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Definition: Medium |
MediumAdjective1. Around the middle of a scale of evaluation of physical measures; "an orange of average size"; "intermediate capacity"; "a plane with intermediate range"; "medium bombers". 2. (of meat) cooked until there is just a little pink meat inside. Noun1. A means or instrumentality for communicating. 2. The surrounding environment; "fish require an aqueous medium". 3. An intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication. 4. (bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms. 5. An intervening substance through which something is achieved; "the dissolving medium is called a solvent". 6. A liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter. 7. (biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed. 8. A state that is intermediate between extremes; a middle position; "a happy medium". 9. Someone who serves as an intermediary between the living and the dead; "he consulted several mediums". 10. : an occupation for which you are especially well suited; "in law he found his true metier". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "medium" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Etymology: Medium \Me"di*um\, noun; plural Latin Media, English Mediums. [Latin medium the middle, from medius middle. See Mid, and compare to Medius.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
19th Century Satire | A party with one ear in the grave but both hands on your wallet. "Hello, Central! Give me Heaven!" Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904. |
Business | A unit used to convey an advertising message. The plural is media. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Any vehicle used to convey an advertising message, such as television, magazines or direct mail. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Chemical Industry | The sum total of the constituents of the liquid phase of the paint. Source: European Union. (references) |
Computing | The material or configuration thereof, on which data are recorded. . . such as paper tape, cards and magnetic tape. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The equipment or material upon which data is stored, e. g. tape, cards, paper, etc. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Finance | A gilt-edged stock with a life of between 5 years and 15 years. Source: European Union. (references) |
Fine Arts | The paper grades are usually classified by each maker according to his own ideas. . . no 2: --, or medium. Source: European Union. (references) |
Literature | Medium (A), in the language of spirit-rappers, etc., is some one possessed of "odylic force," who puts the question of the interrogator to the "spirit" consulted. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Mining | Any suspension of medium solids in water. (references) |
Personal Care & Hotels | Intermediate in amount, quality, position or degree. . Source: European Union. (references) |
| Intermediate in amount, quality, position, or degree. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Luminiferous aether
The Earth moving along its orbit
through the
"medium" of lightIn the late 19th century the luminiferous aether ("light-bearing aether") was invoked as the medium for the propagation of light, when it was discovered, from Maxwell's equations, that light is an electromagnetic wave. By analogy to mechanical waves, physicists assumed that electromagnetic waves required a medium for propagation, and hypothesized the aether. Aether was thought to be a fluid which was transparent, non-dispersive, incompressible, continuous, and without viscosity. This idea of an aether has since been rejected by the vast majority of scientists.
Other than the question of propagation, the aether was intended to solve the problem that Maxwell's equations require that electromagnetic waves propagate at a fixed speed, c. As this can only occur in one reference frame according to Newtonian physics (see Galilean-Newtonian relativity), the aether was hypothesized as the absolute and unique frame of reference in which Maxwell's equations hold. Later it was regarded as the seat of all electromagnetic energy and attempts were made to describe matter in terms of vortices in this fluid.
Many experiments were conducted to prove the existence of aether. It appeared to be verified by Fresnel's determination that the velocity of light relative to the aether on passing through a medium of refractive index n and velocity v (in the same direction) is
and in the Airy experiment on aberration. However, this theory required that matter moving through the aether should modify the velocity of the aether and that because of dispersion the relative velocity of medium and aether would be different for different wavelengths, thus requiring a different aether for each wavelength of light.
Disadvantages and Critics
The key difficulty with the Aether hypothesis arose from the juxtaposition of the two well-established theories of non-relativistic Newtonian dynamics and of Maxwell's electromagnetism. Under a Galilean transformation the equations of Newtonian dynamics are invariant, whereas those of electromagnetism are not. Thus at any point there should be one special coordinate system, at rest relative to the local aether, relative to which Maxwell's equations assume their usual form. Motion relative to this aether should therefore be detectable.
The most famous attempt to detect this relative motion was the Michelson-Morley experiment in 1887, which produced a null result. To explain this apparent contradiction the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction hypothesis was proposed but the aether theory was finally abandoned when the Galilean transformation and the dynamics of Newton were modified by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and when many experiments subsequent to Michelson-Morley failed to find any evidence of aether. Most current physicists do not see a need to have a medium for which light to travel through.
An alternative experiment that tests the existence of the aether is the Trouton Noble experiment.
Some classic field physicists (like Dayton Miller and Edward Morley) continued research on the aether.
There remain some modern proponents of aether theory. Its mystic appeal draws pseudoscientific proponents. Its intuitive appeal draws protoscientific proponents. Its conservative history draws classical field proponents.
It rather easy to create aether theories which conform to the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment, but it becomes increasing difficult to create theories that are consistent with all of the related experiments which are consistent with no aether. Modern analysis of aether must be consistent with all of the experiments testing phenomena.
Aether theory postulate experiments
- Bradley experiment - aberration of starlight
- Lodge experiment - aether drag
- Fresnel experiment - drag coefficient
- Fizeau experiment - drag coefficient
- Airy experiment - water-filled telescope
Timeline
- 1818 - Augustin Fresnel's Wave Theory of Light.
- 1820 - Discovery of Siméon Poisson's "Bright Spot", supporting the Wave Theory.
- 1873 - James Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.
- 1878 to 1880 - Maxwell suggests absolute velocity of Earth in aether may be optically detectable.
- 1881 - Albert Abraham Michelson publishes first interferometer experiment.
- 1881 - Hendrik Antoon Lorentz finds Michelson's calculation have errors (i.e., doubling of the expected fringe shift error).
- 1882 - Michelson acknowledges his interpretation errors.
- 1887 - Michelson and Edward Williams Morley experiment produces the famous null results.
- 1887 to 1888 - Heinrich Hertz verifies the existence of electromagnetic waves.
- 1889 - George Francis FitzGerald proposes the Contraction Hypothesis.
- 1895 - Lorentz proposes independently another Contraction Hypothesis.
- 1905 - Miller and Morley's experiment data is published. Test of the Contraction Hypothesis has negative results. Test for aether dragging effects produces null result. Albert Einstein introduces the special theory of relativity.
- 1919 - Arthur Eddington's Africa eclipse expedition is conducted and appears to confirm the general theory of relativity.
- 1921 - Dayton Miller conducts aether drift experiments at Mount Wilson. Miller performs tests with insulated and non-magnetic interferometers and obtains positive results.
- 1921 to 1924 - Miller conducts extensive tests under controlled conditions at Case University.
- 1924 - Miller's Mount Wilson repeats experiments and yields a positive result.
- 1925 - Michelson and Gale perform the Pearson experiment producing a null result while attempting to detect the effect of Earth's rotation on the velocity of light. Null result predicted by both relativity and aether theory.
- 1925 April - Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Arthur Compton explains the Stokes aether drag problems.
- Miller Presents his positive results of the aether drag.
- 1925 December - American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting.
- Miller proposes two theories to account for the positive result. It consists of a modified aether theory and a slight departure from the Contraction Hypothesis.
- 1926 - Roy J. Kennedy produces a null result. Auguste Piccard and Ernest Stahel at Mont Rigi produce a null result.
- 1927 - K. K. Illingworth produces a null result.
- 1927 - Mount Wilson conference.
- Miller talks of partial entrainment
- Michelson talks about aether drag and altitude differential effects
- 1929 - Michelson and F. G. Pease perform the Pearson experiment and produce a null result.
- 1930 - Von Georg Joos produces a null result.
- 1934 - Joos publishes on the Michelson-Gale Results, stating that it is improbable that aether would be entrained by translational motion and not by rotational motion.
- 1955 - R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti perform a debated analysis of Miller's positive results. Shankland, who led the study, reports statistical fluctuations in the readings and systematic temperature disturbances (both allegations have been later disproven).
Classical References
- Maxwell, Collected Papers, H. A. Lorentz, Archives Neerlandaises, xxi. 1887, and xxv. 1892
- Versuch einer Theorie der electrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern (Leyden, 1895)
- "Elektrodynamik " and " Elektronentheorie " in the Encyk. der Math. Wissenschaften, Band v. 13, 14
- O. Lodge, " On Aberration Problems," Phil. Trans. 1893 and 1897
- J. Larmor, Phil. Trans. 1894-95-97, and a treatise, Aether and Matter (1900) p. 262
- P. K. L. Drude, A. Schuster, R. W., General physics of the aether;
- Collected Papers of Lord Rayleigh
External links
- Harold Aspden's crystalline theory of the aether -- originally appeared in the late 1950s and is relatively well thought out.
- OCR scan of the aether listing in the 1911 edition encyclopedia page 1 page 2
- Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift experiments
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Luminiferous aether."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A medium (plural media - it is directly a Latin word meaning "the one in the middle", however mediums is also sometimes used) is a carrier of something -- in the most popular sense, of information, mostly human ideas. Depending on the actual characteristics of the medium, it serves transmission or storage of information or both.For example:
By metonymy, the industries which produce news and entertainment content for the mass media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the press").
- Speech, gestures, telephone.
- Stone scores, audio and video recordings, hard disks
- Paper, letter mail
- Mass media: recitations, newspaper, magazine, movies, broadcast media (television, radio, streaming media), Compact discss, DVDs
- The Internet is a mix of mass media and personal media
- In art, a medium means the material in which an artist works: paint, wood, marble, steel, etc.
- In biology and chemistry, a solvent serves as a medium for molecules.
Marshall McLuhan was famous for saying (among other things), "The medium is the message."
See also:
- news media
- multimedia
- political media
- media bias
- media studies
- communication
- blank media tax
Regional:
- Belarus
- Poland
- United States
Medium is also the term used for an individual who claims the ability to receive messages from spirits, ghosts, or other discorporate entities, or claims that they can channel such entities (that is, speak or write with the voice of these entities rather than in their own voice). While many believe that such individuals are either self deluded or are simply charlatans, popular mediums often have many followers who believe strongly in their purported abilities. Examples of popular modern-day mediums are Sylvia Brown and John Edward.
External Links
Medium also refers to an average or mean in a range of sizes or conditions. Usually, the term is used when there are only a few different sizes in the range, rather than many. For example, items such as drinks at a fast food restaurant might come in three sizes: Small, Medium, and Large.
A footnote: the peculiarities of the English language, and its redundant use of the same words for different things, allows English speakers to make such statements as "Small medium at large!" that are both comprehensible and mildly amusing.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Medium."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A medium bomber is a bomber aircraft designed to operate with medium bombloads over medium distances; primarily to distinguish them from the much larger heavy bombers and smaller light bombers. The term was used primarily prior to and during World War II, when engine power was so scarce that designs had to be carefully tailored to their missions. The medium bomber was generally considered to be any design that delivered about 4,000lbs over ranges of about 1,500-2,000 miles. Heavy bombers were those with a nominal load of 8,000lb or more, and light bombers carried 2,000lb loads. These distinctions were already disappearing by the middle of WWII, when the average fighter aircraft could now carry a 2,000lb load and ever more powerful engines allowed "light" designs had now largely taken over the missions formerly filled by mediums.After the war the term disappeared from use almost instantly. Although a number of aircraft were designed in this performance range, they were now almost universally referred to as tactical bombers instead. Famous examples of post-war mediums include the English Electric Canberra (as well as it's US counterpart, the Martin B-57) and Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle.
Examples:
- Heinkel He 111
- - considered a heavy by the Luftwaffe
- Junkers Ju 88
- B-25 Mitchell
- B-26 Marauder
- Vickers Wellington
- Bristol Beufort
- deHavilland Mosquito
- - started as a light bomber, but increasing capacity made it one of the world's best mediums by the end of the war
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Medium bomber."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| MEED | English | Medium Energy Electron Diffraction | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: MediumSynonyms: average (adj), intermediate (adj), culture medium (n), metier (n), spiritualist (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Circumjacence | Noun: circumjacence, circumambience; environment, encompassment; atmosphere, medium, surroundings. |
Information | Magnetic media, paper medium, optical media; random access memory, RAM; read-only memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM. |
Instrumentality | Noun: instrumentality; aid; subservience, subserviency; mediation, intervention, medium, intermedium, vehicle, hand; agency. |
Adverb: through, by, per; whereby, thereby, hereby; by the agency of; by dint of; by virtue of, in virtue of; through the medium of; Noun: along with; on the shoulders of; by means of; by the aid of, with the aid of; (assistance). | |
Mean | Phrase: medium tenuere beati. |
Noun: mean, average; median, mode; balance, medium, mediocrity, generality; golden mean; (mid-course); middle; compromise; middle course, middle state; neutrality. | |
Means | Noun: means, resources, wherewithal, ways and means; capital; (money); revenue; stock in trade; provision; a shot in the locker; appliances; (machinery); means and appliances; conveniences; cards to play; expedients; (measures); two strings to one's bow; sheet anchor; (safety); aid; medium. |
Mid-course | Phrase: medium tenuere beati. |
Middle | Noun: middle, midst, mediety, mean; medium, middle term; center; mid-course; mezzo termine; juste milieu; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos; nucleus, nucleolus. |
Money | Currency, circulating medium, specie, coin, piece, hard cash, cold cash; dollar, sterling coin; pounds shillings and pence; Ls.d.; pocket, breeches pocket, purse; money in hand, cash at hand; ready money, ready cash; slug, wad wad of bills, wad of money, thick wad of bills, roll of dough; rhino, blunt, dust, mopus, tin, salt, chink; argent comptant; bottom dollar, buzzard dollar; checks, dibs. |
Sorcerer | Warlock, charmer, exorcist, mage; cunning man, medicine man; Shaman, figure flinger, ecstatica; medium, clairvoyant, fortune teller; mesmerist; deus ex machina; soothsayer. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Medium |
| English words defined with "medium": Circulating medium. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "medium": characteristic acoustic impedance of a medium, circulation medium, communication medium ♦ dilute medium, dispersive medium ♦ End of Medium ♦ makeup medium, Medium Access Control, medium access unit, medium and long term assets vis-Ã -vis the rest of the world, medium attachment unit, medium dependent interface, medium draining screen ♦ receiving medium, regenerated dense medium ♦ separating medium, Smith-Noguchi culture medium. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "medium": Medius. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Medium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Afrikaan (average, mean, middle), Albanian (medium), Dutch (environment, means, medium rare, remedy, resources), German (medium, middle voice), Latin (ambiguous, center, common, community, everyday life, mean, mediator, medieval, medium, mid, middle, middle of, midst, moderate, neutral, one who comes between, one who stands in the middle, ordinary, public, publicity, the common good, the public eye), Swedish (channel, medium). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Hand wash, no bleach, tumble dry, medium heat, cool iron (Monk; writing credit: Andy Breckman; David Breckman) So that's two large tacos, burrito, and a medium Gir, take us back to the base right now, you want a drink with that (Invader ZIM; writing credit: Carel Donck) I'll make you two promises: a very good steak, medium rare, and the truth, which is very rare (Seven Days in May; writing credit: Fletcher Knebel; Charles W. Bailey II) Medium rare (Crack in the World; writing credit: Jon Manchip White) Two moose burgers medium well (Northern Exposure; writing credit: Khadijah Hashim) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Das Blaue Palais: Das Medium (1974) Medium Cool (1969) 5 tombe per un medium (1966) Medium Undone (1965) The Medium (1951) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Shown is a culture medium and the hands of a technician. In this recombinant DNA technology, the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus is being cloned in bacteria. Those bacteria that have incorporated the gene are no longer resistant to the antibiotic tetracycline. By growing the bacteria on media that includes tetracycline, the colonies that don't grow are selected (circled in slide). These bacteria have incorporated the gene that is being studied. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |  | A technician gives an older woman a mammogram. There are 6 shots in the series. 1) technician and machine, medium shot. 2) technician and machine, long shot. 3) compressed breast close-up. 4) woman preparing for exam next to machine with technician in background adjusting controls. 5) technician and woman at machine. 6) technician and woman at machine, reverse angle. See artwork: GR-42. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |
 | Photomicrograph of Corynebacterium diphtheriae magnified 1200x, after growth of Pai medium for 18 – 24 hours. Credit: CDC. |  | The size of the “inhibition” zones surrounding the antibiotic-impregnated paper disks depends on the sensitivity of the bacteria present in the agar, to the antibiotic, and the antibiotic's ability to diffuse through the Müeller Hinton culture medium. Credit: CDC. |
 | Medium deep survey image of irregular and peculiar galaxies. Credit: NASA. |  | Erecting EPI (Electronic Position Indicator) antenna EPI was a medium frequency system that was useable out to 200 miles Invented within the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Carl Aslakson monitoring EPI receiver on HYDROGRAPHER Field testing of EPI - first medium frequency survey navigation system Invented within the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Two LCM's (landing craft medium) used to ferry much of the surveyors' camp to Pitt Point in the late summer. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | The tuna caught are small to medium in size, requiring just four fishermen to land. Credit: Fisheries. |  | A medium shot of the dam at the Pilgrim Trail restoration site. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Switch" by Luis Alves Commentary: "On / Off switch button in medium light." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | Smooth jazz genre piece in a medium tempo with muted guitar and strings. | | A medium groove with Jamaican pop influences. |
| Keyboard melody with heavy synthesizer-processed drums in a medium tempo. | | Piano and synthesized flute melody playing in a medium tempo major key. |
| Congas, electric bass, and background keyboards played in a medium tempo. | | A medium distorted electric guitar note being slightly bent upward. |
| A single medium high sustained note played on an electric piano. | | Medium, plucked string. |
| Synthesized drums imitating medium to low bongo drums. | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Aaron Hill | Youth is ever apt to judge in haste, and lose the medium in the wild extreme. |
Benjamin Franklin | Most people return small favors, acknowledge medium ones and repay greater ones -- with ingratitude. |
Edward Blishen | Life is amazing: and the teacher had better prepare himself to be a medium for that amazement. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | A tin pipe ascends through the ceiling, and forms a medium of vocal communication with other parts of the edifice |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Look through the medium of the people, and you shall discern the truth |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Individual foods containing carbohydrate can have a high, medium, or low impact on postprandial blood glucose. (references) | |
For isolation from stool, use of a selective medium that has thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts, and sucrose (TCBS agar) is recommended. (references) | ||
If there is clinical suspicion for infection with this organism, the microbiology laboratory should be notified so that they will perform cultures using this medium. (references) | ||
Business | Medium and high level chemicals are imported. (references) | |
In October, Internet passed radio as an advertising medium. (references) | ||
Sales prospects may be equal for medium commercial vehicles. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Niger | Television is a far less important medium than radio. (references) |
Oman | The law prohibits criticism of the Sultan in any form or medium. (references) | |
Equatorial Guinea | Radio is the most important and influential medium of mass communication. (references) | |
Economic History | Jordan | It is a medium grain rice market. (references) |
Ecuador | A third advertising medium is radio. (references) | |
Qatar | Most broadcasts on the medium wave are in Arabic. (references) | |
Human Rights | Costa Rica | Prisoners are separated by sex and by level of security (minimum, medium, and maximum). (references) |
Kazakhstan | The prison system consists of pretrial detention centers, penal colonies (including low and medium security facilities, women's and juvenile facilities), and maximum-security prisons. (references) | |
Political Economy | ITALY | Many programs are aimed at small to medium size firms. (references) |
Trade | Tunisia | THIS EXCESS LIQUIDITY IS NOT PRESENT ON MEDIUM TO LONG TERM CREDIT. (references) |
Chad | Medium term loans are difficult to obtain, as lending criteria are rigid. (references) | |
Kenya | EDESA provides medium and long term financing in foreign and local currency. (references) | |
Travel | South Africa | Men tend to favor medium or heavy woolen suits for year-round wear. (references) |
Costa Rica | Prices are high for the region ($120-150 at larger hotels; $75-100 at medium hotels). (references) | |
Romania | U.S. dollars in cash are easily exchanged and very widely accepted as a payment medium. (references) | |
Women | Ukraine | A March 2000 business survey found that half of private-sector employees are women, and that women run 30 percent of private small businesses and 13 percent each of large and medium businesses. (references) |
South Africa | In 2000 the Department of Trade and Industry began a program to provide incentive grants to promote the development of small and medium businesses and microenterprises for women, and for young persons and persons with disabilities in the areas of manufacturing, tourism, arts and crafts, and imports and exports. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Nigeria | The informal sector, and small and medium enterprises, largely remain unorganized. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Earl Charles Spencer | Well, I think in the medium term William wants to go into the armed services in some form. This is a traditional part of the royal upbringing, but he'd actually liked to do it of his own volition, so that's great. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
James Madison | 1809-1817 | Upon this general view of the subject it is obvious that there is only wanting to the fiscal prosperity of the Government the restoration of an uniform medium of exchange. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | The supply of gold and silver, the general medium of exchange, has been greatly interrupted by civil convulsions in the countries from which they are principally drawn. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Medium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 72.02% of the time. "Medium" is used about 2,257 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 72.02% | 1,625 | 5,117 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 27.89% | 629 | 10,317 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.09% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,257 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Taiwan | The Medium Business Bank of Taitung | USA | Rare Medium Group Incorporated |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "medium": adhesive medium ♦ advertising medium ♦ Angriff ( meist im Sinne: Angriff durch ein Medium ♦ Campanula medium ♦ characteristic acoustic impedance of a medium ♦ circulating medium ♦ close medium shot ♦ communication medium ♦ contrast medium ♦ cooling medium ♦ corrugating medium ♦ culture medium ♦ data medium ♦ dielectric medium ♦ dispersing medium ♦ dispersion medium ♦ dispersive medium ♦ end of Medium ♦ Ethereal medium ♦ extinguishing medium ♦ fluting medium ♦ growth medium ♦ happy medium ♦ interplanetary medium ♦ interstellar medium ♦ light to medium weight fabrics ♦ magnetic medium ♦ medium Access Control ♦ medium access control address ♦ medium access unit ♦ medium attachment unit ♦ medium board ♦ medium close shot ♦ medium close up ♦ Medium Coeli ♦ medium dependent interface ♦ medium dry ♦ medium finger ♦ medium frequency ♦ medium interface connector ♦ medium length ♦ medium loans ♦ medium modulation rates ♦ medium of advertisment ♦ medium of exchange ♦ medium range missile ♦ medium rare ♦ medium scale integration ♦ medium shot ♦ medium size ♦ medium steel ♦ medium sweet ♦ medium tenuere beati ♦ medium term ♦ medium wave ♦ medium well ♦ news medium ♦ of medium height ♦ receiving medium ♦ refrigerating medium ♦ springy medium ♦ the happy medium ♦ through the medium of. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "medium": medium-acting, medium-and, medium-angle, medium-bodied, medium-brown, medium-built, medium-calibre, medium-capacity, medium-chain, medium-cost, medium-curved, medium-cut, medium-dark, medium-dark-grey, medium-dated, medium-deep, medium-density, medium-developed, medium-distance, medium-dry, medium-duty, medium-fast, medium-fat, medium-fierce, medium-fine, medium-framed, medium-gilt, medium-grade, medium-grained, medium-grey, medium-hard, medium-haul, medium-haul service, medium-high, medium-hold, medium-hot, medium-if, medium-income, medium-intensity, medium-large, medium-length, medium-level, medium-light, medium-low, medium-pace, medium-pace-all-rounders, medium-paced, medium-pacer, medium-pacers, medium-poor, medium-price, medium-priced, medium-profile, medium-quality, medium-range, medium-range search aircraft, medium-range transport aircraft, medium-ranks, medium-rare, medium-resolution, medium-rise, medium-risk, medium-scale, medium-secure, medium-security, medium-setting, medium-side-of-sweet, medium-sised, medium-size, Medium-sized, medium-sized business, medium-sized industry, medium-speed, medium-strong beer, medium-sweet, medium-term, medium-termism, medium-to, medium-to-large, medium-to-lightweight, medium-to-low, medium-toned, medium-to-poor, medium-to-small, medium-use, medium-volatile, medium-volume, medium-wave, medium-weight. | |
Ending with "medium": fast-medium, hyper-medium, welsh-medium. | |
Containing "medium": euro-medium-term, small-medium-sized, small-too-medium-sized, upper-medium-sized. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "medium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | mjet (agent, apparatus, device, engine, expedient, implement, instrument, intermedium, mean, means, mode, modus, recipe, route, tool, touch, vehicle, wherewithal), mjedis (ambience, background, climate, environment, location, milieu, setting, surroundings), mesatare (average, mean, median, par), mesatar (average, mean, measurable, mediocre, mesial, mid, middling, moderate, neutral, normal, par), mes (bosom, bull's eye, dia-, heart, mean, middle, midriff, midst, thick, waist, waistline), medium, situatë (case, lie of the land, situation), i mesëm (average, high school, mesial, middle sized, secondary), gjendje (circumstance, circumstances, condition, fettle, form, milieu, Nick, pass, picture, position, posture, rating, shape, situation, state, status, the right, way), ambient (ambience, atmosphere, environment, milieu, setting, surroundings). (various references) | |
Arabic | وسيلة (means, measure), محيط (ambience, circumference, circumscription, entourage, environment, milieu, ocean, perimeter, setting, surroundings), متوسط (age, average, central, intermediary, intermediate, mean, medial, median, mediocre, middle, middling, moderate, ordinary, pass, poorly), قياس من الورق, وسط (amid, amidst, among, amongst, center, centre, endo-, fair, john doe, mean, middle, midst, milieu, navel, ordinary, umbilicus, waist), عن طريق الصحافة, على موجة متوسطة, صاروخ متوسط المدى, شىء متوسط, بيئة (ambience, climate, environment, milieu). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | разтворител на боя, материал (material, matter, stuff), медиум (psychic), междинен (intercurrent, intermediary, intermediate, medial, median, mediate, osculant, transitional), междинна степен, мек (balmy, benign, benignant, bland, creamy, cushiony, doughy, ductile, euphemistic, flabby, flaccid, floppy, genial, green, kindly, lambent, limp, meek, mellow, melodious, melting, mild, pillowy, rich, round, silken, silver, soft, supple, tender, weak, well-padded, yielding), нещо промеждутъчно, нещо междинно (intermediary, intermediate), нещо средно (intermediate, run), обществена среда (milieu), проводник (conductor, leader, vehicle), форма (build, conformation, figuration, form, frame, manner, matrix, mode, mould, shape, turn, uniform), средство (agency, contrivance, device, help, instrumentality, instrumentation, means, pry, recourse, remedy, resort, resource, shift, tool, weapon), сила (definition, drive, dynamism, effect, energy, feck, fiber, fibre, flush, force, forcefulness, forte, goodness, hardness, impetus, intension, intensity, inwardness, kick, lustiness, might, mightiness, muscle, muscularity, nerve, pith, potency, power, prowess, punch, sinews, snap, stamina, strength, stringency, tenacity, thews, tuck, vehemence, verve, vigor, vigour, vim, vinegar, violence, virility, virtue, virulence, vis, volume, zap, zip), умерен (abstemious, abstinent, conservative, equable, frugal, gentle, mezzo, mild, moderate, philosophical, reasonable, restrained, slack, sober, sparing, temperate, tempered), условия на живот (line), средина, среда (ambience, background, circle, core, entourage, mean, middle, setting, sphere, surroundings), среден (average, indifferent, intermediary, intermediate, mean, medial, median, mesial, mid, middle, middlemost, middle-of-the-road, middling, moderate, neutral, run of the mill), средно качество, средно число (mean, normal), средства (means, moneys, plant, pocket, purse, resources), фактор (agent, factor). (various references) | |
Chinese | 媒介 (media). (various references) | |
Croatian | napola (half medium). (various references) | |
Czech | médium, střední (central, intermediate, mean, mid, middle), støednì, prostředek (instrument, instrumentality, means, remedy, subservience), prostředí (ambience, environment, surroundings). (various references) | |
Danish | middeltidligt, statsobligation med mellemlang løbetid (medium-dated gilt-edged stock). (various references) | |
Dutch | milieu (environment), middellange termijn (medium-dated gilt-edged stock), bindmiddeloplossing (vehicle). (various references) | |
Farsi | میانجی (Conciliator, Gobetween, Intermediary, Intermediate, Mediator, Midway), متوسط (Average, Intermediate, Mean, Medial, Mediocre, Midway, Normal, Tolerable), معتدل (Green, Middleman, Mild, Moderate, Modest, Sane, Sober), وسیله (Appliance, Handle, Inducement, Instrument, Instrumental, Makeshift, Organ, Recourse, Resource), واسطه (Gobetween, Intermediate, Middleman, Psychic), رسانه (Vehicle). (various references) | |
Finnish | meedio, medium (medium-dated gilt-edged stock), välitys (agency, mediation, transmission), välikappale (instrument, means, tool), sideaine (gauze), kohtalainen (fair, moderate, passable), keskinkertainen (mediocre, moderate), apuneuvo (expedient, means), apukeino (expedient, means). (various references) | |
French | véhicule (adhesive medium), milieu (mean), médium. (various references) | |
German | durchschnittich, mittel (agent, aid, application, average, device, funds, mean, means, medicament, method, mezzo, middle, remedy, resource, resources, tool, vehicle, way), mitte (average, center, centre, mean, middle, midpoint, midst, midway, thick), Medium (middle voice). (various references) | |
Greek | μέσον (means, wherewithal). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מתוך (agent, arbitrator, broker, from, go between, intermediary, mediator, middleman, of, out of), מדיום, אמצעי (aid, expedient, facility, implement, indirectly, mean, means, measure, median, mid, middle, organ, resort, resource, resources, step, steppingstone, tool), אמצעות (agency, intermediacy, means, mediacy, meditation, middle), איש בינים (intermediary, middleman), בינוני (average, fair, intermediate, mean, medial, mediocre, mid, middle, middling, moderate, par, run of the mill, second rate). (various references) | |
Hungarian | közepes (average, fair to middling, mean, mediocre, middle-class, middling, moderate, so so), közeg (agent). (various references) | |
Indonesian | perantara (agent, go between, intermediary, mediator), cenayang (spiritualist), alang (crossbeam, crosswise, diagonal, middle). (various references) | |
Irish | róbhruite (too medium). (various references) | |
Italian | mezzo (average, center, centre, equipment, half, instrumentality, mean, means, mid, middle, midst, semi, the middle, vehicle), mezzano (average, go between, pander, pimp), medio (average, common, mean, median, mid, middle, middling, normal), mèzzo (means), veicolo (carrier, vehicle, wheeler), tramite (means, per, through), titoli di prima qualità a medio termine (medium-dated gilt-edged stock), strumento (agent, appliance, implement, instrument, mean, means, tool, utensil), elemento (absolute element, component, device, element, ingredient, item, member, oneness, unit, unity), ambiente (ambience, background, circle, environment, environs, habitat, room, setting, sphere, surroundings). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 並み (average, common, ordinary). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ミディアム , なみ (average, common, ordinary, wave), ふしゃ (millionaire, rich person, shrine maiden, the wealthy, virgin consecrated to a deity), ふじょ (aid, assistance, help, shrine maiden, sorceress, support, woman, womankind), ばいしつ (media), ばいかいぶつ (agency, carrier, vehicle), ばいようき, かんなぎ (diviner, shrine maiden), いちこ (female fortuneteller, sorceress), れいのうしゃ, みこ (a maiden consecrated to the gods, child of the emperor, shrine maiden, sorceress), ちゅうかいぶつ (channel, intermediary), ちゅうい (advice, attention, average, being careful, caution, Chinese medicine, first lieutenant, lieutenant junior grade, mediocrity, stationed in Italy, warning), ちゅう (air, annotation, before, comment, companion, explanatory note, explanatory notes, mediocre, midair, sake, same kind, similar kinds, space). (various references) | |
Korean | 매체 (media, Mediums). (various references) | |
Manx | aght soilsheenee (advertising medium). (various references) | |
Norwegian | middels. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ediummay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | moderado (abstemious, abstinent, acceptable, clerihew, gentle, mean, mild, moderate, modest, reasonable, restrained, right-minded, sober, temperate), meio termo (mean, middle), meio (average, center, centre, device, entourage, environment, expedient, half, handle, intermedium, mean, means, middle, midst, navel, organ, remedy, resource, resources, surroundings, vehicle, wherewith), mediano (average, mean, medial, median, mid, middle, middle-of-the-road, middling), médio (average, mean, medial, mid, middle), veículo transmissor, veículo (megilp, vehicle), ligante (binder, paint vehicle, vehicle), intermédio (instrumentality, instrumentation, mediation, middle), atmosfera (air, climate, sky), ambiente (ambience, ambient, atmosphere, climate, entourage, environment, environs, surrounding, surroundings). (various references) | |
Romanian | mijlociu (average, mean, middle, middling, moderate, second born, second rate), mijlocitor (go between, interceder, intercessor, intermediary, intermediate, mediator, moderator, negotiator, pander, procurer), mijloc (center, centre, depth, handle, instrumentality, mean, means, method, middle, midst, resource, thick, vehicle, waist, way), mediu (average, circumstance, environment, mean, middle, mise en scene, moderate, society, surroundings), medie (average, mean, par), termen mediu (mean, middle), intermediar (agent, factor, go between, interjacent, intermediary, intermediate, intermedium, mediate, mediator, middleman, negotiator, neutral, salesman, wangler), cifrã medie, ambianţã (atmosphere, environment, surroundings), agent (agency, agent, assignee, broker, clerk, courier, factor, go between, means, minister), împrejurãri (circles, condition). (various references) | |
Russian | средство (aborticide, abortifacient, agent, anorectic, cure, engine, instrument, mean, means, option, parturifacient, remedy), средний (average, avg, mean, medial, mesial, mid, middle, middle sized, middle-of-the-road, middle-sized, middling, moderate, neuter, neutral, secondary), среда (ambiance, ambience, environment, environs, habitat, mid-week, milieu, surroundings, Wednesday), умеренный (abstemious, abstinent, conservative, measurable, mild, moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate), середина;средство;среда средний, середина (center, centre, inside, mean, middle, midst), способ (how, in the manner, manner, means, method, mode, modi, modus, process, sort, technique, way), обстановка (background, context, decor, furnishing, furnishings, milieu), носитель данных, медиум, посредник (agent, broker, come between, come-between, contact man, go between, go-between, in between, intercessor, intermediator, mediator, middleman, moderator, negotiator, promotion man, promotion-man, stakeholder, umpire). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | medijum, sredstvo (agency, decongestant, expedient, instrumentality, remedy, resort), srednji stepen, srednji (central, intermediate, medial, median, mid, middle, neuter), srednje pečen, sredina (ambience, matrix, middle, midst, milieu), posrednik (agent, daysman, go between, intercessor, intermediary, intermediate, intermediator, mediator, middle man, middleman, moderator, pander, paraclete, solicitor, umpire), osrednji (indifferent, mediocre, middling, passable). (various references) | |
Spanish | medio (agent, average, extent, habitat, half, halfback, lift, line, mean, means, medial, mesial, mid, middle, midst, milieu, recipe, remedy, resources, tack, the middle, tool, way), mediano (average, fair, median, mediocre, middle, middling, moderate), intermedio (halfway, in between, interim, interlude, intermediary, intermediate, intermedium, interval, intervening, mediate, middle). (various references) | |
Swedish | mellan (among, amongst, between, betwixt, mid). (various references) | |
Turkish | orta (bosom, c, center, central, centre, fair, in between, intermediary, intermediate, mean, medial, median, mediate, mediocre, mesial, mesne, meso-, mezzo-, mid, mid-, middle, middling, midst, moderate, passable, secondary). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | середній (average, mean, medial, median, mesial, mid, middle, middle-of-the-road, middling, moderate, neutral, normal, secondary), середина (center, centre, core, mean, middle, midpoint, midst, navel), спосіб (fashion, manner, means, method, mood, remedy, sort, way), матеріал (material, matter, stuff), засіб вираження, помірний (abstemious, frugal, measurable, mild, modest, sparing, temperate, tepid). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | vừa (becoming, mean, meant, media), trung bình (averagely, mean, meant, media, middling, middlings), trung (media). (various references) | |
Welsh | cyfrwng (agency, means). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | medi, media, medii, mediis, medio, mediocris, medium. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Luke Chapter 4, Verse 30 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | AutoV de dielqwn dia mesou autwn eporeueto |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Ipse autem transiens per medium illorum ibat |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | þa ferde he þurh hyra midlen; |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | But Jhesus passide, and wente thorou the myddil of hem; and cam doun in to Cafarnaum, |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | But he went his waye eve thorow the myddes of them: |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | But he passing through the midst of them went his way, |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | But he passing through the midst of them, went away, |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | But he came through them and went on his way. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Luke Chapter 4, Verse 30 |
| Cebuano | Apan siya miagi sa ilang taliwala ug mipahawa. |
| Chinese | 他 卻 從 他 們 中 間 直 行 、 過 去 了 。 |
| Croatian | No on proðe izmeðu njih i ode. |
| Danish | Men han gik igennem, midt imellem dem, og drog bort. |
| Dutch | Maar Hij, door het midden van hen doorgegaan zijnde, ging weg. |
| Finnish | Mutta hän lähti pois käyden heidän keskitsensä. |
| French | Mais Jésus, passant au milieu d`eux, s`en alla. |
| German | Aber er ging mitten durch sie hinweg. |
| Hungarian | Õ azonban közöttük átmenve, eltávozék. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Tetapi Yesus menerobos orang banyak itu lalu pergi. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Tetapi lalulah Ia dari tengah-tengah mereka itu serta berjalan pergi. |
| Korean | 예 수 께 서 저 희 가 운 데 로 지 나 서 가 시 니 라 |
| Manx Gaelic | Agh hie eh magh trooid mean y cheshaght, as jimmee eh roish: |
| Maori | Otira i tika ia ra waenganui o ratou a haere ana. |
| Norwegian | Men han gikk midt gjennem flokken og drog bort. |
| Portuguese | Ele, porém, passando pelo meio deles, seguiu o seu caminho. |
| Rumanian | Dar Isus a trecut prin mijlocul lor, wi a plecat de acolo. |
| Russian | ОП пО, РТПКДС РПУТЕДЙ ОЙИ, ХДБМЙМУС. |
| Shuar | Túrasha Jesuska irunar matsatainiamunman etempraktak jiinki wémiayi. |
| Swahili | Lakini Yesu akapita katikati yao, akaenda zake. |
| Swedish | Men han gick sin väg mitt igenom hopen och vandrade vidare. |
| Uma | Ntaa' we'i, Yesus mako' mpe'olo' tauna to wori', pai' nculi' palai-nami. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "medium": mediumistic, mediums, mediumship, mediumships. (additional references) | |
| |
"Medium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: bedium, edium, Gedamu, Madiun, madum, Maldoum, Mebiame, Medaus, mediam, medicum, Medien, medio, medism, mediuk, mediumd, medius, Medoune, medu, meduim, medum, meidum, Memduh, Mendum, merdeaux, Meriem, Meudun, Mevius, Milium, Mobium, modeum, mundum. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "medium" (pronounced mē"dēum) |
| 5 | -ē" d ē u m | tedium. |
| 4 | -d ē u m | myocardium, nephridium, palladium, Plasmodium, podium, presidium, radium, compendium, idiom, indium, iridium, rhodium, sodium, stadium, vanadium. |
| 3 | -ē u m | alluvium, ammonium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, beryllium, millennium, minium, moratorium, neptunium, niobium, nobelium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, pandemonium, paramecium, petroleum, planetarium, plutonium, polonium, potassium, premium, promethium, protium, psyllium, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, colloquium, condominium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, gallium, geranium, gonium, gymnasium, hafnium, harmonium, helium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, lawrencium, linoleum, lithium, magnesium, requiem, selenium, strontium, superpremium, symposium, tellurium, thallium, thorium, titanium, tritium, uranium, yttrium, zirconium. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-i-m-m-u" | |
-1 letter: mimed. | |
-2 letters: dime, idem, mime. | |
-3 letters: die, dim, due, dui, emu, med, mem, mid, mim, mud, mum, umm. | |
-4 letters: de, ed, em, id, me, mi, mm, mu, um. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-i-m-m-u" | |
+1 letter: dummied, dummies, immured, mediums, mummied. | |
+2 letters: summited, undimmed. | |
+3 letters: degumming, immunised, immunized, mazaedium, midsummer, multimode, mummified, neodymium, untrimmed. | |
+4 letters: comminuted, communised, communized, compendium, manumitted, mediumship, midsummers, multiarmed, multimedia, neodymiums, summarised, summarized. | |
+5 letters: compendiums, endometrium, eudaemonism, eudaimonism, impoundment, mediastinum, mediumistic, mediumships, mendelevium, miscomputed, misjudgment, multimanned, multimedias, pandemonium, uncommitted, unimmunized. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Company Usage | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Translations: Ancient | 21. Bible Trace 22. Abbreviations 23. Acronyms 24. Derivations | 25. Rhymes 26. Anagrams 27. Bibliography |
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