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Definitions: Mediation |
MediationNoun1. Negotiation to resolve differences conducted by some impartial party. 2. The act of mediating. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "mediation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Law | A process by which the third party attempts to stimulate labor and management to reach some type of agreement. Source: European Union. (references) |
Post & Telecom | A process that routes and/or acts on information passing between NEs and OSs via DCN. Mediation can be shared among NE(s)and/or OS(s). The processes that can form mediation can be classified into following five general process categories:1)communication control, 2)protocol conversion and data handling, 3)communication(passing)of primitive functions, 4)processes involving decision making and 5)data storage. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Mediation is the activity in which a neutral third party, the mediator, assists two or more parties in order to help them achieve an agreement, with concrete effects, on a matter of common interest; lato sensu is any activity in which an agreement on whatever matter is researched by an impartial third party, usually a professional, in the common interest of the parties.
Mediation applies to different fields, with some common peculiar elements and some differences for each of its specialties. The main fields of application of mediation are business commerce, legal dispute and diplomacy, but minor forms can be found in other fields too. The mediation in marriages is technically admitted in the category, even if it follows an own history since the times of ancient Greeks.
The activity in itself is indeed very ancient, presumably started with Phoenician commerce (but it has been supposed it was in use in Babylon too), and developed in Greece (where the mediator is called proxenetas - not in the sense of marriage mediator), then in Roman civilisation, where mediation is recognised in roman law starting form Justinian's Digesto. In Rome the mediator was called with a variety of names, among which internuncius, medium, intercessor, philantropus, interpolator, conciliator, interlocutor, interpres, and finally mediator. During the Middle Ages, mediation has been differently considered, sometimes forbidden, or its practice has been restricted to centralised authorities. In some cultures it was instead a sacred figure, tributed a particular respect, partly coincident with that of traditional wise men.
The common aspects of mediation, that seem to apply to all the fields of application, could be concisely summarised in the presence of these basic factors:
Mediation differs from most other contraposition resolution processes by virtue of its simplicity, and the clarity of its rules; also, it is a constructive form of productive composition of the different instances of the parties, rather than a mere conflict for supremacy among respective positions, with the Mediator explicitely and actively working for the reach of an agreement (sometimes his reward depending on the effective reach of a result); this figure is absent in other processes.
The typical activity has no formally compulsory methods, even if some common elements are ususally found, mainly consisting of:
The mediator is in most countries subject to a severe respect of his professional secret. In many countries the mediator is granted the right to eventually refuse assisting cases he does not intend taking care of.
The eldest branch of mediation applies to business and commerce, and still this one is the widest field of application, with reference to the number of mediators in these activities and to the economical range of total exchanged values.
The mediator in business or in commerce helps the parties to achieve the final goal of respectively buying/selling (a generical contreposition that includes all the possible varieties of the exchange of goods or rights) something at satisfactory conditions (typically in the aim of producing a synallagmatic contract), harmonically bringing the separate elements of the treaty to a respectively balanced equilibrium. The mediator, in the ordinary practice, usually cares of finding a positive agreement between (or among) the parties looking at the main pact as well as at the accessory pacts too, thus finding a composition of all the related aspects that might combine in the best possible way all the desiderata of his clients.
This activity is sometimes scholastically included among those of the auxiliary activities of commerce and business, but it has to be recalled that it differs from the generality of the others because of its character of independence from the parties: in an ordinary activity of agency, or in the unilateral mandate this character is obviously missing, this kind of agent merely resulting as a longa manus of the party that gave him his (wider or narrower) power of representation. The mediator does not obey to any of the parties, and is a third party, looking at the contraposition from an external point of view.
The subfields include specialised branches that are very well commonly known: in finance, in insurances, in ship-brokering, in real estate and in some other particular markets, mediators have an own name and usually obey to special laws. Generally the mediator cannot practice commerce in the genre of goods in which he is a specialised mediator.
In most countries the mediator provides a personal warranty in favour of one or all the parties; he is usually held responsible of the correct information of the parties about the effective aspects of the discussed matter, in order to allow them a wise evaluation of principal and minor risks and advantages, consequences and effects of respective choices. This requires that the Mediator have considerable competence in the specific fields of business, a competence that often causes the Mediator to be called for professional appraisals or evaluations for other purposes too. Basically the Mediator has to develop a deep competence in general and particular legal and economic aspects and any eventual accessory aspects (i.e. taxes) that might arise as a direct result of negotiations.
The Mediator may also have the accessory duty of preparing a draft of the acts or contracts that will formally render the sense and the details of the achieved agreements, or even the final contract/act, and celebrate the signature. He also responds of the authenticity of the signatures, the titles and the values that are exchanged.
In the field ot resolving legal controversies, mediation is an informal method of dispute resolution in which a neutral third party, the mediator, attempts to assist the parties in finding resolution to their problem through the mediation process. Although mediation has no legal standing per se, agreements between the parties can (usually with assistance from legal counsel) be committed to writing and signed, thus rendering a legally binding contract in some jurisdiction specified therein.
Mediation differs from most other conflict resolution processes by virtue of its simplicity, and the clarity of its rules. It is employed at all scales from petty civil disputes to global peace talks. It is thus difficult to characterize it independent of these scales or specific jurisdictions - where "Mediation" may in fact be formally defined and may in fact require specific licenses. There are more specific processes (such as peace process or binding arbitration or mindful mediation) referred to directly in the text.
These broader political methods usually focus on conciliation, preventing future problems rather than on focused dispute resolution of one matter.
Mediation can be reasonably seen as the simplest of many such processes, where there is no great dispute about political context, jurisdiction has been agreed, whatever process selected the mediator is not in doubt, and there is no great fear that safety, fairness and closure guarantees will be violated by future bad-faith actions.
If some warranty of safety, fairness, and closure can be assumed, then the process can reasonably be called "mediation proper" and be described thus:
Generally, the process consists of an introduction by the mediator, the presentation of areas of concern (the issues in dispute) by the complainant, an opportunity for the respondant to reply, and a continuation of alternating responses until either the issue is resolved or the parties are obviously not going to reach agreement. The role of the mediator is to guide the process, insuring that each party has an uninterrupted opportunity to speak and respond, until either resolution or stalemate.
Mediation has been used extensively in a variety of organizations including businesses, schools and non-profit organizations. The process works best when the parties are both seeking resolution to their conflict (or potential conflict) and have no hidden agenda. Mediation has been utilized by some court jurisdictions to decrease caseload, particularly in the area of family law.
Mediation has sometimes been utilized to good effect when coupled with arbitration, particularly binding arbitration, in a process called, appropriately enough, "mediation/arbitration." In this process, if the parties are unable to reach resolution through mediation, the mediator becomes an arbitrator, shifts the mediation process into an arbitral one, seeks any additional evidence needed (particularly witnesses, if any, since witnesses would not normally be called in a mediation), and renders an arbitral decision.
This process is more appropriate in civil matters where rules of evidence or jurisdiction are not disputed. It resembles in some respects criminal plea-bargaining and Confucian judicial procedure, wherein the judge also plays the role of prosecutor - and renders what in Western European court procedures would be considered an arbitral (even "arbitrary") decision.
The role of mediator is less controversial than the role of judge, if only because a mediator may only propose, rather than impose, a contract.
The assumed moral or legal responsibility, or even liability, of the mediator differs drastically in different methods - for instance, in global political negotiations, it is often difficult to find anyone who is sufficiently trusted by both sides to even get a peace process to begin. Accordingly, liability is not assigned to the mediator no matter how badly things go wrong - doing so would discourage future efforts to help.
Differences between the legal definition of civil Mediation in the United States and Mediation in other countries are worth noting, as it is more "professionalized" in the United States, where state laws regarding use of lawyers versus mediators may differ widely. These differences are best understood in a more global context of variances between countries.
Mediation is typically one of the most important activities of diplomats, and it is considered it should be a relevant quality of democratic politicians, given that usually in both these fields the explicitation of the respective mansions (on a formal basis, at least) require the achievement of agreements between separate entities of which the diplomat or the politician are "third" parties by definition (Hobbes and Bodin found that the organs of a state have a mediating power and function).
These activities are usually performed in order to get, on the subjective point of view of this mediator, a recompense that might be in the form of a direct economical advantage, a political advantage, an increased international prestige or influence.
In politics and in diplomacy, mediation is an obviously non-violent method of dispute resolution (some indeed argue that other methods would be many), although it is usually assumed or included in definitions of other methods.
Some theorists, notably Rushworth Kidder, have claimed that mediation is the foundation of a new (some say "postmodern") ethics - and that it sidesteps traditional ethical issues with pre-defined limits of morality.
Others claim that mediation is a form of harms reduction or de-escalation, especially in its large-scale application in peace process and similar negotiation, or the bottom-up way it is performed in the peace movement where it is often called mindful mediation. In this form, it would be derived from methods of Quakers in particular.
The rise of international trade law, continental trading blocs, the World Trade Organization and its opposing anti-globalization movement, use of the internet, among other factors, seem to suggest that legal complexity is rising to an intolerable and undesirable point. There may be no obvious way to determine which jurisdiction has precedence over which other, and there may be substantial resistance to settling a matter in any one place.
Accordingly, mediation may come into more widespread use, replacing formal legal and judicial processes sanctified by nation-states. Some, like the anti-globalization movement, believe that such formal processes have quite thoroughly failed to provide real safety and closure guarantees that are pre-requisite to uniform rule of law.
Following an increasing notoriety of the process, and a wider notion of its main aspects and eventual effects, mediation is in recent times frequently proposed as a form of resolution of international disputes, with attention to belligerant situations too.
However, as mediation ordinarily needs to be required by the interested parties and it would be very difficult to impose it, in case one of the parts refuses this process it cannot be a solution.Common aspects of Mediation
The acceptance of a mediation does not necessarily include for the parties the obligation to conclude the agreements that the mediator will propose, even if this would perhaps seem natural at a first sight. When in presence of a similar clause, in fact, it is discussed whether the activity would still be considered a mediation or an arbitration, and effectively mediators usually refuse the contemporary double representation of the parties, because the eventual mediator's solution would have less practical strength and less probability to last in time, not being a fully personal determination of the parties. The ordinary form of a mediated agreement actually contains therefore the free and self-determined consensus of the parties on a proposal of agreement that has been developed by the mediator (exceptions are possible in minor matters).
Obviously, due to the particular character of this activity, each mediator can use a method of his own (usually laws don't interfere with the mediator's methods), which might eventually be very different from the above scheme, that however contains the main aspects of the process. Also, many matters do not legally require a particular form for the final agreement, while others expressely require a precisely determined form.Mediation in Business and in Commerce
Mediation as a method of dispute resolution
Safety, fairness, closure
Process and role of mediator, in US practice
Mediation with arbitration
Liability of mediator
Liability in the U.S.A.
Mediation in politics and in diplomacy
One of many non-violent methods of dispute resolution
Global relevance
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mediation."
Synonyms: MediationSynonyms: arbitration (n), intermediation (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Deity | Salvation, redemption, atonement, propitiation, mediation, intercession, judgment. |
Deprecation | Noun: deprecation, expostulation; intercession, mediation, protest, remonstrance. |
Instrumentality | Noun: instrumentality; aid; subservience, subserviency; mediation, intervention, medium, intermedium, vehicle, hand; agency. |
Mediation | Noun: mediation, mediatorship, |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Mediation |
| English words defined with "mediation": Entermise ♦ Mediative, Mediatorial ♦ shamanism ♦ umpirage. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "mediation": ADR, Alprostadil, Antibody-Dependent Enhancement ♦ FMCS ♦ Immunosuppressive Agents ♦ Jack o' the Clock ♦ Kallikrein-Kinin System ♦ labor relations representative ♦ MANAGER, LABOR RELATIONS, mediation in criminal cases ♦ penal mediation. (references) |
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Le Docteur -Vous avez besoin de prendre l'air, je vous engage a offrir votre mediation aux puissances occidentales. / Cham [i.e. Amédée Noé].Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Due to a well- developed system of autonomous contract negotiations, mediation is uncommon. (references) | |
The law requires 6 to 10 days' advance strike notice, followed by brief government mediation. (references) | ||
Accordingly, the Korean Ministry of Finance and Economy (MOFE) has established an International Contract Dispute Mediation committee to deal with any foreign supplier allegations that Korean procuring entities have not complied with GPA provisions. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Yemen | Al-Shoura's new editor criticized the verdict, claiming that he believed that mediation and a published apology effectively had ended the case in 1999. The sentence had not been carried out by year's end; Saad continues to practice journalism. (references) |
Ghana | The NMC is charged with maintaining journalistic standards, including the investigation, mediation, and settlement of complaints made against or by the media; however, it does not have legally binding authority to implement its recommendations. (references) | |
Economic History | South Africa | The Act created the Commission on Conciliation, Mediation, and Arbitration (CCMA). (references) |
Human Rights | Yemen | The results of such mediation carry the same if not greater weight as court judgments. (references) |
Philippines | During the year, the PAO handled more than 1.1 million judicial cases and an additional 3.7 million mediation cases. (references) | |
Belgium | These facilities combine a variety of legal services under one roof, including legal aid, mediation, and victim's assistance. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Venezuela | In 1998 the Government agreed to work with the NGO's under IACHR mediation to resolve the case. (references) |
Australia | In 1993 the federal Parliament passed the Native Title Act, which established a National Native Title Tribunal to resolve native title applications through mediation. (references) | |
Minorities | Ireland | To develop better relations between Travellers and the settled community, the Government agreed to provide a Traveller Mediation Service and $1 million (900,000 Irish pounds) over a 3-year period for awareness programs. (references) |
Political Economy | TURKEY | Nonbinding mediation is the last of those steps. (references) |
CZECH REPUBLIC | By law, strikes may take place only after mediation efforts fail. (references) | |
Oman | Oman has traditionally sought to encourage resolution of regional disputes by discussion and, if necessary, mediation between parties. (references) | |
Trade | Moldova | EBRD activity in Moldova's financial sector: In the financial sector, the EBRD has focused on the establishment of effective financial inter- mediation mechanisms to reach small and medium- sized enterprises (SME) and to respond to current investment requirements. (references) |
Women | Paraguay | In addition, the courts allow for mediation of some family violence cases, which is not provided for by the law. (references) |
Dominica | The Dominica National Council of Women, a nongovernmental organization, teaches preventive education about domestic violence and maintains a shelter where counseling and mediation services for men and women are available daily. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Denmark | Disputes are settled by mediation. (references) |
China | Workers appear to favor to arbitration over workplace mediation. (references) | |
Croatia | Mediation is not required if the strike is not over a new contract. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Julie Nixon Eisenhower | We were together. Actually, we went up to my room. We were in Miami at a mediation. We went up to my room, we took our shoes off and we both lay down on the bed. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | A convention has since been concluded between the parties, under the mediation of His Imperial Majesty, to prescribe the mode by which that article shall be carried into effect in conformity with that decision. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Mediation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Mediation" is used about 291 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 291 | 17,055 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "mediation": gain by mediation ♦ mediation board ♦ mediation in criminal cases ♦ mediation offer ♦ penal mediation. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "mediation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afrikaan | bemiddeling. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | ndërhyrje (buzz, intercession, interference, interposition, intervention, intrusion, invasion). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | وساطة (intercession, pull, wherewithal), توسط (centering, go between, intercede, intercession, intermediate, interpose, interposition, mediate, mediocrity), تدخل (butt, butt in, chip, cut in, have a finger in the pie, have hand in smth., horn in, interfere, interference, intermediate, interpose, intervene, intervention, intrusion, involvement, obtrusion, push in, tamper, thrust), إصلاح (betterment, correction, mend, pacification, pacifying, reclamation, reconcile, reconditioning, recovery, redress, reform, reformation, rehabilitation, remedy, renovation, repair, reparation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | посредничество (agency, intercession, intermediation, intermedium, interposal, interposition, intervention, umpirage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 斡旋 (mediated, Mediating). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | zprostředkování (interposition). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | tussenkomst (intervention), bemiddeling (conciliation, intermediation, market intermediation, procurement, reconciliation of persons). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | mediacio, perado. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faeroese | millumgonga. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | välitys (agency, medium, transmission), sovittelu (conciliation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | médiation (to mediate). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Vermittlung (agency, arrangement, arranging, connection, conveying, exchange, finding, giving, imparting, insemination, instrumentality, intercession, negotiation, operator, placement, procuration, switchboard), Schlichtung (arbitration, conciliation, settlement). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μεσολάβηση (inntermediateness, intercession, interposition, intervention, lapse), διαμεσολάβηση (forward transfer, intermediation, market intermediation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | תווך (arbitration, brokerage, intercession), שתדלנות (intercession, pleading), ספסרות (blackmarketing, profiteering, speculation), סרסרות (brokerage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | közvetítés (commentary, commentation, coverage, intercession, intermediation, intermedium, interposition, interposure), közbenjárás (agency, instrumentality, intercession, intervention, pleading, procurement), közbelépés (action, interposition, interposure, intervention). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | perantaraan (intercession, intermediary), pengantaraan (intercession). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | mediazione (brokerage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 斡旋 (kind offices), 周旋 (employment office, good offices, recommendation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | なかだち (agency, agent, go-between, mediator, middleman), しゅうせん (cessation of hostilities, compiling, editing, employment office, end of war, good offices, recommendation), きょちゅうちょうてい, かい (assembly, association, avail, being in between, buyer, buying, club, concerning oneself with, counter for occurrences, effect, -floor, large, low rank, lower order, meeting, mystery, oar, paddle, party, purchase, result, scull, shell, shellfish, stories, subordinate, the feelings of the people, together, use, wonder, worth), かけはし (bridge building, cross-linking, go-between, suspension bridge, temporary bridge, viaduct), あっせん (kind offices), わかい (accommodation, compromise, reconciliation, settlement, young), はしわたし, とりなし (intercession, smoothing over), とりもち (birdlime, entertainment), ちゅうさい (arbitration, intercession), ちゅうほ (intercession), ちょうてい (arbitration, conciliation, Imperial Court). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 중개 (Broking). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ediationmay mediação (intercession), servir de mediador, intervenção (instrumentation, insubordinate, interference, interpret, intervention, Miniver, procurement, say), intermédio (instrumentality, instrumentation, medium, middle). (various references) mijlocire (agency, intercession, means), mediere, intermediu (agency, instrumentality, intermedium, means). (various references) посредничество (agency, broking, intercession, intermediation). (various references) posredovanje (agency, broking, intercession, intermediation, intervention, solicitation), posredništvo (brokerage), pomirenje (acquiescence, conciliation, pacification). (various references) mediación (agency, arbitration, instrumentality). (various references) medling (arbitration, intercession, settlement), förmedling (agency, instrumentality, intermediation, office, supplying). (various references) aracılık (agency, agency business, intercession, intermediate trade, intervention, mediatorship, procuration), arabuluculuk (mediatorship). (various references) посередництво (agency, intercession, intermediary, intervention). (various references) sự hoà giải (conciliation, intermediation, reconcilement, reconciliation), sự dàn xếp (conclusion, settlement), sự điều đình (negotiation, treaty). (various references) cyfryngiad (intervention), cyfryngdod (intercession, mediatorship), athrywyn (arbitrate, intervention, mediate). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | interventus. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | run. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "mediation": mediational, mediations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "mediation": bioremediation, disintermediation, intermediation, remediation. (additional references) | |
Words containing "mediation": bioremediations, disintermediations, intermediations, remediations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Mediation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: mediattion, meditacion, meditaion, medtiation, sediation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "mediation" (pronounced mē'dēā"shun) |
| 8 | m ē' d ē ā" sh u n | remediation. |
| 6 | -d ē ā" sh u n | irradiation, radiation, repudiation. |
| 5 | -ē ā" sh u n | abbreviation, affiliation, alleviation, appreciation, appropriation, association, aviation, conciliation, creation, delineation, denunciation, depreciation, deviation, differentiation, dissociation, exfoliation, expatriation, expropriation, foliation, glaciation, humiliation, initiation, misappropriation, miscreation, negotiation, nucleation, procreation, pronunciation, reconciliation, recreation, renegotiation, renunciation, repatriation, retaliation, substantiation, variation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abdication, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, approbation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, dictation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remuneration, renationalization, renomination, renovation, reorganization, reparation, replication, representation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-e-i-i-m-n-o-t" | |
-1 letter: dominate, ideation, iodinate. | |
-2 letters: amidine, amidone, amniote, diamine, dominie, edition, inedita, intimae, mediant. | |
-3 letters: aidmen, amidin, anomie, atoned, daemon, daimen, daimio, daimon, detain, diamin, diatom, domain, domine, donate, emodin, etamin, indite, inmate, intima, intime, iodate, iodine, maiden, manito, mantid, median, medina, minted, moaned, moated, monied, omenta, tamein, tandem, tineid. | |
-4 letters: admen, admit, aimed, amend. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-e-i-i-m-n-o-t" | |
+1 letter: ambitioned, antimonide, decimation, dominative, mediations, medication, meditation. | |
+2 letters: antimonides, deamination, decimations, ethionamide, indomitable, malediction, mediational, medications, meditations, remediation. | |
+3 letters: deaminations, delamination, delimitation, demonization, denominating, denomination, denominative, deviationism, dimerization, disseminator, dominatrices, dominatrixes, ethionamides, immoderation, indomethacin, maledictions, miscaptioned, miseducation, mountainside, nicotinamide, remediations, romanticised, romanticized, semidominant. | |
+4 letters: antimodernist, delaminations, delimitations, democratizing, demonizations, demyelination, denominations, denominatives, determination, deviationisms, dimerizations, dissemination, disseminators, domesticating, domestication, emotionalized, eudaemonistic, idiomaticness, immoderations, indomethacins, miseducations, modernisation, modernization, mountainsides, nicotinamides, predominating, predomination, premeditation, sedimentation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 65 64 69 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-- . -.. .. .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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| Amazon.com BOOKS: Search for: "mediation" |
