Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Manganese |
ManganeseNoun1. A hard brittle gray polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "manganese" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1835. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Chemistry | Chemical element:atomic number 25. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A gray-white, hard, brittle metallic element. Symbol, Mn. Manganese does not occur uncombined in nature, but its minerals are widely distributed. Pyrolusite (MnO2 ) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3 ) are the most common minerals. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the ocean floor, containing about 24% manganese, holds promise as a source of manganese. Used to form many important alloys, esp. with steel, aluminum, and antimony; used in dry cells and glass, and in the preparation of oxygen, chlorine, and medicines. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Manganese is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
Chromium - Manganese - Iron Mn
Tc
Full tableGeneral Name, Symbol, Number Manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series Transition metals Group, Period, Block 7 , 4 , d Density, Hardness 7470 kg/m3, 6.0 Appearance silvery metallic Atomic Properties Atomic weight 54.938049 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 140 (161) pm Covalent radius 139 pm van der Waals radius n/a pm Electron configuration [Ar]3d3d54s2 e- 's per energy level 2, 8,13,2 Oxidation states (Oxide) 7,6,4,2,3 (strong acid) Crystal structure Cubic body centered Physical Properties State of matter solid (usually nonmagnetic) Melting point 1517 K (2271 °F) Boiling point 2235 K (3564 °F) Molar volume 7.35 ×1010-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization 226 kJ/mol Heat of fusion 12.05 kJ/mol Vapor pressure 121 Pa at 1517 K Velocity of sound 5150 m/s at 293.15 K Miscellaneous Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale) Specific heat capacity 480 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity 0.695 106/m ohm Thermal conductivity 7.82 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential 717.3 kJ/mol 2nd ionization potential 1509 kJ/mol 3rd ionization potential 3248 kJ/mol 4th ionization potential 4940 kJ/mol 5th ionization potential 6990 kJ/mol 6th ionization potential 9220 kJ/mol 7th ionization potential 11500 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 52Mn {syn.} 5.591 days e capture 4.712 52Cr 53Mn {syn.} 3.74 million years e capture 0.597 53Cr 54Mn {syn.} 312.3 days e capture 1.377 54Cr 54Mn {syn.} 312.3 days β- 0.697 54Fe 55Mn 100% Mn is stable with 30 neutrons SI units & STP are used except where noted.
Notable Characteristics
Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment.The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. Mn+2 often competes with Mg+2 in biological systems, and manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7 are powerful oxidizing agents.
Applications
Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most domestic manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Among a variety of other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations and certain widely used aluminum alloys. Manganese oxide is used in the original type of dry cell battery. The overall level and nature of manganese use in the United States is expected to remain about the same in the near term. No practical technologies exist for replacing manganese with other materials or for using domestic deposits or other accumulations to reduce the complete dependence of the United States on foreign countries for manganese ore.Substitutes: Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications.
History
Manganese was in use in prehistoric times. Paints that were pigmented with manganese dioxide can be traced back 17,000 years. The Egyptians and Romans used manganese compounds in glass-making, to either remove color from glass or add color to it. Manganese can be found in the iron ores used by the Spartans. Some speculate that the exceptional hardness of Spartan steels derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese alloy.In the 17th century, the German chemist Glauber first produced permanganate, a useful laboratory reagent. By the mid 18th century, manganese oxide was in use in the manufacture of chlorine. The Swedish chemist Scheele was the first to recognize that manganese was an element, and his colleague, J. G. Gahn, isolated the pure element in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Around the beginning of the 19th century, scientists began exploring the use of manganese in steelmaking, with patents being granted for its use at the time. In 1816, it was noted that adding manganese to iron made it harder, without making it any more brittle.
Biological Role
Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life.
The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors are very broad and include such classes as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. The best known manganese containing polypeptides may be arginase, Mn containing superoxide dismutase, and the diphtheria toxin.
Occurrence
Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa and Ukraine account for more than 80% of the world’s identified resources; South Africa accounts for more than 80% of the total exclusive of China and Ukraine.US Import Sources (1998-2001): Manganese ore: Gabon, 70%; South Africa, 10%; Australia, 9%; Mexico, 5%; and other, 6%. Ferromanganese: South Africa, 47%; France, 22%; Mexico, 8%; Australia, 8%; and other, 15%. Manganese contained in all manganese imports: South Africa, 31%; Gabon, 21%; Australia, 13%; Mexico, 8%; and other, 27%.
Manganese is mined in Burkina Faso.
Vast quantities of manganese exist in manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s.
Compounds
Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties and finds use as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases).Manganese dioxide is used in dry cells, and can be used to decolorize glass that is colored green by trace amounts of iron. Manganese compounds can color glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. Manganese dioxide is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring manganese is composed of 1 stable isotope; 55-Mn. 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 53-Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54-Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52-Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 1 minute. This element also has 3 meta states.Manganese is part of the iron group of elements which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosion. Manganese-53 decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn is an extinct radionuclide. Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology. Mn-Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the solar system. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that suggests Mn-Cr isotopic systematics must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the solar system.
The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 46 amu (46-Mn) to 65 amu (65-Mn). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55-Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta.
Precautions
Manganese in excess is toxic. Exposure to manganese dusts, fume, and compounds should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods because of the element's toxicity level.Acidic permanganate solutions will destroy any organic material they come in contact with, and can set them on fire.
External Links
- WebElements.com - Manganese
- EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Manganese
- International Manganese Institute
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Manganese."
Synonym: ManganeseSynonym: atomic number 25 (n). (additional references) |
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Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Box core showing high density of manganese nodules Box cores have the advantage of showing character of undisturbed ocean bottom Off of OCEANOGRAPHER during DOMES project DOMES - Deep Ocean Mining Environmental Studies. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Chief Oceanographer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and chief scientist aboard the USC&GS Ship PIONEER during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, discussing bottom sampling while holding a large manganese nodule. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 22. Chemical elements that are dissolved in sea water. Major elements are sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, silicon, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Minor elements are titanium, nitrogen, phosphorus , arsenic, boron, rubidium, cesium, lithium, strontium, barium, zinc, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, lead, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Black sludge from well, result of drilling soap liguifying organic clay and manganese layers in dolomite soil formationsMeadow Creek stock water wellBurley Field OfficeUSRDUpper Snake River District. Credit: Tim Fuller. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Some toxins " such as manganese dust, carbon disulfide, and carbon monoxide " can also cause parkinsonism. (references) | |
Economic History | Argentina | Minerals: lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron, manganese, oil, uranium. (references) |
Gabon | After oil, timber and manganese mining are the other major sectors. (references) | |
Gabon | Trade (1998 est.): Exports--$3.4 billion: petroleum, wood, manganese. (references) | |
Political Economy | Georgia | Key exports are scrap metal, manganese, wine, mineral water, and agricultural products. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Manganese" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 90.53% of the time. "Manganese" is used about 95 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 90.53% | 86 | 35,638 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 6.32% | 6 | 143,867 |
| Noun (common) | 2.11% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.05% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 95 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| South Africa | Associated Manganese Mines of South Africa Limited | United Kingdom | Manganese Bronze Holdings Plc |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "manganese": austenitic manganese steel ♦ Black manganese ♦ Black oxide of manganese ♦ bog manganese ♦ bog manganese ore ♦ gray manganese ore ♦ iron manganese tungsten ♦ manganese black ♦ manganese blue ♦ manganese bronze ♦ Manganese Chloride ♦ Manganese Compounds ♦ Manganese dioxide ♦ Manganese dioxide or peroxide ♦ manganese epidote ♦ Manganese Gluconate ♦ manganese locura ♦ manganese oxide ♦ Manganese peroxide ♦ Manganese Picolinate ♦ manganese poisoning ♦ manganese spar ♦ manganese steel ♦ Manganese Sulfate ♦ manganese tetroxide ♦ manganese tungstate ♦ red manganese. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "manganese": manganese-aluminium, manganese-aluminium-carbon, manganese-aluminum. | |
Ending with "manganese": alkaline-manganese, cupro-manganese, ferro-manganese. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "manganese"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | mangaan. (various references) | |
Albanian | manganez, mangan. (various references) | |
Arabic | منغنيز عنصر فلزي. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | манган. (various references) | |
Chinese | 錳 , " (Mn). (various references) | |
Czech | mangan. (various references) | |
Danish | Mn (Mongolia), mangan. (various references) | |
Dutch | mangaan. (various references) | |
Esperanto | mangano. (various references) | |
Farsi | منگنز. (various references) | |
Finnish | mangaani. (various references) | |
French | manganèse. (various references) | |
German | Mangan. (various references) | |
Greek | μαγγάνιο. (various references) | |
Hungarian | mangán. (various references) | |
Italian | manganese. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | マロン酸 (malonic acid, man, man watching). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | マンガン . (various references) | |
Korean | 망간 (Mn). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | anganesemay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | manganês. (various references) | |
Romanian | mangan. (various references) | |
Russian | марганец. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | mangan. (various references) | |
Spanish | Manganeso. (various references) | |
Swedish | mangan. (various references) | |
Turkish | manganez. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | марганець. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | Manganum, Mn. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "manganese": manganeses. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "manganese": ferromanganese. (additional references) | |
Words containing "manganese": ferromanganeses. (additional references) | |
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"Manganese" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: maganese, Magnani, manganate, manganic, manganize, Mangazeyev, Mangwana, Mangwane, Meganisi, Munyanesa. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-e-e-g-m-n-n-s" | |
-2 letters: manages, maneges, menages, sagamen. | |
-3 letters: agenes, enemas, gasman, gasmen, manage, manege, manges, mannas, menage, mensae, seaman, seamen, senega. | |
-4 letters: agene, agmas, amens, angas, annas, ansae, enema, gamas, games, genes, mages, manas, manes, mange, manna, manse, means, mensa, mense, mesne, naans, names, nanas, neems, nemas, nenes, sanga, semen, senna. | |
-5 letters: agas, agee, ages, agma, amas. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-e-e-g-m-n-n-s" | |
+1 letter: manganeses. | |
+2 letters: managements. | |
+3 letters: arrangements, megatonnages, newsmagazine. | |
+4 letters: comanagements, mismanagement, newsmagazines, permanganates. | |
+5 letters: disarrangement, ferromagnesian, ferromanganese, imaginableness, manageableness, mismanagements, nonmanagements, rearrangements. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Names: Company Usage 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Translations: Ancient 14. Derivations 15. Anagrams 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
