Magnesium

Definition: Magnesium

Magnesium

Noun

1. A light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element; in pure form it burns with brilliant white flame; occurs naturally only in combination (as in magnesite and dolomite and carnallite and spinel and olivine).

Date "magnesium" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1870. (references)

Etymology: Magnesium \Mag*ne"si*um\, noun. [New Latin expression. French See Magnesia.]. (Websters 1913)

Specialty Definitions: Magnesium

Domain	Definitions
Chemistry	Chemical element:atomic number 12. Source: European Union. (references)
Mining	A light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. Symbol, Mg. It does not occur uncombined, is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. Readily ignites upon heating. Used in flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. Its alloys are essential for airplane and missile construction. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Specialty Definition: Magnesium

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Sodium - Magnesium - Aluminium
Be Mg Ca
	Full table

General

Name, Symbol, Number

Magnesium, Mg, 12

Series

Alkaline earth metals

Group, Period, Block

2 (IIA), 3, s

Density, Hardness

1738 kg/m³, 2.5

Appearance

silvery white

Atomic Properties

Atomic weight

24.305 amu

Atomic radius (calc.)

150 pm (145 pm)

Covalent radius

130 pm

van der Waals radius

173 pm

Electron configuration

[Ne]33s²

e^- 's per energy level

2, 8, 2

Oxidation states (Oxide)

2 (strong base)

Crystal structure

Hexagonal

Physical Properties

State of matter

solid (paramagnetic)

Melting point

923 K (1202 °F)

Boiling point

1363 K (1994 °F)

Molar volume

14.00 ×1010^-3 m³/mol

Heat of vaporization

127.4 kJ/mol

Heat of fusion

8.954 kJ/mol

Vapor pressure

361 Pa at 923 K

Speed of sound

4602 m/s at 293.15 K

Miscellaneous

Electronegativity

1.31 (Pauling scale)

Specific heat capacity

1020 J/(kg*K)

Electrical conductivity

22.6 10⁶/m ohm

Thermal conductivity

156 W/(m*K)

1^st ionization potential

737.7 kJ/mol

2^nd ionization potential

1450.7 kJ/mol

3^rd ionization potential

7732.7 kJ/mol

Most Stable Isotopes

iso	NA	half-life
²⁴Mg	78.99%	Mg is stable with 12 neutrons
²⁵Mg	10%	Mg is stable with 13 neutrons
²⁶Mg	11.01%	Mg is stable with 14 neutrons

SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Magnesium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element and constitutes about 2% of the Earth's crust, and it is the third most plentiful element dissolved in seawater. This alkaline earth metal is primarily used as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys.

Notable Characteristics

Magnesium is a fairly strong, silvery-white, light-weight metal (one third lighter than aluminium) that slightly tarnishes when exposed to air. In a powder, this metal heats and ignites when exposed to air and burns with a white flame. It is difficult to ignite in bulk, though it is easy to light if it is shaved in to thin strips.

Uses

Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron and steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement. Magnesium oxide and other compounds also are used in agricultural, chemical, and construction industries. This element's principal use is as an alloying additive to aluminium with these aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for beverage cans. Magnesium alloys also are used as structural components of automobiles and machinery. Another use of this metal is to aid the removal of sulfur from iron and steel.

Other uses include:

Magnesium, like aluminium, is strong and light, so it is often used in high grade car wheels, called "mag wheels."
Combined in alloys this metal is essential for airplane and missile construction.
When used as an alloying agent, this metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminium.
Additive agent for conventional propellants and used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron.
Reducing agent for the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts.
Its hydroxide is used in milk of magnesia, its chloride and sulfate in Epsom salts, and its citratess are used in medicine.
Dead-burned magnesite is used for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.
Magnesium is also flammable, burning at a temperature of (4000^oF?).
The extremely high temperature at which magnesium burns makes it a handy tool for starting emergency fires during outdoor recreation.
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃) powder is also used by athletes, such as gymnasts and weightlifters, to improve the grip on objects -- the apparatus or lifting bar.
Other uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs.

History

The name originates from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. Joseph Black in England recognized magnesium as being an element in 1755, Sir Humphrey Davey electrolytically isolated pure magnesium metal in 1808 from a mix of magnesia and HgO and AA Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is a alkaline earth element and therefore does not occur uncombined with other elements. It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.

Sources

In the United States this metal is principally obtained by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brines, wells, and sea water. Although magnesium is found in over 60 minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, and olivine are of commercial importance.
Isolation (* follow):
cathode: Mg²⁺* + 2e^- --> Mg
anode: Cl^-* ½Cl₂ (gas) + e^-

Compounds

Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.

Isotopes

Magnesium-26 is a stable isotope that has found application in isotopic geology, similar to that of aluminium. Mg-26 is a radiogenic daughter product of Al-26 (half -life = 0.72x106 yr). Large enrichments of stable Mg-26 have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The anomalous abundance of Mg-26 is attributed to the decay of its parent Al-26 in the inclusions. Therefore, the meteorite must have formed in ation sources and external links: the solar nebula before the Al-26 had decayed. Hence, these fragments are among the oldest objects in the solar system and have preserved information about its earliest history.

It is conventional to plot Mg-26/Mg-24 against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochron plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is Al-27/Mg-24. The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial Al-26/Al-27 ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from a common reservoir.

Precautions

Magnesium metal is highly flammable in its pure form, especially when it is a powder.
Magnesium metal quickly reacts exothermically upon contact with air or water and should be handeld with care. Water should not be used to extinguish magnesium fires.

External Links

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Magnesium."

Top

Synonym: Magnesium

Synonym: atomic number 12 (n). (additional references)

Top

Crosswords: Magnesium

English words defined with "magnesium": actinolite, alkaline earth, alkaline-earth metal, amphibole group, anthophyllite, atomic number 39, augite ♦ Bitter salt, bitter salts, Bloedite, Boltonite, Boracite, Brucite ♦ Calcigenous, carnallite, Cerolite, cordierite ♦ Davy, dolomite ♦ Epsom salts, Euxanthin ♦ garnierite, glauconite, Glucinum ♦ hornblende, Humphrey Davy ♦ kainite, kieserite ♦ langbeinite, Light metals ♦ magnesia, Magnesia alba, Magnesian, Magnesic, magnesite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium nitride, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, Magnesium sulphate, milk of magnesia ♦ nephrite, Nitromagnesite ♦ olivine ♦ periclase, Periclasite, phlogopite ♦ Seidlitz water, sima, Sir Humphrey Davy, spinel ♦ Tachhydrite, talc, talcum, tourmaline, tremolite ♦ Y, yttrium. (references)

Specialty definitions using "magnesium": 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol 1-Hydroxylase ♦ acid neutralizers, adipite, agricultural lime, air-slaked lime, almandine ruby, ANODE-CREW SUPERVISOR, anodic oxidation, anodisation, anodising, anodization, anodizing, autrometer ♦ belonesite, biophile, bloomed lens, BRIQUETTE OPERATOR, BULB FILLER ♦ cafemic, calcareous soil, calcite limestone, calcium magnesium nitrate, calcium montmorillonite, calc-silicate marble, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins, carnallite plant operator, CELL PLASTERER, CELL-FEED-DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR, CLAY MIXER, coated lens, condenser operator, cuprojarosite ♦ dedolomitization, deionisation, deionization, Deoxyribonucleases, Type I Site-Specific, Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific, desulfurization of steel, dingot, Diphenylcarbazide, dolomitic quicklime, dolomitization, Dow process, dural poisoning ♦ electrode potential, engraving operator, Eppley pyrheliometer ♦ ferroan dolomite, ferromagnesian, ferromagnesian mineral ♦ giobertite ♦ inderborite, inherent mineral matter, ION-EXCHANGE OPERATOR, isomorphous replacement ♦ Koch freezing process, Kroll process ♦ light alloys, lime soil, limy soil, louver cleaner, low-temperature incineration method, Lyster process ♦ mafic, magnesia covering, magnesia glass, magnesian lime, magnesian marble, magnesian quick lime, magnesite cement, magnesium anode, magnesium bentonite, magnesium blodite, magnesium carbonate, magnesium cell, magnesium chalcanthite, Magnesium Chloride, magnesium coke, Magnesium Compounds, magnesium foil, magnesium front, magnesium kaolinite, magnesium lamp, magnesium leonite, magnesium mica, magnesium minerals, magnesium orthite, magnesium oxychloride cement, Magnesium Salicylate, Magnesium Silicates, magnesium toner, MAGNESIUM-MILL OPERATOR, magnochromite, manganese-aluminium garnet, manganese-aluminum garnet, mastic based on magnesium oxychloride, Monocrotaline ♦ nitrate of lime and magnesium, nodular cast iron, nonferrous alloy. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Magnesium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Dutch (magnesium), German (magnesia, magnesium), Swedish (magnesium).

Top

Commercial Usage: Magnesium

Domain	Title
References	Australian Magnesium Corporation Limited: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) The World Market for Natural Magnesium Carbonate (Magnesite): A 2004 Global Trade Perspective (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Calcium Magnesium (reference) Superconducting Magnesium Diboride (Studies of High Temperature Superconductors, Vol 38) (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	International Magnesium Association Newsletter (reference) Magnesium (reference) Magnesium Industry (reference) Magnesium Monthly Review (reference) Magnesium Research Journal (reference) (more periodical examples)

High Tech	GITZO G1276M MAGNESIUM UNIVERSAL BALL HEAD (reference) GITZO G1377M MAGNESIUM CENTER BALL HEAD for Series 3 Tripod (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)

Consumer Goods	Factory-Reconditioned Porter-Cable FR350MAGR 3-1/2" Magnesium Round Head Framing Nailer (reference) Porter-Cable FR350MAG 3-1/2" Magnesium Round Head Framing Nailer--Includes 3/8" x 25' Air Hose a $12.99 Value (reference) Superior 16-RKT48K Rock-It Magnesium Bullfloat Package (reference) (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Photo Album: Magnesium

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Magnesium production worker wearing asbestos mitts. / USPHS Industrial Hygiene Division photo.Credit: National Library of Medicine.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Non-Fiction Usage: Magnesium

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Previous research has shown that magnesium may protect against brain bleeding in very premature infants. (references)
		Reaction to medicines, such as antibiotics, blood pressure medications, and antacids containing magnesium. (references)
		Changes may also occur in blood levels of glucose, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. (references)
Business		Aluminum and magnesium usage will increase in automotive applications as steel and cast iron usage in that sector declines. (references)
		In addition to these projects, there are close to 15 sites that will be open for both local and foreign investors, including magnesium, gold, and silver. (references)
		The products range from aluminum components, bumpers, steering systems, clutch systems, and engine parts to tires, aluminum and magnesium wheels, batteries, engine heaters and axles. (references)
Economic History	Russia	Fifty percent of Russia's magnesium and most of its titanium ore come from Perm. (references)
	Kazakhstan	These are Kazkommertsbank, Kazakhtelecom, Shymkent Refinery (SHNOS) and Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant (UKTMK). (references)
	Australia	The Northern Territory is a world-class producer of bauxite, manganese ore, magnesium, gold, diamonds, uranium oxide, and silver-lead-zinc concentrates. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Top

Usage Frequency: Magnesium

"Magnesium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.68% of the time. "Magnesium" is used about 227 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	98.68%	224	20,130
Noun (proper)	1.32%	3	202,518
Total	100.00%	227	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Top

Usage in Company Names: Magnesium

Country	Name
Australia	Australian Magnesium Corporation Limited
	(more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

Top

Expressions: Magnesium

Expressions using "magnesium": Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide ♦ Aluminum Magnesium Hydroxide Sulfate ♦ Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide ♦ calcium magnesium nitrate ♦ magnesium anode ♦ magnesium cell ♦ Magnesium Chloride ♦ Magnesium Citrate ♦ magnesium coke ♦ Magnesium Compounds ♦ Magnesium Deficiency ♦ magnesium foil ♦ Magnesium Fumarate ♦ Magnesium Gluconate ♦ Magnesium Hydroxide ♦ magnesium lamp ♦ Magnesium Malate ♦ magnesium nitride ♦ Magnesium Oxide ♦ magnesium oxychloride cement ♦ Magnesium Pyruvate ♦ Magnesium Salicylate ♦ Magnesium Silicates ♦ magnesium spar ♦ Magnesium Sulfate ♦ Magnesium sulphate ♦ magnesium toner ♦ mastic based on magnesium oxychloride ♦ nitrate of lime and magnesium ♦ Potassium Magnesium Aspartate. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "magnesium": Magnesium-Containing, magnesium-free, magnesium-rich.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Magnesium

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day
magnesium	1,047
calcium magnesium	112
magnesium citrate	110
magnesium sulfate	97
magnesium deficiency	96
magnesium oxide	95
magnesium chloride	66
magnesium stearate	66
magnesium supplement	49
magnesium food	42
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top

Modern Translations: Magnesium

Language		Translations for "magnesium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		magnezium, magnez. (various references)

Arabic		‏المغنيسيوم. (various references)

Bulgarian		магнезий (mag), магнезиев. (various references)

Chinese		鎂 , 镁 (mg). (various references)

Czech		magnézium. (various references)

Danish		magnesium. (various references)

Dutch		magnesium. (various references)

Esperanto		magnezio. (various references)

Finnish		magnesiumsoihtu (magnesium torch), magnesiumpigmentti (magnesium toner), magnesiumoksidi (magnesium oxide), magnesiumkoksi (impregnated coke, magnesium coke), magnesiumkloridi (E511, magnesium chloride), magnesiumkarbonaatit (E504 magnesium carbonates, E504i magnesium carbonate, E504ii magnesium hydroxide carbonate, magnesium hydrogen carbonate), magnesiumin puute (magnesium deficiency), magnesiumilla kyllästetty koksi (impregnated coke, magnesium coke), magnesiumanodi (magnesium anode), uhrautuva anodi (passing a direct current through a sacrificial anode ( a less electrochemically reactive metal ) and then through the more active material to be protected, to protect the cooling coils by means of sacrificial anodes of magnesium), hygroskooppinen pölynsitomisaine (the deliquescence products of hygroscopic dust binders are concentrated magnesium or calcium chloride solutions), E 511 (E511, magnesium chloride), E 504 (E504 magnesium carbonates, E504i magnesium carbonate, E504ii magnesium hydroxide carbonate, magnesium hydrogen carbonate), dolomiitti (bitter spar, dolomite, magnesian lime, magnesian limestones, magnesian quick lime, magnesium spar, pearl spar, rhomb spar). (various references)

French		magnésium. (various references)

German		Magnesium (magnesia). (various references)

Greek		μαγνήσιο. (various references)

Hungarian		magnézium. (various references)

Irish		maignéisiam. (various references)

Italian		magnesio (magnesiums). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		マクロ経済学 (macro-economics, magnitude, magnum). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		マグネシウ� . (various references)

Korean		마그네슘 (mg). (various references)

Manx		magneeshym. (various references)

Pig Latin		agnesiummay.(various references)

Portuguese		magnésio (magnet), óxido de magnésia. (various references)

Romanian		magneziu. (various references)

Russian		магний. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		magnezijumov, magnezijum. (various references)

Spanish		magnesio (magnesia). (various references)

Swedish		magnesium. (various references)

Turkish		magnezyum. (various references)

Ukranian		магній. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Top

Derivations & Misspellings: Magnesium

Derivations
	Words beginning with "magnesium": magnesiums. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Magnesium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: maginesium, magneism, magnesio, magnesism, magnesiums, magnezuim. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Top

Rhyming with "Magnesium"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "magnesium" (pronounced magnē"zēum)
5	-ē" z ē u m	cesium.
4	-z ē u m	gymnasium, symposium.
3	-ē u m	alluvium, ammonium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, colloquium, compendium, condominium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, gallium, geranium, gonium, hafnium, harmonium, helium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, idiom, indium, iridium, lawrencium, linoleum, lithium, medium, millennium, minium, moratorium, myocardium, nephridium, neptunium, niobium, nobelium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, palladium, pandemonium, paramecium, petroleum, planetarium, Plasmodium, plutonium, podium, polonium, potassium, premium, presidium, promethium, protium, psyllium, radium, requiem, rhodium, selenium, sodium, stadium, strontium, superpremium, tedium, tellurium, thallium, thorium, titanium, tritium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, zirconium.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Top

Anagrams: Magnesium

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-e-g-i-m-m-n-s-u"
	-2 letters: ammines, amusing, enigmas, gamines, guineas, immunes, magnums, misname, seaming, summing.
	-3 letters: ageism, amines, ammine, animes, animus, easing, enigma, gamine, gamins, gasmen, genius, gimmes, guinea, gummas, images, imaums, immane, immune, inseam, magnum, mamies, manges, mesian, musing, semina, smegma, summae, unseam.
	-4 letters: aegis, agism, agues, amens, amies, amine, amins, amuse, anime, anise, gains, games, gamin, gaums, gemma, genua, genus, geums, gimme, guans, guise, gumma, image, imams, imaum, mages, magus, maims, mains, mamie, manes, mange, manse, manus, means, mensa, menus, miasm, miens, mimes, minae, minas, mines, minus, munis, names, negus, nemas, neums, sagum, segni, sengi, sigma, singe, suing, summa, unais, usage, using, usnea.
	-5 letters: ages, agin, ague, aims, ains, amen, amie, amin, amis, amus, anes, anis, anus, egis, emus, engs, gaen, gaes, gain, game, gams, gane, gaum, gaun, gems, gens, genu, geum, gien, gies, gins, gnus, guan, gums, guns, imam, maes, mage, magi, mags, maim, main, mane, mans, maun, mean, megs, mems, menu, mesa, mien, migs, mime, mina, mine, mise, mugs, mums, muni, muns, muse, nags, name, nema, neum, nims, sage, sain, same, sane, sang, seam, semi, sign, sima, sine, sing, smug, snag, snug, sung, unai.
	Words containing the letters "a-e-g-i-m-m-n-s-u"
	+1 letter: germaniums, magnesiums.
	+3 letters: spermagonium.
	+4 letters: multimegatons.
	+5 letters: megasporangium, spermatogonium, summersaulting.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.