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Definition: Monasticism |
MonasticismNoun1. Asceticism practiced in a monastery. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "monasticism" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Churchdom | Monachism, monachy; monasticism, monkhood. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Monasticism (from Greek: monachos—a solitary person) is the religious practice of renouncing all worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work. Many religions have monastic elements, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, and Islam, though the expressions differ considerably. Those pursuing a monastic life are usually called monks or brothers (male), and nuns or sisters (female).
In Hinduism, monastic tradition varies somewhat from sect to sect. Historically this path has been open to males only, but some traditions now accept female renunciates as well. Hindu monks are called Sadhus and in most traditions are easily recognized by their saffron robes. Vaisnava monks shave their heads except for a small patch of hair on the back of the head, while Saivite monks in most traditions let their hair and beard grow uncut.
A Sadhu's vow of renunciation typically forbids him from:
The Sangha, democratic order of Buddhist monks and nuns, was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime of missionary work over 2500 years ago. Established to preserve the doctrine and discipline now known as Buddhism, they are a living example for the laity. A monk, known as a Bhikkhu in Pali, firstly ordains as a Samanera (novice) for a year or until the ripe age of 20. If deemed acceptable and able by the order, he then receives full ordination and now lives by the 227 monastic rules, called the Patimokkha, which are stated in the Tripitaka. Once a year as a novice monastic, and if 20 years old, the female Samaneri becomes a nun or Bhikkhuni and will adhere to 311 rules of discipline. Monastics eat one vegetarian meal at noon and fast until sunrise the follwing day. Between midday and the next day, a strict life of celibacy, scripture study, chanting, meditation and occasional cleaning forms most of the duties. It is necessary for not only monks but the laity to practice with intuitive insight, in a state of mindfulness and concentration, here and now, to benefit from the experience. Only then is Enlightenment possible.
The distinction between Sangha and lay persons has always been important and forms the Purisa, Buddhist community. Here, monastics teach and counsel the laity at request while laymen and laywomen offer donations for their future support. This inter-connectedness serves as a marriage and has sustained Buddhism to this day.
The legendary Shaolin monasteries of China are perhaps best known in the Western hemisphere from martial art films. Practicing Ch'an of the Mahayana school, this form of Buddhism spread to Korea and subsequently to Japan where it is now known as Zen. According to legend, their founder is known alternatively as Bodhidharma or Ta Mo.
In Tibet, before the Communist invasion in the late 40's and early 50's, a strikingly large percentage of males, more than half of the countries population, were expected to ordained for monastic life. Due to the oppressive struggle, and destruction of monasteries and libraries, Tibetans now live in exile. Hoping to resume and revive an independent nation under the Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Vajrayana Buddhism, many Tibetan monks annually risk crossing the Himalayas to seek freedom in India.
In Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar where the religious prevalence is Theravada, there is a common tradition of short ordination. During a school break, many young men usually ordain for a week or two to earn merit for loved ones and to gain knowledge of the Dharma, Buddhist teaching.
Monasticism in Christianity is a family of similar traditions that began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church, modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals, but not mandated as an institution by the Scriptures.
While most people think of Christian or Catholic monks or nuns as "something to do with living in a monastery", from the Church's point of view the focus has nothing to do with living in a monastery or performing any specific activity, rather the focus is on an ideal called the religious life, also called the state of perfection. In other words, a monk or nun is a person who has vowed to follow not only the commandments of the Church, but also the counsels (e.g., vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience). The words of Jesus which are the cornerstone for this ideal are "be ye perfect like your heavenly Father is perfect".
The ancient models of the modern Christian monastic ideal are the Nazirites and the prophets of Israel. A Nazirite was a person voluntarily separated to the Lord, under a special vow.
Institutional Christian monasticism seems to have begun in the deserts in AD 4th century Egypt as a kind of living martyrdom. Contemporary piety believed that the deserts and wilderness were inhabited by demons, and so the monks would go out into the desert to fight the demons, and to overcome their temptations. Some scholars still present monasticism as a seeking for martyrdom after the legalization of Christianity meant that one could no longer be persecuted for being a Christian. Others point to historical evidence that individuals were living the life later known as monasticism before the legalization of Christianity. In fact it is believed by the Carmelites that they were started by the Jewish prohet Elias. Anthony the Great and Pachomius were early monastic innovators in Egypt. Eastern Orthodoxy looks to Basil of Caesarea as a founding monastic legislator, as well as the example of the Desert Fathers. Benedict is often credited with being the 'father of Western monasticism'.
From a very early time there were probably individuals who lived a life in isolation - hermits - in imitation of Jesus's 40 days in the desert. They have left no confirmed archaeological traces and only hints in the written record. Anthony of Egypt lived as a hermit and developed a following of other hermits who lived nearby but not in community with him. This variety of monasticism is called eremitical or "hermit-like". Pachomius, a follower of Anthony, also acquired a following; he chose to mould them into a community in which the monks lived in individual huts or rooms (cellula in Latin, "cell", which has a different connotation in modern English) but worked, ate, and worshipped in shared space. This method of monastic organization is called cenobitic or "community-based." All the familiar monastic orders are cenobitic in nature. In Catholic theology, this community based living is considered superior because of the obedienance practiced and because one is less likely to err then one would be by oneselve. The head of a monastery came to be known by the word for "Father" in Syriac, Abba, in English, "Abbot".
Christian monasticism was and continued for centuries to be a lay condition - monks depended on a local parish church for the sacraments. However, if the monastery was isolated in the desert, as were many of the Egyptian examples, that inconvenience compelled monasteries either to take in priest members, to have their abbot ordained, or to have other members ordained. A priest-monk is sometimes called a hieromonk. In many cases in Eastern Orthodoxy, when a bishopric needed to be filled, they would look to nearby monasteries to find suitable candidates. Since many priests were married (before being ordained to the priesthood), but bishops were required to be celibate, monasteries were a good source of celibate men who were also spiritually mature and generally possessing the other qualities desired in a bishop. Gregory Palamas is one such example.
In traditional Catholic societies, monastic communities often took charge of social services such as education and healthcare; to the latter they were so closely linked that nurses are often called "sisters."Hindu Monasticism
Buddhist Monasticism
Christian Monasticism
Precursor models of the Christian monastic ideal
The prophets of Israel were set apart to the Lord for the sake of a message of repentance. Some of them lived under extreme conditions, voluntarily separated or forced into seclusion because of the burden of their message. Other prophets were members of communities, schools mentioned occasionally in the Scriptures but about which there is much speculation and little known. The pre-Abrahamic prophets, Enoch and Melchizedek, and especially the Jewish prophets Elijah and his disciple Elisha are important to Christian monastic tradition. The most frequently cited "role-model" for the life of a hermit separated to the Lord, in whom the Nazarite and the prophet are believed to be combined in one person, is John the Baptist. John also had disciples who stayed with him and, as may be supposed, were taught by him and lived in a manner similar to his own.
The female role models for monasticism are Mary the mother of Jesus and the four virgin daughters of Philip the evangelist:
The monastic ideal is also modeled upon the Apostle Paul, who is believed to have been celibate, and a tentmaker:
But, the consummate prototype of all modern Christian monasticism, communal and solitary, is Jesus:
The first Christian communities lived in common, sharing everything, according to Acts of the Apostles.Institutional Christian monasticism
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Monasticism."
Crosswords: Monasticism |
| English words defined with "monasticism": Monachism. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Monasticism" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Monasticism" is used about 24 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 24 | 71,196 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
monasticism | 22 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "monasticism"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | монашество (monkery, monkhood, religion). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | luostarilaitos. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Mönchtum. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μοναχικόσ βίοσ (monarchism). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | szerzetesség, szerzetesi rend, szerzetesi élet (cloistered life). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | monachesimo (monachism). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 修""活 (monastic life), 修"制度 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | しゅうどうせいど, しゅうどうせいかつ (monastic life). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | onasticismmay viaţã monahalã (monkery), ascetism (asceticism, austerity). (various references) manastirski život. (various references) monacato. (various references) การเป็นพระ. (various references) manastır sistemi, manastır hayatı (monachism, monkery). (various references) чернецтво (monachism, monkery, monkhood, religion). (various references) đời sống ở tu viện chế độ tu. (various references) mynachaeth. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Old English | 450-1100 | munuchad. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "monasticism": monasticisms. (additional references) | |
| |
"Monasticism" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: monastics, monoasticism. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "monasticism" (pronounced muna"stusi'zum) |
| 8 | -s t u s i' z u m | gnosticism, mysticism. |
| 7 | -t u s i' z u m | criticism, eroticism, fanaticism, romanticism, skepticism. |
| 6 | -u s i' z u m | classicism, cynicism, empiricism, lyricism, narcissism, ostracism, stoicism. |
| 5 | -s i' z u m | racism, sexism. |
| 4 | -i' z u m | abolitionism, absenteeism, absolutism, activism, adventurism, agrarianism, alcoholism, altruism, amateurism, anachronism, aneurism, animism, antagonism, aphorism, astigmatism, atavism, atheism, authoritarianism, autism, baptism, barbarism, bilingualism, bolshevism, boosterism, botulism, cannibalism, capitalism, catechism, centralism, chauvinism, collectivism, colonialism, commercialism, communism, conservatism, consumerism, corporatism, counterterrorism, creationism, cronyism, cubism, dandyism, defeatism, deism, despotism, determinism, diamagnetism, diastrophism, dimorphism, dogmatism, Druidism, dualism, dwarfism, dynamism, egalitarianism, egoism, egotism, electromagnetism, elitism, embolism, emotionalism, entrepreneurialism, environmentalism, ergotism, escapism, ethnocentrism, euphemism, evangelism, expansionism, expressionism, extremism, factionalism, fascism, fatalism, favoritism, federalism, feminism, ferromagnetism, fetishism, feudalism, formalism, fundamentalism, futurism, geotropism, gradualism, hedonism, helotism, heroism, hooliganism, humanism, hypnotism, idealism, illusionism, imperialism, impressionism, incrementalism, individualism, intellectualism, internationalism, interventionism, Irredentism, isolationism, isomorphism, jingoism, journalism, leftism, legalism, lesbianism, liberalism, magnetism, mannerism, masochism, materialism, mechanism, mercantilism, mesmerism, metabolism, methodism, microorganism, militarism, minimalism, modernism, monetarism, monism, monotheism, moralism, multiculturalism, multilateralism, mutualism, nationalism, nativism, naturalism, negativism, nepotism, neutralism, nihilism, obstructionism, opportunism, optimism, organism, overoptimism, pacifism, paganism, parallelism, parkinsonism, parochialism, pastoralism, paternalism, patriotism, perfectionism, pessimism, pharisaism, pietism, plagiarism, pluralism, polymorphism, polytheism, populism, positivism, pragmatism, professionalism, protectionism, provincialism, puritanism, racialism, radicalism, realism, recidivism, relativism, republicanism, revisionism, rheumatism, sadism, satanism, sectarianism, secularism, sensationalism, separatism, socialism, statism, supernaturalism, surrealism, symbolism, synergism, territorialism, terrorism, theism, tokenism, totalitarianism, tourism, truism, unionism, vandalism, vegetarianism, vigilantism, voluntarism, volunteerism, voyeurism. |
| 3 | -z u m | bosom, careerism, chasm, cytoplasm, enthusiasm, iconoclasm, ism, microcosm, neoplasm, orgasm, phantasm, prism, sarcasm, schism, spasm. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-i-i-m-m-n-o-s-s-t" | |
-2 letters: actinisms, ammonitic, iotacisms, monastics, mosaicism, mosaicist, simoniacs. | |
-3 letters: actinism, amitosis, amniotic, animisms, animists, atomisms, iotacism, massicot, minicams, miscoins, monastic, monistic, nomistic, simoniac, simonist, stasimon, stoicism. | |
-4 letters: actions, ammonic, animism, animist, anosmic, atomics, atomism, atonics, caisson, camions, casinos, cassino, cations, comitia, commits, consist, cosmism, cosmist, intimas, isatins, maniocs, manitos, mascons, mascots, masonic, mastics, miasmic. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-i-i-m-m-n-o-s-s-t" | |
+1 letter: monasticisms, romanticisms, semimonastic. | |
+3 letters: anticommunisms, anticommunists, commiserations, somnambulistic. | |
+4 letters: cosmopolitanism, miscomputations. | |
+5 letters: antiromanticisms, cosmopolitanisms, superromanticism. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 6F 6E 61 73 74 69 63 69 73 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-- --- -. .- ... - .. -.-. .. ... -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01101111 01101110 01100001 01110011 01110100 01101001 01100011 01101001 01110011 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M o n a s t i c i s m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 006F 006E 0061 0073 0074 0069 0063 0069 0073 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)4781806785867569758579 |
| Language | Coverage | Language Translations |
Bulgarian | речник, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, транслация, превеждане, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, огъване, превод | български, български език, българин, bulgarialainen, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bolgár, bulgaro, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri |
Finnish | määritelmä, translaatio, taajuusmuutos | фински език, фински, suomi, suomalainen, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, finn, finlandese, finlandezã, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan |
German | Übersetzung, Wörterbuch, Definition | германски, немски език, немски, немец, роден, готически, германец, saksalainen, "ερμανός, német, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , neamţ, germanski, alemán, าษาเยอรมัน, เยอรมัน, alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr |
Greek | λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση | гръцки език, гръцки, грък, kreikkalainen, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, görög, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", greacã, grčki, grk, grčki jezik, griego, yunanistan'a ait, yunanca, yunan, Yunanli, yunanlı, Rumca, rum, грецький, гречанка, грецька мова, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, kẻ lừa đảo, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, Groegwr |
Hungarian | szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás | унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, unkarilainen, Ungar, Ούγγρος, magyar, ungherese, unguresc, limba ungarã, limba maghiarã, ungureşte, ungur, maghiar, mađarski jezik, mađarski, mađar, húngaro, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорський, угорка, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri |
Italian | dizionario, definizione, traduzione | италиански език, италиански, италианец, italialainen, italienisch, Ιταλός, olasz, italiano, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, italianã, italijan, italijanski jezik, italijanski, ชาวอิตาลี, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка |
Japanese Kanji | 辭典 , 辞典 , 字引 , 辞林 , 字書 , ディーゼル電気車 , 言海 , 辞彙 , 辞書 , 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , 翻訳 | японски език, японци, японски, japanilainen, japaner, japanisch, ιαπωνικόσ, Ιάπωνας· "ιαπωνέζος, ιάπωνεσ, ιάπων, ιαπωνικά, japán, giapponese, 邦語 , 邦人 , ジャスミン茶 , ほう", ジャパニーズ , ほうじ", japonezã, japanski, japanski jezik, japanac, japonés, คนญี่ปุ่น, าษาญี่ปุ่น, เกี่ยวกับญี่ปุ่น, Japonca, японська мова, японський, японка, японець, người Nhật bản tiếng Nhật bản |
Japanese Katakana | じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, へい"ういどう, やくじゅつ, トランスレーション , やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, ほ"やくしょ | японски език, японци, японски, japanilainen, japaner, japanisch, ιαπωνικόσ, Ιάπωνας· "ιαπωνέζος, ιάπωνεσ, ιάπων, ιαπωνικά, japán, giapponese, 邦語 , 邦人 , ジャスミン茶 , ほう", ジャパニーズ , ほうじ", japonezã, japanski, japanski jezik, japanac, japonés, คนญี่ปุ่น, าษาญี่ปุ่น, เกี่ยวกับญี่ปุ่น, Japonca, японська мова, японський, японка, японець, người Nhật bản tiếng Nhật bản |
Romanian | dicţionar, definiţie, determinare, definire, translaţie, traducere, tãlmãcire | румънски език, румънски, румънец, romanialainen, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, român, rumunski jezik, rumunski, rumano, румунський, румунка, румунська мова, румун |
Serbo-Croatian | leksikon, rečnik, definicija, tumačenje | serbokroatisch, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, srpsko-hrvatski, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย |
Spanish | diccionario, definición, traducción | испански език, испански, espanjalainen, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, spanyol, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , spaniol, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, španski, španski jezik, español, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca, іспанський, іспанська мова |
Thai | พจนานุกรม | thaimaalainen, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, たい", tailandés, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, คนไทย, Tayland, Taylandlı, Tayland Dili, Tai Dili, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський |
Turkish | sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercüme | турски език, турски, turkkilainen, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, török, turcesc, turc, turski jezik, turski, turco, türkçe, türk, турецький, турецька мова, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ |
Ukrainian | словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення | украинец, украински език, ukrainalainen, ukrainisch, ukrainerin, Ukrainer, ουκρανικόσ, Ουκρανός, ουκρανόσ, ukrán, ucraino, ucrainean, ukrajinski, ukrajina, ucranio, ukraynalı, ukrayna, ukraynaca, український, українець, người U-kren tiếng U-kren |
Vietnamese | có tính chất sách vở, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích | виетнамски език, виетнамски, vietnamilainen, vietnamesin, vietnamesisch, vietnamese, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, ベトナ 人 , ベトナ じ", vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, vietnam, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt |
Welsh | geirlyfr, geiriadur, diffiniad, darnodiad, trosiad | уелски, уелски език, не си плащам дълга, измъквам се от задължение, walisisch, ουάλλοσ, ουαλλικόσ, δεν πληρώνω τα οφειλόμενα, walesi, gallese, limba velşã, velş, din ţara galilor, velšanin, podvaliti, velški jezik, velški, galés, galler ile ilgili, gal dili, bahisleri ödemeden kaçmak, ödemeden kaçmak, sözünü tutmamak, şartları yerine getirmemek, у"льський, не віддати гроші, валлійська мова, валлійський, валлійці, Cymreig |
English | Dictionary, Definition, Translation | английски език, английски, англичаните, englantia, englantilainen, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, angol, inglese, englezesc, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, inglés, เกี่ยวกับประเทศอังกฤษ, ชาวอังกฤษ, าษาอังกฤษ, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова, Saesneg |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Expressions: Internet 6. Translations: Modern 7. Translations: Ancient 8. Derivations | 9. Rhymes 10. Anagrams 11. Orthography 12. Bibliography |
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