Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Maser |
MaserNoun1. Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; amplifier that works on same principle as a laser and emits coherent microwave radiation. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Aerospace | An amplifier utilizing the principle of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Emission of energy stored in a molecular or atomic system by a microwave power supply is stimulated by the input signal. (references) |
Electrical Engineering | A device that produces an extremely intense, small and nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation in the microwave region, with all the waves in phase. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A device for coherent amplification or generation of electromagnetic waves by use of excitation energy in resonant atomic or molecular systems. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Industry | A device which pumps electrons to higher energies and build up amplification of microwaves. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | Contracted version of microwave amplification by simulated emission of radiation. A class of amplifier from which the optical laser wasdeveloped. See also:laser. (references) |
Space | A microwave travelling wave tube amplifier named for its process of Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Compare with Laser. In the Deep Space Network, masers are used as low-noise amplifiers of downlink signals, and also as frequency standards. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The first maser was built by Charles H. Townes, J. P. Gordon and H. J. Zeiger at Columbia University in 1953. The device used stimulated emission in a stream of energised ammonia molecules to produce amplification of microwaves at a frequency of 24 gigahertz.
Townes later worked with Arthur L. Schawlow to describe the principle of the optical maser, or laser, which was invented in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman .
Masers are used as high precision frequency references, for example as an atomic clock. They are also used as electronic amplifiers in radio telescopes.
For more information about frequency reference masers, see atomic clock.
Telescopic masers use arrays of chromium atoms in an insulating aluminum oxide crystal as amplifiers, pumping the energy in at a different radio frequency. That is, they use polished strips of synthetic ruby.
As the input signal comes in, a gold comb (gold is used because it cannot corrode and change shape) distributes it along the strip of polished ruby. As the radio wave moves through the crystal, it knocks electrons into different orbits. As the electrons wiggle into their new, lower orbits, closer to their atoms' nuclei, they add to the wave that knocked them down. A radio wave is made by a wiggling electric charge or magnetic field.
The comb-fingers are spaced so that the desired radio waves add together as they move down the crystal. This means that unwanted radio waves don't add together, and are therefore filtered out.
Masers are cooled by liquid helium, which is at a temperature of only about 4 degrees above absolute zero. This reduces the noise from electrons, nuclei, and other charged particles that can be bounced around by the molecular motion of heat.
The atoms are pumped away from their nuclei by longer, ignorable radio waves put onto the ruby from a different comb.
Masers can also be found in nature. In interstellar space, water molecules in star-forming regions can suffer a population inversion and emit radiation at 22 GHz, creating the brightest spectral line in the radio universe. Some water masers also emit radiation from a vibrational mode at 96 GHz.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maser."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
MASER | English | Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation | Electrical Engineering, Physics |
MASER | Italian | Amplificatore di microonde per emissione stimolata di radiazione. | Electrical Engineering, Physics |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: Maser |
| English words defined with "maser": gas maser ♦ optical maser. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "maser": iraser ♦ LNA. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Maser" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. German (maser, measles, vein), Serbo-Croatian (massagist, masseur, rubber). |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Maser" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Maser" is used about 26 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 26 | 68,323 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "maser" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Maser | Last name | 1,000 | 14,553 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "maser": gas maser ♦ optical maser. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
maser | 29 |
maser wayne | 7 |
chris maser | 4 |
army gun laser maser shot | 4 |
maser ticket | 3 |
consulting maser | 3 |
maser photographer wayne | 2 |
maser p | 2 |
maser shirley | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "maser"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | rubidiummaser (rubidium maser), passiv maser (passively operating maser), optisk maser (optical maser). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | paramagnetische versterker (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | rubidiummaser (rubidium maser), passiivisesti toimiva maser (passively operating maser), optinen maser (optical maser), laser (laser, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, optical maser). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
French | maser, M.A.S.E.R., oscillateur quantique, amplificateur quantique. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
German | paramagnetischer Verstärker (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μέιζερ (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), μικροκυματική ενίσχυση με εξαναγκασμένη εκπομπή ακτινοβολίας (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), παραμαγνητικός ενισχυτής (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), amplificatore di microonde per emissione stimolata di radiazione. (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | "이 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | asermay maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). (various references) máser de rubidio (rubidium maser), máser de funcionamiento pasivo (passively operating maser), máser óptico (optical maser). (various references) เครื่องขยายคลื่นแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า โ"ยเฉพาะ microwave. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "maser": masers. (additional references) | |
Words containing "maser": lamaseries, lamasery. (additional references) | |
| |
"Maser" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Amsberg, Amsel, amser, aser, Jasir, Maasberg, Maasey, Maasum, Macarr, Macer, Macerc, macre, mader, maer, mae'r, maere, Maese, mafer, mager, maher, majer, Majeur, majeure, maler, manser, maper, mapse, Marer, marsei, masa, Masad, Masae, masat, Masayrek, mase, masec, Masek, masle, masou, Masoz, Massari, Massaro, Masset, Mastr, masu, Masum, masur, mauer, Mausner, Maver, Mawer, Mawere, mawser, maxer, mayero, mayse, mazeg, mazeh, Mazel, mazen, Mazer, mazet, mazor, mcse, Merser, messer, Mezera, misef, miseg, Misera, misere, Misir, miskr, Misner, misor, misr, misuer, mizer, momser, moser, mosner, mosre, mosser, moyser, msar, msre, Musar, musser, Muyser, myser, Naseiro, Nasery, nasir, vaser, Yaser. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "maser" (pronounced mā"zer) |
| 4 | m ā" z er | Mazer. |
| 3 | -ā" z er | appraiser, blazer, glazer, grazer, laser, Lazar, raiser, raser, razor. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: mares, marse, reams, smear. | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-m-r-s" | |
-1 letter: ares, arms, arse, ears, eras, maes, mare, mars, mesa, rams, rase, ream, rems, same, seam, sear, sera. | |
-2 letters: are, arm, ars, ear, ems, era, ers, mae, mar, mas, ram, ras, rem, res, sae, sea, ser. | |
-3 letters: ae, am, ar, as, em, er, es, ma, me, re. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-m-r-s" | |
+1 letter: aimers, ambers, ameers, amuser, armers, armets, armies, breams, creams, dermas, dreams, embars, frames, gamers, harems, macers, madres, makers, marges, marses, masers, masher, masker, master, maters, matres, mazers, namers, ramees, ramens, ramets, ramies, ramose, realms, rearms, remans, remaps, scream, seamer, shmear, smears, smeary, stream, tamers. | |
+2 letters: admires, almners, amasser, ambeers, amblers, ambries, amerces, amperes, amusers, armless, armlets, armrest, armures, assumer, besmear, beswarm, blamers, cambers, cameras, campers, crambes, dammers, damners, dampers, demarks, embarks, enamors, engrams, farmers, ferbams, flamers, foamers, framers, gammers, germans, gisarme, grammes, hammers, hampers, hamster, hareems, harmers, imagers, imarets, impresa, jammers, lambers, lampers, lamster, madders, maestri, maestro, mailers, maimers, mammers, mangers, manners, manures, mappers, marbles, marcels, marches, marines, markers, markets, marques, marrers, marries, marshes, martens, marvels, mashers, maskers, masquer, masseur, massier, masters, mastery, matters, matures, maulers, meaners, measure, medlars, mesarch, mirages, misaver, mishear, misrate, misread, moaners, morales, oarsmen, palmers, pampers, preamps, prearms, racemes, radomes, rambles, ramjets, rammers, realism, reamers, remails, remains, remakes, remands, remarks, remates, remoras, remudas, renames, restamp, reteams, revamps, rewarms, roamers, sampler, sarment, scamper, schmear, screams, seamark, seamers, seamier, sedarim, seminar, semiraw, seriema, serumal, shammer, shmears, sidearm, slammer, smacker, smaller, smarted, smarten, smarter, smartie, smasher, smatter, smeared, smearer, spammer, stammer, stamper, steamer, streams, streamy, strumae, surname, swamper, swarmed, swarmer, tampers, tramels, uremias, vampers, warmers, warmest, womeras, yammers. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 61 73 65 72 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references)-- .- ... . .-. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01100001 01110011 01100101 01110010 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M a s e r |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 0061 0073 0065 0072 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)4767857184 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Names: Frequency 6. Expressions 7. Expressions: Internet 8. Translations: Modern | 9. Abbreviations 10. Acronyms 11. Derivations 12. Rhymes | 13. Anagrams 14. Orthography 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
