoralizations, demoralize, demoralized, demoralizer, demoralizers, demoralizes, demoralizing, demoralizingly, immoralism, immoralisms, immoralist, immoralists, immoralities, immorality, immorally, unmoralities, unmorality. (additional references) | |
| |
"Moral" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: boral, maral, Mardall, markal, marlar, Mehrauli, meral, merol, mhra, Micral, miraj, Mirsal, Moal, moar, Moera, mofa, mogal, Monal, mooran, moorii, moraal, morae, morali, Moralia, morall, Morat, Morda, morea, morell, morella, morep, morha, Morhall, mori, morir, Morlai, Morlay, morld, Morle, Morra, Morrab, morrai, morran, morsal, mortel, moru, Morvah, Mosala, motal, Motril, moura, moval, mowra, muarl, mugal, murad, murel, murial, Murl, murle, murra, murram, muzal, Myril, naral, Noral, norcal, norel, norlan, norsal, norval, norwal, noryl, omal, omrah, omrak, poral, soral, toral. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "moral" (pronounced mô"rul) |
| 5 | m ô" r u l | amoral, Balmoral, immoral. |
| 4 | -ô" r u l | aural, auroral, boral, choral, coral, floral, goral, Sorel, Sorrel, laurel, Loral, oral, quarrel. |
| 3 | -r u l | ancestral, antiviral, apparel, astral, austral, barrel, Beryl, Carle, Carol, carrel, cathedral, central, cerebral, feral, gambrel, imperil, spiral, sterile, tetrahedral, integral, intramural, minstrel, mistral, mitral, mural, neural, neutral, nostril, octahedral, orchestral, peril, plural, rural, scoundrel, several, ventral, vertebral, viral, virile. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: molar. | |
| Words within the letters "a-l-m-o-r" | |
-1 letter: loam, marl, mola, mora, oral, roam. | |
-2 letters: arm, lam, lar, mar, moa, mol, mor, oar, ora, ram, rom. | |
-3 letters: al, am, ar, la, lo, ma, mo, om, or. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-l-m-o-r" | |
+1 letter: amoral, bromal, clamor, formal, glamor, molars, morale, morals, mortal, morula, normal. | |
+2 letters: aliform, almoner, almonry, armhole, armload, armlock, bromals, clamors, clamour, earldom, femoral, formals, formula, glamors, glamour, glomera, gomeral, humoral, immoral, jarldom, loamier, lockram, lordoma, majorly, malodor, marplot, mayoral, modular, morales, morally, mortals, morulae, morular, morulas, normals, oralism, osmolar, rampole, removal, stromal, tumoral, unmoral, wolfram. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Historic | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Spoken 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Translations: Ancient 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Bibliography |
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