Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Minimum Wage |
Minimum WageNoun1. The lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay; determined by contract or by law. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Labor | A wage level defined in law or by agreement which is the lowest possible rate which an employer is permitted to pay. Source: European Union. (references) |
Statistics | The lowest hourly wage which a company can legally pay its workers. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Minimum wage laws are often argued to bring about certain benefits, including:
It is clear that some of the adverse effects can only occur when minimum wages are implemented by government fiat, since either these effects do not exist (one school of thought) or they are a consequence of the costs of regulation (another school of thought). If, however, minimum wages are implemented by providing wage subsidies the burden is transferred elsewhere as an externality, so there would not be increased unemployment but possibly some other economic damage instead. On the other hand, it is possible that there are already externalities contributing to unemployment, and that subsidies at the right level would merely be Pigovian solutions to these and would not actually cause any further harm after all. Research would need to be done to determine this, and without that "argument" would be empty.
While straightforward Pigovian subsidies would have funding problems, particularly transitionally on introducing them, there are other approaches. One was examined by Professor Kim Swales of the University of Strathclyde (See [1]). This avoids funding problems by not having an actual subsidy but a virtual one - the funds flow is always from employers to the government, being netted off by the virtual subsidy before funds ever change hands. This may also be analysed by means of Game Theory (e.g "the Prisoner's dilemma" or "the Tragedy of the Commons").
In the long run this is equivalent to a "Basic Wage", which to be sustainable would have to be set somewhere below the minimum wage needed to live off so that workers would still need to compete for the remaining top up amount. With that, it becomes practical to compete for a low enough top up that effectively all the unemployed could price themselves into work - the living wage is separated from the minimum wage, since the minimum wage is no longer the sole means of subsistence.
Effectively this scenario once obtained when peasants had subsistence land in the form of smallholdings or allotments; like slavery, this offers a distasteful Coasian solution to an unemployment externality. The yield from these was never captured as cash flow and never showed explicitly in GDP. When this failed with the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, attempts were made to revive it with the "allotment movement" in Britain (not to be confused with US attempts to handle Indian Affairs). To the extent that developing countries still offer this, their low-end workers have a concealed non-cash subsidy and can outcompete equivalents in other countries.
See also Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority.
In the United Kingdom the minimum wage is to £4.20 an hour for 22 year-olds or over, while the rate for workers aged 18 to 21 is £3.60 an hour.
In the Netherlands the minimum wage per month is 1249.20 euro plus 8% holiday allowance, together 1349.14 euro (less for 22 year-olds and under).
In the USA the federal minimum wage is $5.15 an hour although workers under age 20 can be paid $4.25 an hour for their first 90 days. Some states also have minimum wage laws ranging from $2.00 in Oklahoma for some jobs not covered by the federal rate and up to $7.15 an hour in Alaska. Some cities and counties have living wage ordinances of up to $15.00 an hour although the groups of workers it applies to are often limited.
In Canada, the minimum wage is set by each province, and varies from $6.00 per hour in Alberta to $8.00 per hour in British Columbia.Economic consequences of minimum wage laws
Conversely, minimum wages may have disadvantages, including:
Also certain public grants or taxes are based on a multiple of the minimum wage.
For example, you may have an exemption if your earnings are below 2.5 minimum wages.
The costs and benefits arising from minimum wages are subject to considerable disagreement between economists.Further economic issues
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Minimum wage."
Crosswords: Minimum Wage |
| Specialty definitions using "minimum wage": abnormal place ♦ DIRECTOR, LABOR STANDARDS ♦ Emerson plan, Employment, Supported ♦ hourly rates ♦ MANAGER, COMPENSATION ♦ wage and salary administrator. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Lyrics | Minimum Wage! (Minimum Wage; performing artist: They Might Be Giants) | |
Song Titles | Minimum Wage (performing artist: They Might Be Giants) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Santurce, Puerto Rico. Women working at the Rodriguez needlework factory. Minimum wage is six dollars a week. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | The average price of wage-labour is the minimum wage, i.e., that quantum of the means of subsistence, which is absolutely requisite in bare existence as a labourer. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Belgium's high minimum wage rate, coupled with mandatory social welfare programs, makes labor costs among the highest in Europe. (references) | |
Industrial workers average three to four times the minimum wage, earning more at bigger, more advanced and prosperous enterprises. (references) | ||
The charter capital of the PIF may not be less than 200 times Uzbekistan's minimum wage and the PIF must register with the ministry of justice and receive a license for conducting investment activities from the center of coordination of securities market. (references) | ||
Children | Seychelles | Children in the latter programs received a training stipend, which was less than the minimum wage. (references) |
Mexico | Penalties under the law include fines of 500 to 1,000 times Mexico City's minimum wage and possible administrative jail time. (references) | |
Brazil | Persons with Disabilities The Constitution contains several provisions for persons with disabilities, stipulating a minimum wage, educational opportunities, and access to public buildings and public transportation. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Belarus | He claimed that he was not a leader of the rally but was fined a multiple of 150 times the minimum wage, or $500 (800,000 rubles). (references) |
Saudi Arabia | It will issue membership cards permitting journalists to work in the country and oversee introduction of a minimum wage, job security, and other benefits for journalists. (references) | |
Economic History | Dominican Rep | Most jobs pay salaries based on the minimum wage. (references) |
Indigenous People | Panama | Indigenous workers consistently do not receive the basic rights provided by the Labor Code, such as minimum wage, social security benefits, termination pay, and job security. (references) |
Thailand | Members of hilltribes without proper documentation, who account for approximately half the estimated 700,000 to 880,000 such persons, still face restrictions on their movement, may not own land, and are not protected by labor laws, including minimum wage requirements. (references) | |
Minorities | Estonia | The examination fee for either language test--for employment or citizenship--is 15 percent of the monthly minimum wage, although it is waived for the unemployed. (references) |
Political Economy | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | Congress also may enact minimum wage legislation. (references) |
EL SALVADOR | Workers hired for harvests have a minimum wage of $2.70 day. (references) | |
SINGAPORE | However, Singapore has no minimum wage or unemployment benefits. (references) | |
Women | Bolivia | Women generally earn less than men for equal work; however, the minimum wage law treats men and women equally. (references) |
Brazil | Men starting in the same positions earned 2.6 times the minimum wage and advanced to a wage of 10.9 times the minimum wage after 10 years. (references) | |
Brazil | A 1998 study by a sociologist showed that women who started working in positions in which they earned twice the minimum wage advanced in pay after 10 years to a wage of seven times the minimum wage. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Cambodia | By law the minimum wage can vary regionally. (references) |
Azerbaijan | Most workers earn more than the minimum wage. (references) | |
Philippines | Violation of minimum wage standards is common. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Lisa French | From the kids playing too hard, too rough with her. So, Terry was working day and night, he was making like minimum wage, or maybe a little bit more, trying to support, you know, five other people besides himself. And it just wasn't working. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | I also recommend that minimum wage protection be extended to several groups of workers not now covered. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | That's why I will ask you to support raising the minimum wage. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "minimum wage"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | minimumsløn, mindsteløn (wage floor), mindstebetaling (wage floor), lovfæstede minimumløn. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | minimumloon, wettelijk minimumloon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | vähimmäispalkka. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | salaire minimum légal, salaire minimum (minimum wages). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Mindestlohn (wage floor), gesetzlicher Mindestlohn. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | ελάχιστος μισθός (wage floor). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | bérminimum. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | minimo salariale (wage floor), salario minimo legale, salario minimo (wage floor). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 最低賃金 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | さいていち"ぎ". (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | inimummay ageway velocidade mínima, salário mínimo (basic salary, basic wage, lixiviate, minimus). (various references) минимум заработной платы. (various references) salario mínimo. (various references) minimilön (wage floor). (various references) asgari ücret. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Misspellings | |
"Minimum Wage" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: minmum wage. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-g-i-i-m-m-m-n-u-w" | |
-4 letters: imagine, maiming, minimum, mumming. | |
-5 letters: aiming, ammine, aweing, enigma, gamine, gimmie, guinea, immane, immune, magnum, mammie, mawing, mewing, miming, minima, minium. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 69 6E 69 6D 75 6D 57 61 67 65 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01101001 01101110 01101001 01101101 01110101 01101101 00100000 01010111 01100001 01100111 01100101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M i n i m u m   W a g e |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 0069 006E 0069 006D 0075 006D 0057 0061 0067 0065 |
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)47758075798779257677371 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Historic 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Quotations: Spoken | 9. Quotations: Speeches 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Derivations | 13. Anagrams 14. Orthography 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; |
