Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Minors |
MinorsNoun1. A league of teams that do not belong to a major league (especially baseball). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "minors" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Food & Agriculture | Canals taking off from distributaries and supplying water to subminors or outlets or turnouts. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A child is a young human. Depending on context it may mean someone who is not yet an adult, or someone who has not yet hit puberty (someone who is prepubescent).
Gender
A female child is called a girl and a male child is a boy (though a small percentage of humans are intersexual this is a distinction of biological sex not necessarily social or psychological gender). Apart from the genitals, young children do not differ much by sex. Whether cultural and parental practices emphasize or weaken gender identity is subject to debate. For instance, parents often discipline boys more, which potentially weakens their inborn more aggressive nature making them more similar to girls. In general, the extent to which gender identity is formed during childhood or congenital is a matter of much debate within psychology and genetics.
Law
In law, a person who is not yet a legal adult is known as a minor (known in some places as an juvenile, or, in others, as a infant). For example, in many countries a person under the age of 18 is a minor. Most countries give additional legal protection to minors despite their underage status, and all UN member states except the United States and Somalia have ratified the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child, although not all of them have followed it.
Development
Child development is the study or examination of processes and mechanisms that operate during the physical and mental development of an infant into an adult.
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine relating to the care of children. It encompasses ages from prenatal to teenagers and even young adults (ages 0-21 years).
Stages of development include:
- (Zygote, the point of Conception, fertilization)
- (Embryo; in the later stages also called fetus)
- (Birth)
- Child
- Infant (baby, newborn)
- Toddler
- Primary school age (also called prepubescence)
- Elementary school age (also called middle childhood)
- Preadolescence (preteen, or late childhood. The child in this and the previous phase are called schoolchild (schoolboy or schoolgirl), when still of primary school age.)
- (Adolescence) (teenage)
- (Young adult) (sometimes used as a euphemism for adolescent)
- (Adult)
- (Advanced adult/Senior)
- Sexagenarian
- Septuagenarian
- Octogenarian
- Nonagenarian
- Centenarian
- (Death)
Physical development
- Ability to lift and control the orientation of the head
- Crawling begins
- Walking begins
- Speech begins
- Voice lowers in pitch (especially noticeable in boys)
- Pubic hair appears
- Genitals and reproductive organs mature
- Menses begin (females)
- body hair and facial hair appears
Cognitive development
- Learning
- Music lessons
- Infant Education
- Language acquisition
- Developmental psychology
Notable child prodigies
- Christian Henry Heinecken (The Infant of Lübeck)
- Isaac Albeniz
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Street child
A street child is a child that lives on the street, in particular one that is not taken care of by parents or other adults, and also sleeps on the street because he or she does not have a home. [1]
Human development
Human development refers to all forms of development above, often in the context of clinical psychology or as human development theory (in economics, an outgrowth of welfare economics).
Both the psychological and economic fields share a special concern with education and language fluency including literacy and numeracy, and with identification and development of more unique talents into the economic variable known as individual capital.
Earlier branches of economics see humans in terms of labour for production, means of persuasion or protection, which tend to be skills acquired only in adolescence and adulthood. The human development view is more evident in sports, music and other performing arts, such as acting where the child begins training often as early as three years of age. Think of Tiger Woods and his early practice golfing.
While there are problems with such early "streaming", child murder, child abandonment, military use of children and other major social ills are thought to be reduced by a human development approach - as as there is a high value assigned to children by the state.
The UN Human Development Index is a means of measuring well-being used to rank states by these criteria. Although child abuse is thought to be lower in countries with a high ranking on this Index, that is not easily proven.
See also
- Age of consent
- Children's television show
- Defense of infancy
- Education
- Minor
- Parenting
- School
- Scouting
- Taking Children Seriously
- Toy
External links
- Child development stages
- Child discipline
- Child Discipline & Punishment
- Child Behaviour
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Child."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In linear algebra, a minor of a matrix is the determinant of a certain smaller matrix. Suppose A is an m×n matrix and k is a positive integer not larger than m and n. A k×k minor of A is the determinant of a k×k matrix obtained from A by deleting m-k rows and n-k columns.Since there are C(m,k) choices of k rows out of m, and there are C(n,k) choices of k columns out of n, there are a total of C(m,k)C(n,k) minors of size k×k.
Especially important are the (n-1)×(n-1) minors of an n×n square matrix - these are often denoted Mij, and are derived by removing the ith row and the jth column.
The cofactors of a square matrix A are closely related to the minors of A: the cofactor Cij of A is defined as (-1)i+j times the minor Mij of A.
For example, given the matrix
and suppose we wish to find the cofactor C23. We consider the matrix with row 2 and column 3 removed (note the following is not standard notation!):
This gives:
The cofactors feature prominently in Laplace's formula for the expansion of determinants. If all the cofactors of a square matrix A are collected to form a new matrix of the same size, one obtains the adjugate of A, which is useful in calculating the inverse of small matrices.
Given an m×n matrix with real entries (or entries from any other field) and rank r, then there exists at least one non-zero r×r minor, while all larger minors are zero.
We will use the following notation for minors: if A is an m×n matrix, I is a subset of {1,...,m} with k elements and J is a subset of {1,...,n} with k elements, then we write [A]I,J for the k×k minor of A that corresponds to the rows with index in I and the columns with index in J.
Both the formula for ordinary matrix multiplication and the Cauchy-Binet formula for the determinant of the product of two matrices are special cases of the following general statement about the minors of a product of two matrices. Suppose that A is an m×n matrix, B is an n×p matrix, I is a subset of {1,...,m} with k elements and J is a subset of {1,...,p} with k elements. Then
where the sum extends over all subsets K of {1,...,n} with k elements. This formula is a straight-forward corollary of the Cauchy-Binet formula.
A more systematic, algebraic treatment of the minor concept is given in multilinear algebra, using the wedge product. If the columns of a matrix are wedged together k at a time, the kxk minors appear as the components of the resulting k-vectors.
In graph theory, the term minor has a different, unrelated meaning. See minor (graph theory).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Minor (linear algebra)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In medicine, pedophilia (American English), alternatively spelled paedophilia or pædophilia (in British English), is sexual attraction of an adult to prepubescent children. In common usage, pedophilia or under-age sex is sexual attraction and sexual acts towards children generally, including adolescents who are far beyond a prepubescent level of physical and psychological development. This article will discuss these two concepts separately.
Clinical pedophilia
Clinically, pedophilia is defined, to give one definition (from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association): Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia
Note: Do not include an individual in late adolescence involved in an ongoing sexual relationship with a 12- or 13-year-old.
- A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger).
- B. The person has acted on these urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.
- C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.
Clinical pedophilia can be diagnosed solely in the presence of "fantasies" or "sexual urges" on the subject's part -- it need not involve criminal sexual acts with children. Pedophilia is not a legal category or term, and although the acts pedophiles desire to carry out are crimes, these crimes are not legally referred to as "pedophilia". Pedophilia in itself is not a crime -- only acting upon such urges is.
Sometimes a clinical distinction is made between pedophiles and "situational offenders" -- a distinction, however, which is not reflected in the APA's definition above. A pedophile, according to this distinction, is a person whose primary sexual attraction is to children, while a situational offender is someone who engages in sexual activity with children not as their primary sexual preference but due to a particular situation they are faced with, and would not otherwise engage in such activity except for that situation.
Underage sex
Since the age of consent is often higher than the upper age limit in the definition of clinical pedophilia, underage sex, i.e. sexual activity with underage adolescents, is not, in general, clinical pedophilia. While such activity may be illegal in a particular jurisdiction, it frequently exemplifies only borderline pedophilia, or far more commonly, no pedophilia at all, because the person's attraction is not specifically to persons that young. The terms hebephilia and ephebophilia are sometimes used to describe attraction to youths or adolescents, distinct from attraction to children.
Most cases of father-daughter incest are believed to involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than clinical pedophiles. Some have argued that these cases are caused by the withdrawal of the mother (often due to mental illness) from the family -- this withdrawal is more than purely sexual.
Modern cultures in general strongly condemn underage sex and regard it as a very serious crime, based on the idea that children are not sufficiently mature to be able to consent to sex and that sex with children is therefore rape.
Pederasty is underage sex, especially anal sex, between male adults and male adolescents or children. The North American Man-Boy Love Association advocates legalization of pederasty.
See also:
- Child pornography
- Child sex tourism
- List of pedophiles and pederasts
- Edward Brongersma
- Harmful to Minors, a book by Judith Levine which, among other issues of sexual morality, discusses the perception and reality of pedophilia
External link
- Paul Wilson: The Man They Called a Monster. Book about a court reporter who had sexual relationships with 2500 adolescent males; includes interviews with the later adults who reflect on these relationships.
- Study: Young men 'download illegal porn' BBC article about a study of people who download child pornography
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Pedophilia."
Synonym: MinorsSynonym: minor league (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Minors |
| English words defined with "minors": Major sixth. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "minors": catch feeder, CDA ♦ DIRECTOR, LABOR STANDARDS, distributaries ♦ irrigation canal, irrigation canals, irrigation channel ♦ Legal Guardians ♦ Presumed Consent ♦ quarternary canals ♦ secondary canals, sub-minors. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | We've got the biggest damn lawsuit against this church for sending a bunch of minors out into the butt-freakin' amazon with absolutely no preparation for a disaster of this magnitude (Walkabout; writing credit: Martin David) | |
Movie/TV Titles | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Convention of June l2, 1902, as to the protection of minors. (reference) |
Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | In each of the cases, minors of the Negro race, through their legal representatives, seek the aid of the courts in obtaining admission to the public schools of their community on a nonsegregated basis. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | However, testing of minors for the purpose of identifying carrier status is not recommended. (references) | |
Business | Administrative review, fines, and revocation of business licenses of those businesses that hire minors are specified in the Labor Law. (references) | |
However, due to periodic complaints about minors (those aged younger than 20) accessing beer via unattended vending machines, in May 2000, the Japan Liquor Retailer's Association placed a self-restriction on the period of time when vending machines outside of shops could be in operation. (references) | ||
Children | Venezuela | Approximately 76 percent of minors live in poverty. (references) |
Nicaragua | During the year, 51 minors died as a result of violent crime. (references) | |
El Salvador | FUNDASALVA, an NGO, provides drug counseling and treatment to minors. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | China | The participation of minors in religious education is prohibited by regulation. (references) |
Panama | A 9:00 p.m. curfew for unaccompanied minors in the Panama City area remains in effect although enforcement generally is poor. (references) | |
Poland | It urged that procedures and practices concerning the appointment and maintenance of supervisors and guardians for minors be improved. (references) | |
Economic History | Croatia | Additional days of leave are required for employees performing dangerous tasks and for minors. (references) |
Bulgaria | These firms persuaded the television stations to broadcast cigarette commercials only after 10 p.m. instead of during prime TV viewing hours when minors are watching. (references) | |
Human Rights | Israel and the occupied territories | Security detainees include some minors. (references) |
Political Economy | Sudan | Minors often are held with adults. (references) |
ARGENTINA | Minors aged 14 to 18 may work in a limited number of job categories, but not more than 6 hours a day or 35 hours a week. (references) | |
Paraguay | The recruitment and conscription of underage minors continued, although a court convicted one military officer of enlisting minors. (references) | |
Political Rights | Brazil | It is voluntary for minors from 16 to 18 years of age, for the illiterate, and for those age 70 and over. (references) |
Travel | Ukraine | Until further notice, it may be wise to look to the old system, that stated that all foreigners visiting Ukraine, except those staying less than three working days and minors (under 18), are required to register their passports with local law enforcement authorities. (references) |
Women | Bhutan | In cases of rape involving minors, sentences range from 5 to 17 years. (references) |
Worker Rights | Greece | The victims of this practice are often minors. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | More than 12 percent of the women were minors. (references) | |
Philippines | Several rescues involved minors working as prostitutes. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Minors" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 96.84% of the time. "Minors" is used about 158 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 96.84% | 153 | 25,427 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.16% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Total | 100.00% | 158 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "minors" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Minors | Last name | 100 | 70,000 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "minors": a Minors Gray Friars or Franciscans ♦ distributary minors ♦ endangering the development of minors. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "minors": sub-minors. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "minors"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 未成年人. (various references) | |
Danish | tertiær kanal (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Dutch | tertiair kanaal (distributary minors, tertiary canals), tertiair irrigatiekanaal (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Finnish | lapsen vietteleminen haureuteen (incitement of minors to immoral behaviour), alaikäisen kokemattomuuden väärinkäyttö (undue influence upon minors). (various references) | |
French | canal tertiaire (distributary minors), canal qui alimente un secteur (distributary minors). (various references) | |
German | Tertiärkanal (distributary minors, tertiary canals), Nebenkanaele (distributary minors, tertiary canals), kleinere Verteiler (distributary minors, tertiary canals), Kanaele III.Ordnung (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Greek | τριτεύουσαι διώρυγες (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Italian | canale terziario (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Korean | 미성년자. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | inorsmay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | canal terciário (distributary minors, tertiary canals), canais terciários (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Russian | несовершеннолетний (minor, under age, underage, under-age). (various references) | |
Spanish | canales terciarios (distributary minors, tertiary canals), canal terciario (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
Swedish | underåriga, kanal av tredje ordningen (distributary minors, tertiary canals). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Minors" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Dminor, Einars, mannors, manoirs, manora, Mcivory, mcnairs, Menor, menours, Mignards, milnors, Mineros, minidress, minior, minires, minnoes, Minois, minons, minora, Minori, mions, mior, miroirs, mitors, Mynos, mynours, nanors, nignogs, ninors, ninous, ominor. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "minors" (pronounced mī"nerz) |
| 5 | m ī" n er z | miners. |
| 4 | -ī" n er z | decliners, designers, dinars, diners, liners, refiners, signers, whiners. |
| 3 | -n er z | afterburners, airliners, Conners, containers, copartners, corners, coroners, banners, bargainers, beginners, breadwinners, burners, campaigners, cleaners, commissioners, commoners, complainers, conditioners, confectioners, dinners, donors, downers, drainers, earners, easterners, entertainers, examiners, executioners, falconers, fasteners, foreigners, forerunners, fresheners, frontrunners, gainers, gardeners, garners, governors, gunners, homeowners, honeymooners, honors, intervenors, jetliners, kindergartners, landowners, lanners, leaners, learners, listeners, loners, manners, manors, mariners, misdemeanors, mourners, northerners, openers, owners, parishioners, partners, pensioners, petitioners, planers, planners, practitioners, prisoners, probationers, questioners, retainers, runners, scanners, schooners, screeners, shipowners, sinners, sooners, southerners, spinners, stationers, sweeteners, tenors, trainers, vacationers, vintners, Warners, westerners, wieners, winners. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "i-m-n-o-r-s" | |
-1 letter: irons, minor, morns, noirs, noris, norms, ornis, rosin. | |
-2 letters: inro, ions, iron, mirs, miso, mons, morn, mors, nims, noir, noms, nori, norm, rims, rins, roms, sori, sorn. | |
-3 letters: ins, ion, ism, mir, mis, mon, mor, mos, nim, nom, nor, nos, oms, ons, ors, rim, rin, rom, sim, sin, sir, som, son, sri. | |
-4 letters: in. | |
| Words containing the letters "i-m-n-o-r-s" | |
+1 letter: bromins, crimson, dormins, informs, merinos, microns, mikrons, morions, nimrods. | |
+2 letters: bromines, chrismon, confirms, crimsons, cronyism, emersion, ensiform, fermions, imbrowns, imprison, incomers, ionomers, midirons, minorcas, misenrol, misgrown, misnomer, monikers, monitors, monsieur, moonrise, moorings, moraines, mornings, moronism, morphins, morrions, nombrils, omicrons, omikrons, organism, pinworms, promines, rampions, romaines, romanise, sermonic, storming, uniforms, winsomer. | |
+3 letters: acromions, almonries, animators, armonicas, brimstone, bromelins, chrismons, chromings, combiners, coumarins, criminous, crimsoned, cronyisms, cuniforms, domineers, emersions, encrimson, formalins, harmonics, harmonies, harmonise, heroinism, horsemint, ignoramus, immersion, imprisons, inchworms, informers, innermost, intercoms, intromits, macaronis, marocains, masonries, mirlitons, misenroll, misenrols, misgovern, misinform, misnomers, misorient, misreckon, missioner, misthrown, modernise, modernism, modernist, moistener, monickers, monkeries, monorails, monsignor, moonrises, moronisms, morphines, morseling, mortising, mortmains, motioners, motorings, mournings, myrmidons, noncrimes, normalise, omniarchs, omnivores, organisms, origanums, orpiments, overmines, parsimony, persimmon, premonish, prolamins, promising, prosimian, protamins, rainstorm, ransoming, reinforms, remission, remoisten, remotions, rhodamins, ringworms, romanised, romanises, romanizes, romantics, roominess, sensorium, sermonize, strontium, submicron, thermions, thrombins, unciforms, verminous, windstorm. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Quotations: Historic 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Names: Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Derivations 15. Rhymes 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
