Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Methanol |
MethanolNoun1. A light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "methanol" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Agriculture | A liquid alcohol (also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol), formed in the destructive distillation of wood or made synthetically, and used especially as an alternative fuel, a gasoline additive, a solvent, an antifreeze, or a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. As a gasoline additive it lowers the carbon monoxide emissions but increases hydrocarbon emissions. (references) |
Energy | A liquid formed by catalytically combining carbon monoxide(CO) with hydrogen (H2) in a 1:2 ratio, under high temperature and pressure.Commercially it is typically made by steam reforming natural gas. Also formed inthe destructive distillation of wood. (also known as Methyl Alcohol, WoodAlcohol, CH3OH). (references) |
| A clear, colorless, very mobile liquid that is flammable and poisonous; used as a fuel and fuel additive, and to produce chemicals. (CH3OH; Methyl alcohol or wood alcohol). (references) | |
Environment | An alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel or as a gasoline additive. It is less volatile than gasoline; when blended with gasoline it lowers the carbon monoxide emissions but increases hydrocarbon emissions. Used as pure fuel, its emissions are less ozone-forming than those from gasoline. Poisonous to humans and animals if ingested. (references) |
Health | A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. (references) |
Weather | (CH33OH) A colorless poisonous liquid with essentially no odor and little taste. It is the simplest alcohol with a boiling point of 64.7 degrees Celsius. In transportation, methanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (M100) , or blended with gasoline (M85) . (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OHH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid that is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. The chemical structure is:
H
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H-C-OH
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H
Methanol burns in air forming carbon dioxide and water:
Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria. As a result, there is a small fraction of methanol vapor in the atmosphere. Over the course of several days, atmospheric methanol is oxidized by oxygen and sunlight to carbon dioxide.
In 1923, the German chemist Matthias Pier, working for BASF developed a means to convert synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen derived from coke and used as the source of hydrogen in synthetic ammonia production) into methanol. This process used a zinc chromate catalyst, and required extremely vigorous conditions—pressures ranging from 300-1000 atm, and temperatures of about 400°C. Modern methanol production has been made more efficient through the use of catalysts capable of operating at lower pressures.
Methanol is also used as a solvent and as an antifreeze in pipelines. The largest use of methanol by far, however, is in making other chemicals. About 40% of methanol is converted to formaldehyde, and from there into products as diverse as plastics, plywood, paints, explosives, and permanent press textiles.
In the 1990s, large amounts of methanol were used in the United States to produce the gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The 1990 Clean Air Act required certain major cities to use MTBE in their gasoline to reduce photochemical smog. However, by the late 1990s, it was found that MTBE had leaked out of gasoline storage tanks and into the groundwater in sufficient amounts to affect the taste of municipal drinking water in many areas. Moreover, MTBE was found to be a carcinogen in animal studies. In the resulting backlash, several states banned the use of MTBE, and its future production remains uncertain.
Other chemical derivatives of methanol include dimethyl ether, which has replaced chlorofluorocarbons as the propellant in aerosol sprays, and acetic acid.
Symptoms of methanol ingestion are similar to those of intoxication: headache, dizziness, nausea, lack of coordination, confusion, drowsiness, followed by unconsciousness and death.
The ester derivatives of methanol do not share this toxicity.
Ethanol is sometimes denatured (made undigestable) by the addition of methanol. The result is known as methylated spirits or meths. (The latter should not be confused with meth, a common abbreviation for methamphetamine.)
History
In their embalming process, the ancient Egyptians used a mixture of substances, including methanol, which they obtained from the pyrolysis of wood. Pure methanol, however, was first isolated in 1661 by Robert Boyle, who called it wood alcohol. It later became known as pyroxylic spirit. In 1834, the French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot determined its elemental composition. They also introduced the word methylene to organic chemistry, forming it from the Greek words methu, meaning "wine," and hyle, meaning "wood". The term methyl was derived in about 1840 by back-formation from methylene, and was then applied to describe methyl alcohol. This was shortened to methanol in 1892 by the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature.References
Production
Today, synthesis gas is usually produced from the methane in natural gas rather than from coal. At moderate pressures (10-20 atm) and high temperatures (around 850°C), methane reacts with steam on a nickel catalyst to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen according to the chemical equation
The carbon monoxide and hydrogen then react on a second catalyst to produce methanol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a mixture of copper, zinc oxide, and alumina first used by ICI in 1966. At 50-100 atm and 250°C, it can catylize the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity
It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces 3 moless of hydrogen for every mole of carbon monoxide, while the methanol synthesis consumes only 2 moles of hydrogen for every mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealing with the excess hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol according to the chemical equation
Although natural gas is the most economical and widely used feedstock for methanol production, other feedstocks can be used. Where natural gas is unavailable, light petroleum products can be used in its place. The South African firm Sasol produces methanol using synthesis gas from coal.Uses
Methanol is used on a limited basis as a motor fuel. When produced from wood or other organic materials, the resulting organic methanol (bioalcohol) has been suggested as renewable alternative to petroleum-based hydrocarbons. However, one cannot use BA100 (100% bioalcohol) in modern petroleum cars without modification. One can use B100 (100% biodiesel) in unmodified petrodiesel cars). Methanol blends are used as fuel in open wheel racing circuits like CART.Health and safety
Methanol is toxic, as its metabolites formic acid and formaldehyde cause blindness and death. It enters the body by ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin. Dangerous doses will build up if a person is regularly exposed to fumes or handles liquid without skin protection. If methanol has been ingested, a doctor should be contacted immediately. Toxic effects take hours to start, and effective antidotes can often prevent permanent damage. One treatment is the injection of ethanol: this slows down the breakdown of methanol by the liver, so that the toxic metabolites can not build up.Physical Properties
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Methanol."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| MER | English | Methanol extraction residue | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: MethanolSynonyms: methyl alcohol (n), wood alcohol (n), wood spirit (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Fuel | Oil, petroleum, gasoline, high octane gasoline, nitromethane, petrol, gas, juice, gasohol, alcohol, ethanol, methanol, fuel oil, kerosene, jet fuel, heating oil, number oil, number oil, naphtha; rocket fuel, high specific impulse fuel, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, lox. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Methanol |
| English words defined with "methanol": formaldehyde ♦ methanal ♦ pyroligneous acid ♦ wood vinegar. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "methanol": Alternative fuels, Antifreeze Solution ♦ Bioconversion, Biodiesel, Biomass Fuel ♦ CLEAN FUEL VEHICLE, Clean Fuels, Coal liquefaction, COATER, SMOKING PIPE ♦ M100, M85, Methanosarcina, METHYL TERTIARY BUTYLETHER, MTBE ♦ PUMPER-GAUGER. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Methanol" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses. German (methanol). |
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The GITSG protocol 6175 failed to demonstrate any benefit for the adjuvant use of methyl-CCNU/5-FU, methanol extracted residue of BCG (MER) or methyl-CCNU/5-FU plus MER for similarly staged node-positive and node-negative colon cancer patients. (references) | |
Business | There is no domestic production of methanol, toluene, benzene or xylene. (references) | |
Large quantities of methanol are imported from Netherlands, Norway, Middle East and Russia, while only limited portions of the other three organics are being imported. (references) | ||
Most of the world's big automotive companies have fuel cell development programs and have launched prototype vehicles, fueled either by methanol or stored hydrogen gas. However, these cars are not being rushed into production because not many people could afford the expected prices. (references) | ||
Economic History | Bahrain | The plant, completed in 1985, produces ammonia and methanol for export. (references) |
Equatorial Guinea | In 1997 CMS Nomeco moved to expand its operation with a U.S.$300m methanol plant. (references) | |
Eq. Guinea | In 2000, OPIC approved $170 million in guarantees for a methanol plant now in operation. (references) | |
Trade | Eq. Guinea | Embassy is not aware of any commercial projects receiving financing support aside from the CMS-Nomeco project to export methanol that has received support from the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Methanol" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Methanol" is used about 113 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 113 | 30,464 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "methanol": methanol-based, methanol-ethyl, methanol-fuelled. | |
Ending with "methanol": chloroform-methanol. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "methanol"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | "醇 (methyl). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | methylalkohol (methyl alcohol), methanol (methyl alcohol), metanol (methyl alcohol), traespiritus (methyl alcohol). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | methylalcohol (methyl alcohol), methanol (methyl alcohol). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | metanoli. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | méthylène (methyl alcohol), méthanol (methyl alcohol), esprit de bois (methyl alcohol), carbinol (methyl alcohol), alcool méthylique (methyl alcohol). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Methanol (methyl alcohol). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μεθανόλη. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | metilalkohol, metanol. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | metanolo (methyl alcohol). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | メタクリル樹脂 (metafiction, metafont, metal, metal frame, metal tape, metal wood, meta-level, metallic, metallic color, metallic skis, metamorphose, metaphor, metaphysical, metaphysics, metasequoia, methacrylic resin, methane, methane gas, methanphetamine). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | メタノール . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | "탄올. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ethanolmay metanol (methanometer), gás dos pântanos, álcool metílico. (various references) metanol, alcohol metílico, alcohol de madera. (various references) metanol. (various references) metanol (wood alcohol). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "methanol": methanols. (additional references) | |
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"Methanol" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Matthiola, Matthioli, methan, methanoa, methanolic, methinol, Methlan, methnol, Methogo, mthanol. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: hotelman. | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-h-l-m-n-o-t" | |
-1 letter: anethol, ethanol, lomenta, manhole, menthol, omental, telamon. | |
-2 letters: anthem, enhalo, etalon, hamlet, hantle, hetman, lament, loathe, loment, mantel, mantle, melton, mental, molten, omenta, thenal, tolane. | |
-3 letters: almeh, alone, altho, ament, amole, anole, atone, haole, helot, hemal, hotel, laten, lathe, leant, leman, lemon, lento, loath, lotah, mahoe, meant, melon, menta, metal, mohel, monte, month. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-h-l-m-n-o-t" | |
+1 letter: methanols. | |
+2 letters: motherland, nonthermal. | |
+3 letters: abolishment, hematoxylin, mentholated, methylation, motherlands, phantomlike. | |
+4 letters: abolishments, commonwealth, endothelioma, epithalamion, ethanolamine, hematoxylins, metallophone, methaqualone, methylations, phentolamine, stenothermal, thermohaline, unfathomable. | |
+5 letters: catecholamine, collenchymata, commonwealths, endolymphatic, endotheliomas, ethanolamines, grandmotherly, loathsomeness, metallophones, metencephalon, methaqualones, phenomenalist, phentolamines, thermonuclear. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 65 74 68 61 6E 6F 6C |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-- . - .... .- -. --- .-.. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01100101 01110100 01101000 01100001 01101110 01101111 01101100 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M e t h a n o l |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 0065 0074 0068 0061 006E 006F 006C |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)4771867467808178 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Expressions 8. Translations: Modern | 9. Abbreviations 10. Acronyms 11. Derivations 12. Anagrams | 13. Orthography 14. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; |
