Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Migraine

Definition: Migraine

Migraine

Noun

1. A severe recurring vascular headache; occur more frequently in women than men.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "migraine" was first used: 1373. (references)

Etymology: Migraine \Mi*graine"\, noun. [French expression]. (Websters 1913)


Abbreviations & Acronyms: Migraine

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField
MIDASEnglishMigraine Disability Assessment TestMedicine

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Specialty Definition: Migraine

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Migraine is a form of headache. It is a neurologic disease of vascular origin characterized by attacks of sharp pain involving (usually) one half of the skull and accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and occasionally visual (or rarely other disturbances) known as aura. The symptoms and their timing vary considerably among migraine suffers, and to a lesser extent from one migraine attack to the next.

Migraine is caused by the constriction of the blood vessels of the head and neck. Classical migraine (migraine with aura) is forerun by a group of symptoms called aura, whereas common migraine does not have any indicator for the impending headache. A few (perhaps fortunate) people actually get aura without migraine.

Migraine can accompany, in some cases, another type of headache called tension headache. Migraine often runs in families and starts in adolescence, although some research indicates that it can start in early childhood or even in utero. Migraine occurs more frequently in women than men, and is most common between ages 15-45, with the frequency of attacks declining with age in most cases.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on three areas:

  1. Elimination of triggers
  2. Abortive drugs
  3. Preventive drugs

In many patients the incidence of migraine can be reduced through diet changes to avoid certain chemicals present in such foods as cheddar cheese and chocolate, and in most alcoholic beverages. Other triggers may be situational and can be avoided through lifestyle changes.

Until the introduction of Imitrex (sumitriptan) c. 1985, there were no drugs available that could stop a migraine once it was underway. Analgesics and caffeine were used to provide some relief, though they are not effective for most sufferers. Narcotic pain medications, and antipsychotic drugs such as thorazine and compazine, are effective but have debilitating side effects at the doses required to achieve control.

Imitrex (sumitriptan) and the related 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists are now available and are the therapy of choice for severe migraine that is relatively infrequent. They are highly effective and have few side effects when used occasionally. Some members of this family of drugs are

These drugs are available by prescription only (U.S.). Many migraine sufferers do not use them only because they have not sought treatment from a physician.

For patients who suffer frequent, intractable and severe symptoms, preventive and prophylactic medications can be used. A large number of medications with varying modes of action can be used. Selection of a suitable medication for any particular patent is a matter of trial and error, since the effectiveness of individual medications varies widely from one patient to the next.

Beta blockers, such as propranolol and atenolol are usually tried first. Antidepressents, such as amitriptyline may be effective. Antispasmodic drugs are used less frequently.

The plant feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a traditional herbal remedy believed to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks. Clinical trials have been carried out, and appear to confirm that the effect is genuine (though it does not completely prevent attacks).

Migraine sufferers usually develop their own coping mechanisms for intractable pain. A warm bath, or resting in a dark and silent room with a nice friend may be more helpful than any other medication for many patients.

The human side of migraine has been expertly captured in the book of the same name by Oliver Sacks.




Migraine (book)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Migraine is the first book written by Oliver Sacks, the well known neurologist and author with a practice in New York City. The book was first published in 1970 and revised in 1992.

In addition to describing the nature of migraine and treaments for migraine, Sacks explores in some depth the neuro-psychological aspects of migraine. As in Sacks' other writings, there is an extensive use of case histories.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Migraine."

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Synonyms: Migraine

Synonyms: hemicrania (n), megrim (n), sick headache (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: Migraine

English words defined with "migraine": aura, auralCalan, calcium blocker, calcium-channel blockerergotamineIsoptinverapamil. (references)
Specialty definitions using "migraine": Adrenergic beta-Antagonistsciliary neuralgia, Classic Migraine, Cyclic Vomiting SyndromeDihydroergotamineEmajaguilla, Ergot AlkaloidsFlunarizineMethergoline, Methysergideocular migraine, ophthalmic headache, ophthalmic migrainePizotyline, Postherpetic Neuralgia, PropranololSerotonin AgonistsVascular Headaches. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Migraine" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Dutch (migraine), French (migraine).

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Modern Usage: Migraine

DomainUsage

Screenplays

This guy couldn't tell the difference between a migraine and a subdural hematoma! (Northern Exposure; writing credit: Khadijah Hashim)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Migraine

DomainTitle

Books

  • A Guided Tour of Hell: In the Words of Migraine Sufferers (reference)

  • Headache and Your Child: The Complete Guide to Understanding and Treating Migraine and other Headaches in Children and Adolescents (reference)

  • Migraine (reference)

  • Migraine - What Works! A Complete Guide to Overcoming and Preventing Pain (reference)

  • The Migraine Cookbook: More Than 100 Healthy and Delicious Recipies for Migraine Sufferers (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Theater & Movies

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Photo Album: Migraine

ThumbnailDescription & Credit

La migraine Lith. de Langlumé. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Migraine

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Migraine headache medications. (references)

Joan was a victim of frequent migraine. (references)

Migraine is a type of vascular headache. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Migraine

"Migraine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 87.69% of the time. "Migraine" is used about 130 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)87.69%11430,294
Noun (proper)5.38%7133,076
Lexical Verb (base form)3.85%5157,705
Lexical Verb (infinitive)3.08%4175,879
                    Total100.00%130N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expression: Migraine

Expressions using "migraine": Classic Migraine Common Migraine migraine headache Migraine Headaches Motrin Migraine Pain [OTC] ocular migraine ophthalmic migraine. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "migraine": migraine-associated, migraine-diseases, migraine-induced, migraine-inducing, migraine-specific.

Ending with "migraine": anti-migraine.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Migraine

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

migraine

1,161

migraine remedy

21

migraine headache

872

migraine cure

20

ocular migraine

185

cause of ocular migraine

20

migraine medication

155

migraine ocular stroke

19

migraine symptom

109

migraine point pressure

19

migraine treatment

84

basilar artery migraine

19

migraine relief

65

migraine drug

18

migraine medicine

64

topamax migraine

17

migraine headache symptom

52

menstrual migraine

17

occular migraine

42

basilar migraine

16

migraine and aura

42

migraine headache medication

15

abdominal migraine

35

complex migraine

15

optical migraine

34

hemiplegic migraine

14

cause of migraine headache

33

complicated migraine

13

migraine headache treatment

33

health imitrex migraine

13

opthalmic migraine

32

migraine diet

13

migraine trigger

31

migraine prevention

13

botox for migraine

28

atypical migraine

12

cause of migraine

28

migraine headache relief

12

excedrin migraine

24

ophthalmic migraine

12
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Migraine

Language Translations for "migraine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

migrenë (megrim). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏صداع نصف الرأس, ‏الشقيقة مرض, ‏الشقيقة ألم نصف الرأس. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

мигрена (megrim). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

偏头痛 (MIGRAINES). (various references)

   

Czech

  

migréna (megrim). (various references)

   

Danish

  

migræne, arvelig ensidig hovedpine med synsforstyrrelse, kvalme og/eller opkastning, migræne. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

migraine. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

میگرن , مرض سردرد, حمله سردرد. (various references)

   

Finnish

  

migreeni. (various references)

   

French

  

migraine. (various references)

   

German

  

migräne (sick headache). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

ημικρανία (megrim, sick, sick headache). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

פלחת, פול'. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

migrén (blinding headache, megrim), ideges fejgörcs, féloldali fejgörcs, féloldali fejfájás. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

migran, sakit kepala (hassle, headache). (various references)

   

Italian

  

emicrania (headache). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

偏 痛 (headache on one side, migraine headache). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

へ"ずつう (headache on one side, migraine headache), へ"とうつう (headache on one side, migraine headache). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

igrainemay

   

Portuguese

  

resedá-de-cheiro, dor de cabeça, enxaqueca, cefaleia (cephalalgia, cephalea, headache). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

migrenã (headache, megrim), durere de cap (headache, megrim). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

мигрень (brow-ague, megrim, sick headache). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

migrena (megrim). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

migraña (megrim). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

migrän (sick headache). (various references)

   

Thai

  

อาการปว"ศรีษะเพียงข้างเ"ียว. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

migren (megrim, sick headache), yarım başağrısı (sick headache). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

мігрень (brow-ague, megrim). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Migraine

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

hemicrania classica, hemicrania sine aura. (various references)

Late Latin300-700

hemicrania. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Migraine

Derivations

Words beginning with "migraine": migraines. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Migraine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Igrayne, magaine, magraine, maraine, Marraine, Mcgarvie, Mcgrane, Mcgrann, migmatite, migrain, migrainee, migraineurs, migrane, migrative, Mijarna, Mirghani, mirjanic, Morgaine, Mugrabi. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Migraine"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "migraine" (pronounced mī"grā'n)
3-r ā' neyestrain, forebrain, membrane, seatrain.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Migraine

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: imaginer.

Words within the letters "a-e-g-i-i-m-n-r"

-1 letter: germina, imagine, mangier, mingier, reaming.

-2 letters: aiming, airing, airmen, arming, earing, engram, enigma, gainer, gamier, gamine, german, imager, maigre, manger, margin, marine, mirage, miring, ragmen, reagin, regain, regina, remain, riming.

-3 letters: aimer, amine, anger, anime, animi, gamer, gamin, garni, genii, grain, grime, image, imine, inarm, iring, mange, marge, minae, miner, namer, ramen, ramie.

 Words containing the letters "a-e-g-i-i-m-n-r"
 

+1 letter: imaginers, magnifier, migraines, reimagine, reimaging, remailing, remaining.

 

+2 letters: agrimonies, emigrating, emigration, impearling, magnifiers, mishearing, misreading, racemizing, reclaiming, reimagined, reimagines, trigeminal.

 

+3 letters: emigrations, germanizing, germinating, germination, germinative, imaginaries, impetrating, imprecating, malingering, marbleising, marbleizing, marginalize, meliorating, mineralogic, misaltering, misaverring, miscreating, mislearning, misrelating, mistreating, readmitting, reaffirming, reanimating, reexamining, regionalism, reimagining, remediating, remigration, terminating, trigeminals.

 

+4 letters: ameliorating, caramelising, caramelizing, demoralizing, disembarking, dopaminergic, emargination, gastrocnemii, geometrician, germinations, greenmailing, impregnating, impregnation, marginalized, marginalizes, mineralising, mineralizing, mineralogies, mineralogist, overclaiming, preadmitting, premigration, reestimating, regionalisms, rehumanizing, reimplanting, remaindering, remigrations, remotivating, renominating, reprimanding, streamlining, thermalizing.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Migraine


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

4D 69 67 72 61 69 6E 65

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

--    ..    --.    .-.    .-    ..    -.    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01001101 01101001 01100111 01110010 01100001 01101001 01101110 01100101

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#77 &#105 &#103 &#114 &#97 &#105 &#110 &#101

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

004D 0069 0067 0072 0061 0069 006E 0065

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

4775738467758071

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Photo Album
7. Quotations: Non-fiction
8. Usage Frequency
9. Expressions
10. Expressions: Internet
11. Translations: Modern
12. Translations: Ancient
13. Abbreviations
14. Acronyms
15. Derivations
16. Rhymes
17. Anagrams
18. Orthography
19. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

 

 

 

 

Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions:
woordeboek, fjalor, ‏معجم, ‏قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary;
definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition;
vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation;
Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian;
Arabies, arabishte, ‏العربية, ‏عربي, ‏اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic;
Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian;
Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, ‏الصينية, ‏لغة الصين, ‏صيني, ‏الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese;
Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech;
Deens, danisht, danishte, ‏لغة الدانمركية, ‏نوع كعك, ‏دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish;
Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, ‏هولندي, ‏اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch;
Farsi, Parsi, persiskt, Fasi, for Farsi;
Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, ‏اللغة الفنلندية, ‏فنلندية, ‏فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish;
Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, ‏فرنسي, ‏اللغة الفرنسية, ‏الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French;
Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ‏ضرب من الرقص, ‏جرماني, ‏المانية, ‏الماني, ‏اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German;
Grieks, Griek, ‏الإغريقي, ‏يوناني, ‏اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek;
Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, ‏يهودي, ‏عبري, ‏اليهودية, ‏اللغة العبرية, ‏العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew;
Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, ‏الهنغاري, ‏مجري, ‏هنغاري, ‏المجري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian;
Indonesies, indonezian, ‏الماليزي أحد أبناء ماليزيا, ‏اللغة الأندونيسية, Indonesiu, индонезийски език, индонезийски, 印度尼西亚语, 印度尼西亞語 , indonéský, indonéština, indonésan, indoneser, Indonesisch, Indisch, Indonesiër, indonesiskt, indonesialainen, indonésien, Yndonesysk, Indonesier, Ινδονήσιος, indonéz, indonesiano, インドネシア語 , インドネシア", 인도네시아, Indoneesagh, indonésio, indonésia, индонезийский, индонезиец, Indtasisian, indonezijski, indonežanin, indonesio, indones, Indonesyo, endonezya'ya ait, endonezyalı, endonezya dili, endonezya, індонезі"ць, індонезійський, індонезійська мова, індонезійка, người In-ddô-nê-xi-a tiếng In-ddô-nê-xi-a, for Indonesian;
Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, ‏شخص إيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏الإيطالي, ‏إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian;
Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese;
Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian;
Russies, Rus, ‏الروسية, ‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian;
塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian;
Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish;
Sweeds, suedez, ‏اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish;
Tailandes, 泰國 , 泰文 , 泰国, 泰 , thailænder, Thailander, Thai, Thais, thailendskt, thaimaalainen, Thaïlandais, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, 泰語 , たい", 타이 말, tailandês, tailandés, thailändare, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, คนไทย, Taylandlı, Tayland Dili, Tayland, Tai Dili, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський, for Thai;
Turks, turk, ‏تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, ‏اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish;
乌克兰, for Ukranian;