Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Missionary |
MissionaryNoun1. Someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program. 2. Someone sent on a mission--especially a religious or charitable mission to a foreign country. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "missionary" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1550. (references) |
Etymology: Missionary \Mis"sion*ary\, noun; plural Missionaries. [Compare to French missionnaire. See Mission, noun]. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A Missionary is a propagator of religion (see History of Christian Missions), a representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community.
The Biblical authority for mission work is from the Gospel of Matthew 28:18-20, "Therefore go and make disciples of all nations...", as well as many other passages that teach that the Gospel is intended for all people. The English word "missionary" is derived from Latin, the equivalent of the Greek-derived word, "apostle".
Missionaries have often worked hand-in-hand with colonialism, for example during European colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Thus they often viewed their mission as converting the "natives" to a superior culture as well as to their religion. Missionaries were also often followed by others from their country, who came for a wider variety of reasons. For example, in New England, the early settlers, the Pilgrims were very religious, and a few of them devoted themselves to spreading the gospel among the Native Americans. They were successful in obtaining several thousand converts to the faith, but adoption of European culture was slow, retarding acceptance of the new converts as "real Christians" by the Europeans. One solution was the creation of segregated "praying towns" of Christian natives. This pattern of grudging acceptance of converts was repeated in Hawaii later when missionaries from that same New England culture went there. In Spanish colonization of the Americas, the Catholic missionaries selected and learned among the languages of the Amerindians and devised writing systems for them. Then they preached to them in those languages (Quechua, Guarani, Nahuatl) instead of Spanish to keep Indians away from "sinful" whites. An extreme case were the Guarani Reductions, a theocratic semiindependent region established by the Jesuits.
Sometimes, missionaries have been vital in preserving and documenting the culture of the peoples they live among. Sometimes, they have destroyed those cultures and led natives to aculturation.
Often, missionaries provide welfare and health services as a good deed or to make friends with the locals.
The word, "mission", is often applied to the building in which the missionary lives and/or works.
The decline in Christianity in parts of the West has led to missionaries from Africa making the reverse journey, to evangelise the Europeans. At the same time, many Protestant Christians in Europe and North America have been focusing on what they call the "10/40 window", countries between 10 and 40 degrees north latitude.
Mormon missionaries
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is one of the most active modern practitioners of missionary work. The Church strongly encourages their young men to devote two years to missionary work, most of which is spent proselytizing. Young men are eligible to serve missions when at least 19 years of age but no older than 26.
Young women may also serve missions, but are not expected to do so. Young women must be at least 21 years old to serve missions and only serve for an 18 month period.
Older, retired couples are also encouraged to serve missions and may serve as long as they desire (typically from one to two years). Many older couples have been known to serve several consecutive missions.
Besides proselytizing missionaries, the Church also has a strong welfare missionary program. The missionaries who serve these types of missions serve in poor and third world countries and do not actively proselytize. Regular proselytizing missionaries may engage in welfare activities and community service from time to time.
See also:
Disambiguation:
- Missiology
- Inculturation
- Controversy on Chinese rites
- Syncretism
- Missionary Generation
- Missionary position - a sex position
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Missionary."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Missionary Generation is the designation given by Strauss and Howe in their book Generations (ISBN 0688119123) to that generation in the United States of America born from 1860 to 1882. They became the indulged home-and-hearth children of the post-Civil War era. They came of age as labor anarchists, campus rioters, and ambitious first graduates of black and women's colleges. In rising adulthood, they had an Awakening that had given birth to the Bible Belt, to Christian socialism, to Greenwich Village, to the Wobblies, and to renascent labor, temperance, and women's suffrage movements. Their young adults pursued rural populism, settlement house work, missionary crusades, and muckrake journalism. In midlife, their Decency brigades and fundamentalists imposed Prohibition, cracked down on immigration, and organized vice squads. In elderhood, they presided over the twin emergencies of the Great Depression and World War II. Their elder elite became the Wise Old Men who enacted a New Deal (and Social Security) for the benefit of youth, led a global war against fascism, and reaffirmed America's highest ideals during a transformative era in history.In Strauss and Howe's Generations categorization, The Missionaries' typical grandparents were of the Transcendental Generation. Their parents were of the Gilded Generation and Progressive Generation. Their children were of the Lost Generation and G.I. Generation; their typical grandchildren were of the Silent Generation.
23% of the Missionaries were immigrants; 1% were slaves at any point in their lives.
A sample list of Missionary celebrities includes the following members, with birth and death dates as this generation is fully ancestral:
The Missionaries had four U.S. Presidents: Warren G. Harding (1865-1923), Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933), Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), and Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945). They held a plurality in the House of Representatives from 1909 to 1937, a plurality in the Senate from 1917 to 1943, and a majority of the Supreme Court from 1925 to 1943.
- 1860 William Jennings Bryan (1925)
- 1860 Jane Addams (1935)
- 1863 Billy Sunday (1935)
- 1863 William Randolph Hearst (1951)
- 1868 W. E. B. DuBois (1963)
- 1869 Frank Lloyd Wright (1959)
- 1869 Emma Goldman (1940) (immigrant)
- 1871 Theodore Dreiser (1945)
- 1871 Orville Wright (1948)
- 1875 Mary McLeod Bethune (1955)
- 1878 Isadora Duncan (1927)
- 1879 Albert Einstein (1955) (immigrant)
- 1879 Margaret Sanger (1966)
- 1880 Douglas MacArthur (1964)
- 1880 John Llewellyn Lewis (1969)
- 1880 H.L. Mencken (1956)
- 1880 Helen Keller (1968)
- 1880 George C. Marshall (1959)
Prominent foreign-born peers of the Missionaries include Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), V. I. Lenin (1870-1924), Winston Churchill (1874-1965), Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), and Pablo Picasso (1881-1973).
Sample cultural endowments include the following:
The last member of the Missionary Generation, the American Sarah Knauss, died on December 30, 1999.
- Intolerance (film, D. W. Griffith)
- "Into My Own" (Robert Frost)
- Prejudices (H. L. Mencken)
- Sister Carrie (Theodore Dreiser)
- the syndicated column that Will Rogers wrote
- The Shame of the Cities (Lincoln Steffens)
- Living My Life (Emma Goldman)
- "What I Believe" (Albert Einstein)
- Women and the New Race (Margaret Sanger)
- Beale Street Blues (W. C. Handy)
- The Souls of Black Folk (W. E. B. DuBois)
- "I Am the People, the Mob" (Carl Sandburg)
- The Last Puritan (George Santayana)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Missionary Generation."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The missionary position is probably the most well known sex position in the Western world . It is said that it is so called because of a story that this sex position was taught by Christian missionaries as the only "proper" sex position.
In the missionary position,
Features of the missionary position:
- the woman lies on her back, with her legs spread either flat (horizontally on the same surface as her back) or drawn up towards her chest.
- the man lies on top of her on his stomach, with heads and feet aligned, his legs between her legs, and his groin at the same level as hers to facilitate penetration.
Disadvantages of the missionary position:
- both partners can see each other
- they can combine sex with kissing
- they can both caress one another
- penetration is relatively deep
- clitoral pressure can be quite intense
- the man controls pace
- this position supposedly produces the quickest male orgasm
- the woman does not control the pace
- either the man's weight is upon the woman (uncomfortable for the woman) or he must support his weight upon his arms and knees (tiring for the man)
- it can be difficult for partners to manually stimulate the clitoris
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Missionary position."
Synonym: MissionarySynonym: missioner (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Clergy | Dignitaries of the church; ecclesiarch, hierarch; ebdomarius; eminence, reverence, elder, primate, metropolitan, archbishop, bishop, prelate, diocesan, suffragan, dean, subdean, archdeacon, prebendary, canon, rural dean, rector, parson, vicar, perpetual curate, residentiary, beneficiary, incumbent, chaplain, curate; deacon, deaconess; preacher, reader, lecturer; capitular; missionary, propagandist, Jesuit, revivalist, field preacher. |
School | Day school, boarding school, preparatory school, primary school, infant school, dame's school, grammar school, middle class school, Board school, denominational school, National school, British and Foreign school, collegiate school, art school, continuation school, convent school, County Council school, government school, grant-in-aid school, high school, higher grade school, military school, missionary school, naval school, naval academy, state-aided school, technical school, voluntary school, school; school of art; kindergarten, nursery, creche, reformatory. |
Teacher | Expositor; preceptor, guide; guru; mentor; (adviser); pioneer, apostle, missionary, propagandist, munshi, example; (model for imitation). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Missionary |
| English words defined with "missionary": Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, Albert Schweitzer, apostle, Apostle of the Gentiles, Apostle Paul ♦ buck ♦ David Livingstone ♦ Jacques Marquette, Junipero Serra ♦ Livingstone ♦ Marcus Whitman, Marquette, Miguel Jose Serra, mission, Missionaries, Missionary apostolic, missionary work, Mother Teresa, Mother Theresa ♦ Patrick, Paul, Paul the Apostle, Paulist, Pearl Buck, Pearl Sydenstricker Buck, Pere Jacques Marquette ♦ Saint Francis Xavier, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saul, Saul of Tarsus, Schweitzer, Serra, St Patrick ♦ Teresa, The American Board, Theresa ♦ Whitman ♦ Xavier. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "missionary": Cenchrea, CLERGY MEMBER, Coos ♦ dogpile ♦ Epistles ♦ Father Norbert ♦ Galatia ♦ Iconium, Illyricum ♦ Liguorians ♦ May Meetings, Mitylene, Moabite stone ♦ Paphos, Patara, Perga ♦ Salamis, Samos, Samothracia, Seleucia ♦ Trogyllium. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I guess there's a few things I could do instead of basketball I could be a farmer I could be a missionary and go back to the jungle again (Space Jam; writing credit: Leonardo Benvenuti; Steve Rudnick) I've been a missionary. (Nuns on the Run; writing credit: Jonathan Lynn) My father was a missionary. He was eaten by his Bible class (The Wrong Box; writing credit: Larry Gelbart; Lloyd Osbourne) I'm going to remain a missionary. (The Missionary; writing credit: Michael Palin) He caught his head in a mechanicalrice pickerbut, fortunately, there was an American, uh, missionary living close by who was a, uh, skilled, uh, plastic surgeon in civilian life who--- (Star Trek; writing credit: Walter Black; William Hamilton) | |
Clever | You don't become a missionary by crossing the sea but by seeing the cross. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Missionary (1918) Monty the Missionary (1915) The Missionary Box (1913) Tilly and the Morman Missionary (1911) The Missionary (1982) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Sectional axonometric views. Measured drawing delineated by Roland Rodriguez, 1983. (Reproduction Number: HABS TX-319, sheet 2 of 12) The church depicted in these axonometric views is one of the oldest surviving mission churches in the American Southwest. Built in the mid-eighteenth century by Franciscan monks from Spain, the church once served as the centerpiece of a large missionary compound. In its heyday, the mission included a convent, farmland, workshops, a granary, and a pueblo, or quarters, for christianized American Indians. In common with many Catholic churches built at the same time in Spain and Europe, this church features a vaulted stone roof, twin towers, and a dome over the crossing. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Eleazar Williams, missionary to Oneida and Iroquois Indians, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Revd. John Philip, D.D. - Superintendant of the London Missionary Society's Missions in South Africa / engraved by Thompson, from an original painting by Wildman. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge from Cameron Hill. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Orchard Knob, Grant's headquarters at battle of Missionary Ridge. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | National Boulevard and Cannonball Monument, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Missionary Ridge, Tenn., Nov 25 1863. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Father William Duncan, a missionary, in front of town library. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | This is to certify that Reuben E. Fenton is a life member of Judson Missionary Association of the Hanson Place Baptist Sabbath School / lith. of Seibert, Wetzler & Co., N.Y. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Battle of Missionary Ridge - fought November 23-25, 1863. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Malawi Scenery 3" by Reuben Poon Commentary: "These are photos taken while I was a missionary in Malawi, Africa. AWESOME sunrises and sunsets." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Quotation |
Walter Bagehot | Conquest is the missionary of valor, and the hard impact of military virtues beats meanness out of the world. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which the government is entrusted to them in accordance with the present Treaty, the property which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | But they yield such respect, numerous as they are, are so far heathen, and need to have a missionary sent to them |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Civil Liberties | Mauritius | Groups must obtain both a visa and a work permit for each missionary. (references) |
Macau | Missionaries are free to conduct missionary activities and are active in the enclave. (references) | |
Ecuador | The Government allows missionary activity and religious demonstrations by all religions. (references) | |
Economic History | Sierra Leone | U.S. relations with Sierra Leone began with missionary activities in the 19th century. (references) |
Hong Kong | There are approximately 586 Americans residing in Macau, engaged in business, academic and missionary work. (references) | |
Papua New Guinea | About 2,500 U.S. citizens live in Papua New Guinea, with major concentrations at two missionary headquarters in Eastern Highlands Province. (references) | |
Human Rights | Korea | This missionary subsequently appeared publicly in North Korea and was portrayed as a defector. (references) |
Togo | There were no developments in the 1999 killing of a missionary in Lome or the 1999 case in which gendarmes raided the Akodessewa-Kpota shantytown neighborhood in Lome and set fires that reportedly killed two children. (references) | |
Minorities | Romania | For example, in May an Orthodox priest beat a Mormon missionary in the streets of Pitesti. (references) |
Travel | Trinidad | Work permits are required for certain types of compensated and non-compensated employment, including missionary work. (references) |
Thailand | Purpose of visit: BUSINESS, CONFERENCE, RESEARCH, TEACHING, MASS MEDIA or MISSIONARY (requiring letter from your government, agency or organization sending you on your mission or from your counterpart in Thailand). (references) | |
Taiwan | Resident Visas are issued to foreign nationals who intend to stay in Taiwan for more than six months for study or research, employment, investment, missionary work, joining family members, or other legitimate reasons. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Missionary" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 88.60% of the time. "Missionary" is used about 430 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 88.6% | 381 | 14,421 |
| Noun (proper) | 6.74% | 29 | 64,444 |
| Noun (singular) | 4.42% | 19 | 80,337 |
| Noun (common) | 0.23% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 430 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "missionary": missionary apostolic ♦ missionary position ♦ missionary post ♦ missionary salesmen ♦ missionary station ♦ missionary work. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "missionary": missionary-minded, missionary-planted. | |
Ending with "missionary": fellow-missionary. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "missionary"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | sendeling. (various references) | |
Albanian | misionar. (various references) | |
Arabic | مبشر (auspicious, encouraging, evangelist, favorable, favourable, hopeful, preacher, promise, promising), تبشيري (predicatory), المبشر, إعلامي (informative). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | мисионерски (mission), мисионер (evangelist). (various references) | |
Chinese | 传教士 (Ecclesiastical, Missionaries), 傳道者 (preacher), 傳教士 . (various references) | |
Czech | misionář, misijní. (various references) | |
Dutch | zendeling, missionaris. (various references) | |
Esperanto | misiisto. (various references) | |
Farsi | مبلغ مذهبی (Missioner), وابسته به مبلغین , وابسته به هیلت اعزامی . (various references) | |
Finnish | lähetyssaarnaaja, lähetti (bishop, messenger, office boy, orderly). (various references) | |
French | missionnaire. (various references) | |
German | Missionar. (various references) | |
Greek | ιεραπόστολοσ, ιεραπόστολος, ιεραποστολικόσ. (various references) | |
Hebrew | מיסיונרי, משולח (abandoned, delegate, emmisary, envoy), מטיף (preacher, sermonizer), מסיונר (missioner), שליח (agent, courier, delegate, deputy, emissary, legate, messenger). (various references) | |
Hungarian | misszionárius. (various references) | |
Indonesian | mendakwahkan (missionise, proselytizer), pengabar injil (evangelist). (various references) | |
Italian | missionario (missioner). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 宣教師 , 宣教師 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | せんきょうし. (various references) | |
Korean | 선교사 (Missionaries). (various references) | |
Manx | sushtallagh (evangelic, evangelical, gospel, gospeller, preaching the Gospel), chaghter yn tushtal. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | issionarymay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | missionário. (various references) | |
Romanian | misionar, de misionar. (various references) | |
Russian | миссионерский, миссионер миссионерский, миссионер (evangelist), посланник (envoy, messenger, vakeel, vakil). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | misionarski, misionar. (various references) | |
Spanish | misionero. (various references) | |
Swazi | úm-fúndisi. (various references) | |
Swedish | missionär (evangelist). (various references) | |
Turkish | misyoner. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | місіонерський, місіонер (evangelist), посланець (ambassador, delegate, express, messenger, nunciate, nuncio). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | người truyền giáo (indoctrinator). (various references) | |
Welsh | cenhadwr, cenhadol. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | apostoli, apostolis, apostolorum, apostolos, apostolum, apostolus, pseudoapostoli. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Missionary" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: masionary, missionery. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "missionary" (pronounced mi"shune'rē) |
| 7 | -i" sh u n e' r ē | expeditionary. |
| 6 | -sh u n e' r ē | cautionary, concessionary, confectionary, confectionery, counterrevolutionary, deflationary, dictionary, discretionary, disinflationary, evolutionary, expansionary, functionary, inflationary, noninflationary, probationary, reactionary, recessionary, revolutionary, stationary, stationery. |
| 5 | -u n e' r ē | bicentenary, cardiopulmonary, centenary, coronary, culinary, disciplinary, diversionary, exclusionary, extraordinary, illusionary, imaginary, interdisciplinary, luminary, mercenary, ordinary, preliminary, pulmonary, seminary, urinary, veterinary, visionary. |
| 4 | -n e' r ē | quaternary. |
| 3 | -e' r ē | actuary, adversary, ancillary, apothecary, arbitrary, aviary, beneficiary, Blackberry, blueberry, budgetary, capillary, Cassowary, cemetery, cometary, commentary, commissary, Constabulary, contemporary, corollary, cranberry, customary, depositary, Dewberry, dietary, dignitary, itinerary, judiciary, lapidary, Dogberry, dromedary, dysentery, emissary, epistolary, estuary, fiduciary, formulary, fragmentary, funerary, gooseberry, hackberry, hereditary, honorary, Huckleberry, interplanetary, involuntary, legendary, library, literary, military, momentary, monastery, monetary, mortuary, mulberry, necessary, nonmilitary, obituary, paramilitary, pecuniary, pituitary, planetary, primary, proprietary, raspberry, Rosemary, salutary, sanctuary, sanitary, savagery, secondary, secretary, sedentary, semilegendary, solitary, statuary, strawberry, subsidiary, temporary, Tilbury, topiary, tributary, undersecretary, unitary, unnecessary, unsanitary, vocabulary. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-i-i-m-n-o-r-s-s-y" | |
-3 letters: amorini, masonry, mission, morassy, myiasis, myosins, raisins, raisiny, ramsons, ransoms, saimins, simians. | |
-4 letters: amnios, animis, ariosi, arsino, arsons, inarms, manors, masons, mayors, minors, miosis, missay, moirai, morass, morays, myasis, myosin, myosis, norias, raisin, ramson, ransom, rayons, romans, rosins, rosiny, saimin, sarins, simars, simian, simony, sonars. | |
-5 letters: airns, amino, amins, amirs, amiss, amnio, animi. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-i-i-m-n-o-r-s-s-y" | |
+3 letters: microanalysis. | |
+4 letters: parsimoniously, syringomyelias. | |
+5 letters: aerodynamicists, polymerisations, reactionaryisms, symmetrizations, trypanosomiasis. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Translations: Ancient 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
