Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Led |
LedAdjective1. Having leadership guidance. Noun1. Diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "led" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Note: Led \Led\ (l[e^]d), imp. & past participle. of Lead. Led captain. An obsequious follower or attendant. [Obsolete]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | LED |
Mining | N. of Eng. A spare tub, or one that is being loaded while another is beingemptied. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits incoherent monochromatic light when electrically biased in the forward direction. This effect is a form of electroluminescence. The color depends on the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared. Nick Holonyak Jr. (1928 - ) developed the first practical visible-spectrum LED in 1962.[1]
Light-emitting diodes
(various)
LED Technology
A LED is a special type of semiconductor diode. Like a normal diode, it consists of a chip of semiconducting material impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a structure called a pn junction. Charge-carriers (electrons and holess) are created by an electric current passing through the junction, and release energy in the form of photons as they recombine. The wavelength of the light, and therefore its colour, depends on the bandgap energy of the materials forming the pn junction. A normal diode, typically made of silicon or germanium, emits invisible far-infrared light, but the materials used for a LED have bandgap energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.
Unlike incandescent bulbs, which can operate with either AC or DC, LEDs require a DC supply of the correct polarity. When the voltage across the pn junction is in the correct direction, a significant current flows and the device is said to be forward biased. The voltage across the LED in this case is fixed for a given LED and is proportional to the energy of the emitted photons. If the voltage is of the wrong polarity, the device is said to be reverse biased, very little current flows, and no light is emitted.
Conventional LEDs are made of inorganic minerals such as:
LED development began with infrared and red devices, and technological advances have made possible the production of devices with ever shorter wavelengths.
- aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared
- gallium arsenide/phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange and yellow
- gallium nitride (GaN) - green
- gallium phosphide (GaP) - green
- zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue
- indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - blue
- silicon carbide (SiC) - blue
- diamond (C) - ultraviolet
- silicon (Si) - under development
Blue LEDs became available in the late 1990s. They can be added to existing red and green LEDs to produce white light. Zinc selenide (ZnSe) LEDs can produce white light by emitting blue light from the pn junction which is then mixed with red-to-green light created by photoluminescence in the ZnSe.
The most recent innovation in LED technology is a device that can emit ultraviolet light. When ultraviolet light illuminates certain materials, these materials will fluoresce or give off visible light. White light LEDs have been produced by building ultraviolet elements inside material that fluoresces to produce white light.
Ultraviolet and blue LEDs are relatively expensive compared to the more common reds, greens, yellows and infrareds and are thus less commonly used in commercial applications.
The semiconducting chip is encased in a solid plastic lens, which is much tougher than the glass envelope of a traditional light bulb or tube. The plastic may be coloured, but this is only for cosmetic reasons and does not affect the colour of the light emitted.
Most typical LEDs are designed to operate with no more than 30-60 milliwatts of electrical power. Around 1999, commercial LEDs capable of continuous use at one watt of input power were introduced. These LEDs used much larger semiconductor die sizes to handle the large power input. As well, the semiconductor die were mounted to metal slugs to allow for heat removal from the LED die. In 2002, 5 watt LEDs were available with efficiencies of 18-22 lumens per watt. It is projected that by 2005, 10 watt units will be available with efficiencies of 60 lumens per watt. These devices will produce about as much light as a common 50 watt incandescent bulb, and will facilitate use of LEDs for general illumination needs.
In the last few years (up to 2003) there has been much research into organic LEDs or OLEDs, which are made of semiconducting organic polymers. The best efficiency of an OLED so far is about 10%. These promise to be much cheaper to fabricate than inorganic LEDs, and large arrays of them can be deposited on a screen using simple printing methods to create a colour graphic display.
LED Applications
LEDs offer benefits in terms of maintenance and safety. The typical working lifetime of a device, including the bulb, is ten years, which is much longer than the lifetimes of most other light sources. LEDs give off less heat than incandescent light bulbs and are less fragile than fluorescent lamps. Since an individual device is smaller than a centimeter in length, LED-based light sources used for illumination and outdoor signals are built using clusters of tens of devices.
- thin, lightweight message displays (e.g. in public information signs)
- status indicators (e.g. on/off lights)
- traffic signals
- Bicycle lighting.
- illumination (e.g. flashlights [a.k.a. torches, U.K.], backlights for LCD displays)
- signaling/emergency beacons and strobes
- infrared remote controllers
- sensors (e.g. mechanical and optical mice)
- LED printers
Incandescent light bulbs for traffic signals and pedestrian crosswalks are gradually being replaced by LED clusters.
Lighting systems using incandescent bulbs are cheap to buy but inefficient, generating from about 16 lumen per watt for a domestic tungsten bulb to 22 lm/W for a halogen bulb. Fluorescent tubes are more efficient, from 50 to 100 lm/W for domestic tubes, allowing large energy savings, but are bulky and fragile and require starter circuits. LEDs are robust and moderately efficient, up to 32 lumen per watt, but are expensive, although their cost is falling. The technologies for LED production are developing rapidly.
The largest LED display in the world is 36 m high, at Times Square, Manhattan.
Conventional and SMD
There are two types of LED panels: conventional, using discrete LEDs, and SMD (Surface Mount Device) panels. Most outdoor screens and some indoor screens are built around discrete LEDs, also known as individually mounted LEDs. A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together to form a full-color pixel, usually square in shape. These pixels are spaced evenly apart and are measured from center to center for absolute pixel resolution.
Most indoor screens on the market are built using SMD technology — a trend that is now extending to the outdoor market. An SMD pixel consists of red, green, and blue diodes mounted on a chipset, which is then mounted on the driver PC board. The individual diodes are smaller than a pin and are set very close together. The difference is that minimum viewing distance is reduced by 25% from the discrete diode screen with the same resolution.
Indoor use generally requires a screen that is based on SMD technology and has a minimum brightness of 600 nits (a standard unit of luminance — candelas per square meter). This will usually be more than sufficient for corporate and retail applications, but under high ambient-brightness conditions, you may need more punch to compete. Fashion and auto shows are two examples of high-brightness stage lighting that may require a higher LED brightness. Conversely, when your screen may be in a shot on a television show, the requirement will often be for lower brightness levels with lower color temperatures.
For outdoor use, you need at least 2,000 nits for most situations, whereas higher brightness types of up to 5,000 nits cope even better with direct sunlight on the screen. Until recently, only discrete diode screens could achieve that brightness level. (The brightness of LED panels also can be turned down.)
For specific projects, you need to take into account factors such as sight lines, local authority planning requirements (if the installation is to become semi-permanent), vehicular access (trucks carrying the screen, truck-mounted screens, or cranes), cable runs for power and video (accounting for both distance and health and safety requirements), power, suitability of the ground for the location of the screen (check to make sure there are no pipes, shallow drains, caves, or tunnels that may not be able to support heavy loads), and overhead obstructions.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Light-emitting diode."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
See also: Military History
Antiquity
- Julius Caesar (Roman military leader and dictator)
- Pompey (Roman general)
- Marius (Roman general)
- Augustus Caesar (The first Roman Emperor, successor of Julius Caesar)
- Hannibal Barca (Millitary commander of ancient Carthage, involved in the Second Punic War)
- Alexander the Great (King of Macedon)
- Cyrus the Great (King of Persia who conquered Babylon)
- Arminius (War chief of the Germanic tribe of the Cherusci)
- Attila the Hun (King of the Huns, often referred as "Scourge of God")
Middle Ages
- Theodoric the Great (King of Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy)
- Charles Martel (Mayor of the Palace of the Kingdom of the Franks)
- Charlemagne (King of the Franks, and Holy Roman Emperor]]
- King William I of England (Duke of Normandy, also known as William the Conqueror)
- General Belisarius (Byzantine general during the reign of Justinian I)
- Narses (Another great general in service of Justinian I)
- George Maniaces (11th century Byzantine general)
- Richard I of England (King of England, often referred as Richard the Lionhearted, known for his participation in the Third Crusade)
- Saladin (Leader of the Muslims, known for his recapture of Jerusalem from the crusaders' hand)
- Genghis Khan (Great Khan of the Mongols)
- Alexander Nevsky (Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Vladimir, saint and national hero of Russia)
- Edward the Black Prince, heir to the throne of England
- Joan of Arc (National heroine of France and saint of Catholic Church)
- El Cid (Spanish knight and hero)
- Tamerlane (Mongolian conqueror)
- King Henry V of England, a seasoned warrior at the age of sixteen
Renaissance
- Hernan Cortes (Spanish conqueror)
Great Empires
- Gustav II Adolf
- Charles XII of Sweden
- Napoleon Bonaparte (Emperor of France)
- Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
- Horatio Nelson British Navy Officer (late 1700 to 1805)
- George Washington
Early Modern Times
- Simon Bolivar
- P.G.T. Beauregard
- Robert E. Lee
- Ulysses S. Grant
- William Tecumseh Sherman
- Pancho Villa
Mechanized Warfare
- Dwight Eisenhower (WWII US)
- Heinz Guderian (WWII Germany)
- Field Marshal Gustav Mannerheim (WWII Finland)
- Field Marshal Montgomery (WWII UK)
- George Patton (WWII US)
- "Chesty" Puller (WWII US Marine)
- Erwin Rommel (WWII Germany)
- Gerd von Rundstedt (WWII Germany)
- Erich von Mainstein (WWII Germany)
- Franc Rozman Stane (WWII Slovene partisans)
- Josip Broz Tito (WWII Yugoslav partisans)
- William Westmoreland (Vietnam War US)
- Mao Zedong (Chinese communist leader)
- Georgi Zhukov (WWII Soviet Union)
Early Space-Age Warfare
- Norman Schwarzkopf (Operation Desert Storm Allied Coalition Commander)
See also
- List of British Field Marshals
- List of German Field Marshals
- List of Swedish Field Marshals
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of military commanders."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
LED | Danish | Lysdiode | Electrical Engineering |
LED | Dutch | Lichtemitterende diode | Electrical Engineering |
LED | English | Light Electronic Diode.(Indicatore luminoso che si illumina quando è raggiunta una soglia di saturazione.La sua capacità di accendersi e spegnersi istantaneamente lo rende adatto a costituire l'elemento di base per display luminosi,dal pan-nello scrivente al Jumbotron). | Abbreviation, Post & Telecom |
LED | Finnish | Ledi | Electrical Engineering |
LED | Greek | δίοδος φωτοεκπομπής | Electrical Engineering |
LED | Italian | Diodo a emissione di luce | Electrical Engineering |
LED | Portuguese | Díodo emissor de luz | Electrical Engineering |
LED | Spanish | Diodo fotoemisor | Electrical Engineering |
LED | Swedish | Lysdiod | Electrical Engineering |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: LedSynonym: light-emitting diode (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: unled (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Favorite | Noun: favorite, pet, cosset, minion, idol, jewel, spoiled child, enfant gat_; led captain; crony; fondling; apple of one's eye, man after one's own heart; persona grata. |
Servant | Serf, vassal, slave, negro, helot; bondsman, bondswoman; bondslave; ame damnee, odalisque, ryot, adscriptus gleboe; villian, villein; beadsman, bedesman; sizar; pensioner, pensionary; client; dependant, dependent; hanger on, satellite; parasite; (servility); led captain; protege, ward, hireling, mercenary, puppet, tool, creature. |
Servility | Sycophant, parasite; toad, toady, toad-eater; tufthunter; snob, flunky, flunkey, yes-man, lapdog, spaniel, lickspittle, smell-feast, Graeculus esuriens, hanger on, cavaliere servente, led captain, carpet knight; timeserver, fortune hunter, Vicar of Bray, Sir-Pertinax, Max Sycophant, pickthank; flatterer; doer of dirty work; ame damnee, tool; reptile; slave; (servant); courtier; beat, dead beat, doughface , heeler, homme de cour, sponger, sucker, tagtail, truckler. |
Subjection | Adjective: subject, dependent, subordinate; feudal, feudatory; in subjection to, under control; in leading strings, in harness; subjected, enslaved; Verb: constrained; downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; under the lash, on the hip, led by the nose, henpecked; the puppet of, the sport of, the plaything of; under one's orders, under one's command, under one's thumb; a slave to; at the mercy of; in the power of, in the hands of, in the clutches of; at the feet of; at one's beck and call; (obedient); liable; parasitical; stipendiary. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Led |
| English words defined with "led": Led horse. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "led": LED page printer, LED printer. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Led" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Czech (ice), Irish (with your), Macedonian (ice), Portuguese (electro-luminescent diode, light-emission diode, light-emitting diode), Serbo-Croatian (ice, rock), Swedish (articulation, channel, evil, file, joint, knuckle, line, link, nasty, pass, term, tired, trail, way, weary). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | We were led by a star (Life of Brian; writing credit: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.) My client feels that it was a combination of liquor and jazz that led to the downfall (Chicago; writing credit: Maurine Dallas Watkins; Bob Fosse) It's like he wants us to be liked by everyone. I mean Led Zeppelin didn't write tunes everybody liked (Wayne's World; writing credit: Mike Myers) Throughout history the search for faith has led men to look to the stars for answers (The Outer Limits; writing credit: Alan Brennert; Steven Barnes) Graveheart led me to believe there was more to you Rock people (Shadow Raiders; writing credit: Christy Marx; Katherine Lawrence) | |
Lyrics | The way that destiny led her to me (Pass You By; performing artist: Boyz II Men) That led you to my door (If I Fall You're Going Down With Me; performing artist: Dixie Chicks) I started going to concerts and I saw the Led Zeppelin (AM Radio; performing artist: Everclear) Grabbed me by the hand and led the way (Get Me Home; performing artist: FOXY) But you led me on (You Should've Told Me; performing artist: Kelly Price) | |
Clever | An army of deer led by a lion is to be feared more than an army of lions led by a deer. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Road That Led Afar (1956) I Led 3 Lives (1953) Led i en kæde (1948) When Schultz Led the Orchestra (1915) Led Astray (1909) | |
Song Titles | Battle of Evermore, The (performing artist: Led Zeppelin) Immigrant Song (performing artist: Led Zeppelin) Misty Mountain Hop (performing artist: Led Zeppelin) Stairway to Heaven (performing artist: Led Zeppelin) When The Levee Breaks (performing artist: Led Zeppelin) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Dr. Joseph W. Schereschewsky published his statistical findings showing a steady increase in cancer mortality over a 20 year period in the U.S. This led to the involvement of the PHS in cancer research. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | The first discovery of bacteria from the genus Legionella came in 1976 when an outbreak of pneumonia at an American Legion convention led to 29 deaths. The causative agent, known as Legionella pneumophila, was isolated and given its own genus. Credit: CDC. |
 | Massacre Bay HYDROGRAPHER led transports and combatants to anchorage areas during invasion. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | C&GS Ship PIONEER under Golden Gate Bridge Magnetometer invented at Scripps deployed on this ship in late 1950's Surveys from Pt. Conception to Cape Flattery discovered magnetic striping Magnetic striping led to Theory of Seafloor Spreading H. W. Menard called "among most significant geophysical surveys ever made". Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Marsh land that has been converted to pasture by cutting canals, building levees , and pumping out water. Exposure to air caused oxidation of organic matter in soil which led to rapid subsidence. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Student volunteers from the United Anglers work in the creek to clear it of debris. The students have worked at Adobe Creek, planting vegetation, cleaning the stream and working to restore water flow to the creek for close to 15 years. The students are led by Tom Furrer their high school science teacher and the founder of United Anglers of Casa Grande High School. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | State biologists Brad Chase and Mike Armstrong search for smelt eggs. A 2001 discovery of smelt eggs in the river led to the development of the initial development of the restoration project. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | NSSL's first Doppler Weather Radar located in Norman, Oklahoma. 1970's research using this radar led to NWS NEXRAD WSR-88D radar network. Credit: National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). |
 | TEKTITE II all-female team, led by S. Earle (far rgt), in rebreather training. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP). |  | Figure 67. British Admiralty echo sounder, model MS X. In the 1930's the British Admiralty designed a magnetostrictive ultrasonic sounding device which subsequently led to the manufacture of magnetostrictive sounding systems by Hughes and Son Ltd. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Nelson Mandela Bridge 2" by Laura Kennedy Commentary: "Johannesburg has the largest cable-stayed bridge in southern Africa. Who else to name it after but Nelson Mandela, the man who led South Africa across the apartheid divide? Opened July 21, 2003 ." | "Future" by Maurizio Commentary: "Led screen shot." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Charles Churchill | Though by whim, envy, or resentment led, they damn those authors whom they never read. |
Dante | What sweet thoughts, what longing led them to the woeful pass. |
Edgar Allan Poe | The nose of a mob is its imagination. By this, at any time, it can be quietly led. |
Lord Byron | When we think we lead we are most led. |
Lord Chesterfield | Men, as well as women, are much oftener led by their hearts than by their understandings. |
Marquis De Vauvenargues | The most absurd and reckless aspirations have sometimes led to extraordinary success. |
Matthew Arnold | Be neither saint nor sophist led, but be a man. |
Shakespeare | Though authority be a stubborn bear, yet he is oft led by the nose with gold. |
Terence | Children should be led into the right paths, not by severity, but by persuasion. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Magna Carta | 1215 | Further, if we have led or sent him upon military service, he shall be relieved from guard in proportion to the time during which he has been on service because of us. (reference) |
John Locke | 1690 | I easily grant, that civil government is the proper remedy for the inconveniencies of the state of nature, which must certainly be great, where men may be judges in their own case, since it is easy to be imagined, that he who was so unjust as to do his brother an injury, will scarce be so just as to condemn himself for it: but I shall desire those who make this objection, to remember, that absolute monarchs are but men; and if government is to be the remedy of those evils, which necessarily follow from men's being judges in their own cases, and the state of nature is therefore not to how much better it is than the state of nature, where one man, commanding a multitude, has the liberty to be judge in his own case, and may do to all his subjects whatever he pleases, without the least liberty to any one to question or controul those who execute his pleasure7 and in whatsoever he cloth, whether led by reason, mistake or passion, must be submitted to7 much better it is in the state of nature, wherein men are not bound to submit to the unjust will of another: and if he that judges, judges amiss in his own, or any other case, he is answerable for it to the rest of mankind. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The Federal Council has been led to make the preceding observations by the perusal of the draft Convention concerning the future constitution of the zones which was annexed to the note of April 26 from the French Government. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | It must have been from attachment only, that she could be led to form the engagement |
Sylvie and Bruno | Carroll, Lewis | And she led him out of the room, unnoticed by the rest of the party, who were wholly absorbed in watching the old Beggar |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | With a chill despondency, like one awaking, all nerveless, from an ugly dream, be yielded himself to the physician, and was led away |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | This visit led to others |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | The veiled autumnal evenings led him from street to street as they had led him years before along the quiet avenues of Blackrock |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Sairy took Granma by the arm and led her outside, and Granma moved with dignity and held her head high |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | That the life I had since led was laborious enough to kill an animal of ten times my strength |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | He led me at once to the widest part of the pond, and could not be driven from it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Myths about constipation have led to a serious abuse of laxatives. (references) | |
This strange behavior should have led to a strong suspicion of rabies. (references) | ||
Research has also led to new, safe ways to study tongue and throat movements during the swallowing process. (references) | ||
Business | It led to the acquisition of Home Cable and Smartcom. (references) | |
U.S. suppliers led this import market with a 39.8 percent share. (references) | ||
This backing has led to success in many local wind farm projects. (references) | ||
Children | Algeria | Laws against child abuse have not led to notable numbers of prosecutions against offenders. (references) |
China | It also reportedly has led to school officials inflating the number of children actually enrolled. (references) | |
Bulgaria | Social attitudes towards the disabled have led families to institutionalize their children if they have disabilities. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Peru | Their reports led to the removal of Cueva from his position. (references) |
Austria | This market concentration led to complaints of a print media monopoly. (references) | |
India | On occasion, Hindu-Muslim violence led to killings and a cycle of retaliation. (references) | |
Discrimination | Bhutan | It also committed many abuses against the ethnic Nepalese, which led to the departure of tens of thousands of them. (references) |
Uganda | The continued instability in the north led to violations of the rights of some Acholi, an ethnic group that comprises a significant part of the population. (references) | |
Economic History | Belgium | It is led by Deputy Olivier Maingain. (references) |
Human Rights | Peru | The torture led to Navarro's death. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | These practices often led to excesses. (references) | |
Ukraine | The charges led to her dismissal and her arrest in February. (references) | |
Indigenous People | India | Such violations led to numerous tribal movements demanding the protection of land and property rights. (references) |
Bangladesh | On April 13, a group of 50 to 60 Bengalis led by a former union council member attacked a Khasi village. (references) | |
Indonesia | On December 1, 2000, Presidium leaders led a peaceful commemoration of the 1961 declaration of independence by Papuan community leaders, then under Dutch rule. (references) | |
Minorities | India | Sikhs protested the killings, which led to violent clashes with police. (references) |
Indonesia | In 1998 anti-Chinese sentiment led to serious and widespread attacks on Chinese-owned businesses. (references) | |
Iran | These suspicions have led to sporadic outbreaks of fighting between government forces and Kurdish groups. (references) | |
Political Economy | Poland | The party is led by former Foreign Minister Bronislaw Geremek. (references) |
Italy | He succeeded Giuliano Amato, who led a center-left government. (references) | |
Costa Rica | An archaic land titling system has led to further problems for landowners. (references) | |
Political Rights | Papua New Guinea | A coalition government, led by Prime Minister Bill Skate, was formed following the election. (references) |
Niger | The 1999 coup led to the installation of a military-led government, which instituted a 9-month transition to a democracy. (references) | |
Antigua and Barbuda | In 1992 public concern over corruption in government led to the merger of three opposition political parties into the UPP. (references) | |
Trade | Oman | The banks have led other sectors in meeting Omanization targets. (references) |
Cote D'ivoire | All these factors have led to single-digit interest rates, for the first time in years. (references) | |
Ukraine | The frequency of such declarations has been known to cause a serious administrative burden as has led to compliance problems. (references) | |
Travel | Vietnam | A meeting usually begins with the guest being led into a room where there may be a number of Vietnamese waiting. (references) |
Vietnam | If it is not possible to have a third party introduce you, self-introductions should start with an explanation of what led you to contact this particular organization. (references) | |
Honduras | An international consortium led by San Francisco Airport recently won a 20-year concession to manage the four airports, with operational control assumed on October 1, 2000. (references) | |
Women | Ethiopia | Abductions have led to conflicts between families, communities, and ethnic groups. (references) |
Botswana | Greater public awareness and improved legal protection have led more victims of domestic violence and sexual assault to report incidents to the authorities. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | Legislation in 1993, reinforced by a 1994 ruling of the High Court of Justice, led to an increase in the percentage of women on the boards of government-owned companies. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Panama | None of the strikes led to widespread violence. (references) |
Netherlands | It is an independent government agency, led by a public prosecutor. (references) | |
Guyana | This arrangement occasionally led to overt politicization of labor issues. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | OVATION, n. n ancient Rome, a definite, formal pageant in honor of one who had been disserviceable to the enemies of the nation. A lesser "triumph." In modern English the word is improperly used to signify any loose and spontaneous expression of popular homage to the hero of the hour and place. "I had an ovation!" the actor man said, But I thought it uncommonly queer, That people and critics by him had been led By the ear. The Latin lexicon makes his absurd Assertion as plain as a peg; In "ovum" we find the true root of the word. It means egg. Dudley Spink |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Dennis Miller | Strapped for resources, the typical classroom is massively overcrowded, lacking in even the most basic supplies and textbooks, and led by teachers who can barely make a living on what they earn. |
James Hewitt | I was a tank squadron leader with the British army. And we led the British advance into Iraq and then back into Kuwait. |
Rush Limbaugh | The Mayflower Pilgrims, led by William Bradford, established the freest society ever conceived based on the teachings and tolerance of the Bible. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | The hostile incursions of the Sac and Fox Indians necessarily led to the interposition of the Government. |
Grover Cleveland | 1885-1889; 1893-1897 | When we tear aside the delusions and misconceptions which have blinded our countrymen to their condition under vicious tariff laws, we but show them how far they have been led away from the paths of contentment and prosperity. |
Richard Nixon | 1969-1974 | I regret deeply any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | Since the end of the Second World War, America has led other nations in meeting the challenge of mounting Soviet power. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | But just as we have led the crusade for democracy beyond our shores, we have a great task to do together in our own home. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | America has always led by example. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Government investment led to the creation of the Internet. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | If our country does not lead the cause of freedom, it will not be led. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Led" is generally used as a lexical verb (past participle) -- approximately 59.93% of the time. "Led" is used about 9,919 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (past participle) | 59.93% | 5,945 | 1,640 |
| Lexical Verb (past tense) | 38.94% | 3,863 | 2,529 |
| Noun (singular) | 1.1% | 109 | 31,132 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.03% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 9,919 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "led" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Led | Last name | 100 | 82,166 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "led": be led ♦ be led astray ♦ be led by one's passions ♦ be led into error ♦ be led to ♦ led astray ♦ Led captain ♦ Led horse ♦ Led meditation ♦ led page printer ♦ led printer ♦ superluminescent LED. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "led": LED-display, led-lit. | |
Ending with "led": american-led, british-led, business-led, communist-led, consumer-led, demand-led, democrat-led, employer-led, export-led, government-led, industry-led, investment-led, labour-led, likud-led, market-led, muslim-led, needs-led, nigerian-led, plan-led, school-led, sector-led, solidarity-led, soviet-led, spd-led, state-led, states-led, student-led, tank-led, teacher-led, tutor-led, user-led, us-led. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
led zeppelin | 8,680 | guitar tab led zeppelin | 134 |
led | 1,104 | led zeppelin poster | 133 |
led zeppelin lyrics | 862 | led zeppelin t shirt | 108 |
led flashlight | 721 | led zeppelin.com | 97 |
led light | 701 | led lamp | 96 |
led zeppelin tab | 384 | white led | 90 |
led zeplin | 327 | led bulb | 84 |
led zepplin lyrics | 322 | led zepellin | 74 |
led zeppelin dvd | 283 | led zepplin tab | 70 |
led west won zeppelin | 278 | led zeppelin pic | 66 |
led sign | 271 | led tail light | 65 |
led display | 260 | led zeppelin bootlegs | 65 |
led lighting | 209 | led zeppelin photo | 62 |
picture of led zeppelin | 177 | motorcycle led light | 62 |
led zeppelin mp3 | 153 | led zepplin guitar tab | 61 |
led zep | 153 | forum la led live lyrics ocean zeppelin | 56 |
led zepelin | 145 | blue led | 55 |
led zeppelin wallpaper | 143 | led zeppelin tablature | 55 |
led zeppelin discography | 141 | led zeppelin biography | 53 |
led zeppelin stairway to heaven lyrics | 140 | led trailer light | 53 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "led"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Bulgarian | подвеждам се (be led astray, be mislead). (various references) | |
Chinese | 光二極管 (light emitting diode), 带领 (headed, leading). (various references) | |
Danish | trukket (driven, operated), drevet (driven, forced, operated). (various references) | |
Dutch | bediend (driven, operated), aangedreven (driven, operated). (various references) | |
Farsi | زمان ماضی فعلdael . (various references) | |
Finnish | LED-näyttö (LED-display), valodiodinäyttö (LED-display), pintasäteilevä loistediodi (surface-emitting LED, surface-emitting light-emitting diode), koiria on talutettava hihnassa (dogs must be led), käsihevonen (led horse, rear horse), helposti johdettava (easily led, tractable), eksytetty (led astray, misguided). (various references) | |
French | guidé, entraîné, à entraînement. (various references) | |
German | mitgenommen (frayed, harassed, ropey, ropy, run down, taken along, upset), geführt (guided), führte (guided, shepherded, waged), angetrieben (driven, driven on), angeführt. (various references) | |
Greek | κινούμενο (driven, operated), καθοδήγησα, χειριζόμενο (driven, operated), αόρ. του lead, οδηγούμενο (driven, operated), οδήγησα. (various references) | |
Hebrew | מונהג (conducted, introduced), נהוג (conducting, customary, driven, driving, leading, piloting, steerage, usual). (various references) | |
Hungarian | visz vhova (to lead), vezető szerepe van (to lead), vezet vhova (to conduct, to lead), vezet (administer, boss, conduct, control, direct, drive, govern, guide, have the best of the running, have the lead, head, lead, lead on, to boss, to conduct, to guide, to lead, to lead on, to lead the field, to marshal, to minister to, to pilot, to supervise, to transmit), uralkodik (dominate, domineer, master, overrule, prevail, reign, rule the roost, to be master of oneself, to bear sway, to lead, to prevail among in, to rule, to surmount, to sway), késztet (compel, force his hand, incline, made, to flush, to incline, to lead, to make, to motivate), elöl van (to lead), elöl megy (to go on before, to lead, to lead the way). (various references) | |
Italian | condotto (barrel, channel, conducted, conduit, duct, gully, pipe, piped, shaft, tube), azionato (driven, operated), a trasmissione (driven, operated). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 発光ダイオード (light emitting diode), レスキュー隊 (label, ladies, ladies first, lady, Lady Borden, laisser-faire, lead, leg warmers, lesbian, lesser panda, lesson, letter, letter facsimile, letterhead, lettering, lettuce, medical practitioners' receipt for health insurance claim, medical prescription, ready-made, reception, red, red purge, red tape, Redmond, rescue squad, resolution, resonance, respirator, response, rest, rest house, rest room, restaurant, restaurant hotel, restaurant theater, retort, retouch, rhetoric, sticker, tow truck, wrestling). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | レッド (lead, red), はっこうダイオード (light emitting diode). (various references) | |
Korean | 지도하는. (various references) | |
Malagasy | nankany. (various references) | |
Manx | leeidit (conducted). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | edlay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | com transmissão (driven, operated). (various references) | |
Romanian | trecut şi participiu trecut de la lead, plumbui (lead, load, Plumb, seal), plumb (lead, Plumb, plumbum), grafit (black lead, graphite, lead). (various references) | |
Russian | вести светодиод. (various references) | |
Spanish | pret y pp de lead, dirigido (addressed, guided, kept, leaded, looped, turned), accionado (driven, operated). (various references) | |
Swedish | lett (latvian, lett), ledde. (various references) | |
Turkish | sürüklenmek (be dragged along, be led to, drag on, drift, lug, ride, scud, slide into, take tow, trail, wash away, wash off). (various references) | |
Turkmen | eяermek (be led, ensue, follow). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Luke Chapter 23, Verse 1 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai anastan apan to plhqoV autwn hgagen auton epi ton pilaton |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Et surgens omnis multitudo eorum duxerunt illum ad Pilatum |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | þa aras eall hyra menegeo and læddon hine to pilate |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And al the multitude of hem arysen, and ledden hym to Pilat. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | And the whole multitude of them arose and ledde him vnto Pylate. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him to Pilate. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And they all went and took him before Pilate. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Luke Chapter 23, Verse 1 |
| Cebuano | ¶ Ug unya silang tibuok panon mitindog, ug siya ilang gidala sa atubangan ni Pilato. |
| Chinese | 眾 人 都 起 來 、 把 耶 穌 解 到 彼 拉 多 面 前 。 |
| Croatian | I ustade sva ona svjetina. Odvedoše ga Pilatu |
| Danish | Og hele Mængden stod op og førte ham for Pilatus. |
| Dutch | En de gehele menigte van hen stond op, en leidde Hem tot Pilatus. |
| Finnish | Ja he nousivat, koko joukko, ja veivät hänet Pilatuksen eteen. |
| French | Ils se levèrent tous, et ils conduisirent Jésus devant Pilate. |
| German | Und der ganze Haufe stand auf, und sie führten ihn vor Pilatus |
| Haitian Creole | ¶ Tout bann moun yo leve, yo mennen Jezi devan Pilat. |
| Hungarian | És fölkelvén az õ egész sokaságuk, vivék õt Pilátushoz. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Seluruh sidang itu berdiri, lalu membawa Yesus ke hadapan Pilatus. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka sekalian orang banyak pun bangkitlah, lalu membawa Yesus menghadap Pilatus. |
| Maori | ¶ Katahi ka whakatika to ratou huihui katoa, a arahina ana ia ki a Pirato. |
| Norwegian | Og hele hopen stod op og førte ham for Pilatus; |
| Portuguese | E levantando-se toda a multidão deles, conduziram Jesus a Pilatos. |
| Rumanian | S`au sculat toyi, wi au dus pe Isus knaintea lui Pilat. |
| Shuar | ¶ Nuyá Ashí Uunt iruntrarmia nu wajatkiar Rúmanmaya akupin Piratuí Jesusan Júkiarmiayi. |
| Spanish | Entonces, levantándose toda la multitud de ellos, le llevaron a Pilato. |
| Swahili | Kisha, wote kwa jumla, wakasimama, wakampeleka Yesu mbele ya Pilato. |
| Swedish | Jesus föres till Pilatus, förhöres, sändes till Herodes, korsfästes, uppgiver andan, begraves. |
| Uma | ¶ Oti toe, mokore-ramo hawe'ea topohura toera pai' Yesus rakeni hilou hi Gubernur Pilatus. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "led": lederhosen, ledge, ledger, ledgers, ledges, ledgier, ledgiest, ledgy. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "led": abseiled, addled, ailed, airmailed, aisled, ambled, aneled, angeled, angled, ankled, annealed, annulled, anviled, anvilled, appalled, appareled, apparelled, appealed, argled, ariled, articled, assailed, assembled, assoiled, aureoled, auricled, automobiled, availed, axled, babbled, backfilled, backhauled, backpedaled, backpedalled, baffled, bailed, baled, balled, bamboozled, bankrolled, barnacled, barreled, barrelled, batfowled, battled, bawled, becrawled, becudgeled, becudgelled, bedabbled, bedazzled. (additional references) | |
Words containing "led": acknowledge, acknowledged, acknowledgedly, acknowledgement, acknowledgements, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgment, acknowledgments, barleduc, barleducs, bobsledded, bobsledder, bobsledders, bobsledding, bobsleddings, bobsleds, cotyledon, cotyledonary, cotyledons, daledh, daledhs, detailedly, detailedness, detailednesses, dicotyledon, dicotyledonous, dicotyledons, dogsledded, dogsledder, dogsledders, dogsledding, dogsleds, eledoisin, eledoisins, fledge, fledged, fledges, fledgier, fledgiest, fledging, fledgling, fledglings, fledgy, foreknowledge, foreknowledges, frankpledge, frankpledges, glede, gledes, gleds. (additional references) | |
| |
"Led" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: eld, Eldc, Eled, kleed, layd, lcd, Lde, leb, ledd, lede, ledo, Ledro, leds, lef, leh, leid, lek, lel, leld, Leod, leq, lerd, leu, leud, lev, lhd, Lhda, lhe, lher, Lidl, liq, lle, Lledo, Lledr, lod, lodd, lodz, loyd, lsd, Ltda, lud, luda, ludi, lued, lvd, lwe, Lwyd, lyd, lyed, nlde, tled, ved, xed. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "led" (pronounced le"d) |
| 3 | l e" d | bled, lead, fled, misled, pled, sled. |
| 2 | -e" d | abed, ahead, bed, behead, bread, bred, dead, dread, Ed, embed, fed, Ged, head, imbed, infrared, instead, interbred, Med, overfed, overhead, purebred, read, red, Redd, retread, said, shed, shred, sped, spread, stead, Ted, thoroughbred, thread, tread, unread, unsaid, unwed, Wed, widespread, zed. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: del, eld. | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-l" | |
-1 letter: de, ed, el. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-l" | |
+1 letter: bled, dale, deal, deil, dele, delf, deli, dell, dels, delt, diel, dole, duel, elds, fled, geld, gled, held, idle, lade, lead, lend, leud, lewd, lied, lode, lude, meld, pled, sled, veld, weld, yeld. | |
+2 letters: addle, ailed, alder, axled, baled, bedel, bield, blade, bleed, blend, blued, clade, clued, coled, dales, deals, dealt, decal, dedal, deils, delay, deled, deles, delfs, delft, delis, dells, delly, delta, delts, delve, devel, devil, dhole, dolce, doled, doles, dowel, duels, dulse, duple, dwell, dwelt, dynel, edile, eland, elder, elide, elude, felid, field, filed, fjeld, flied, flued, gelds, gelid, glade, glede, gleds, gleed, glide, glued, haled, holed, ideal, idled, idler, idles, isled, laced, laded, laden, lader, lades, ladle, laked, lamed, lased, lated, laved, lawed, layed, lazed, leads, leady, ledge, ledgy, lends, leuds, liked, limed, lined, lived, lobed, loden, lodes, lodge, looed, loped, loved, lowed, loxed, lubed, ludes, luged, lured, luted, lysed, medal, melds, model, muled, naled, odyle, ogled, oiled, olden, older, oldie, padle, paled, pedal, piled, plead, plied, poled, puled, redly, riled, ruled, sidle, sleds, slide, slued, soled, tilde, tiled, toled, unled, velds, veldt, voled, waled, weald, wedel, welds, wield, wiled, wyled, yield, yodel, yodle. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Frequency | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Bible Trace | 21. Abbreviations 22. Acronyms 23. Derivations 24. Rhymes | 25. Anagrams 26. Bibliography |
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