Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Date "LD" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1791. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Ld 1. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
LD can mean:
- learning-disabled
- shorthand for long distance, as with a telephone call to or from another area
- the Lilian day, a version of the Julian day,
- Laserdisc
- The logarithm of base 2, , from the Latin logarithmus dualis.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "LD."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In toxicology, the LD50 of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. In toxicological studies of substances, one test is to administer varying doses of the substance to populations of test animals; that dose administered which kills half the test population is referred to as the LD50, for "Lethal Dose, 50%".
The usual terms for expressing the LD50 are in units of mass of substance per mass of body mass, eg grams (of substance) per kilogram (of body mass). Stating it this way allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared, and allows one to scale for the different size of the animals exposed.
The choice of the 50% mark avoids the potential for ambiguity of making measurements in the extremes.
Unsurprisingly, animal welfare groups (particularly those influenced by the animal liberation movement) object to the studies needed to calculate this figure. This is particularly the case where the substance is not particularly toxic and a large quantity of the material is ingested by the animals over a long period, in some cases causing slow, painful deaths.
As concern grows for the welfare for animals, the test is administered less frequently, though the collection of data already obtained make it useful. Estimated LD50 numbers can be compared to those older numbers obtained more traditionally.
A comparable measurement is LCt50 which relates to lethal dose by inhalation, where C is concentration and t is time. It is usually expressed in terms of mg-min/m³. ICt50 is the dose which will cause incapacitation rather than death. These measures are commonly used to indicate the comparative efficacy of nerve agents.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "LD50."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
LD | Danish | Laktatdehydrogenase | Medicine |
LD | English | Low density | N/A |
LD | French | Liste de distribution | Computing |
LD | German | Letaldosis | Biology & Biotechnology, Medicine |
LD | Spanish | Lista de distribución | Computing |
| LD 50 | Danish | Dødelig middeldosis | Medicine, Physics |
| LD 50 | Dutch | Letale-dosismediaan | Medicine, Physics |
| LD 50 | English | Median lethal dose 50% | Environment, Medicine |
| LD 50 | German | Mittlere Letaldosis(LD50) | Environment, Medicine |
| LD 50 | Italian | Dose letale media | Medicine, Physics |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: LD |
| Specialty definitions using "LD": Catholic Rent ♦ LD 50/ Lethal Dose ♦ Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal ♦ undefined external reference. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | LD 50 (2003) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Underway on 6 August 1952, while en route to the Far East for her third, and final, Korean War deployment. Seven F4U "Corsair" fighter bombers are spotted on the forward end of her flight deck. The "LD" painted on their vertical stabilizers shows that they belong to Marine Fighter Squadron 212 (VMF-212). Credit: NAVY. |  | Cox & Co. - (France) Ld. . . . Emprunt national 1920 . . . On y souscrit. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Cox & Co. - (France) Ld. . . . Emprunt national 1920 . . . On y souscrit. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | L.pneumophila, an ubiquitous aquatic organism that thrives in warm environments (32°- 45oC) causes over 90% of LD in the United States. (references) | |
Children | Liberia | Expenditures on education were estimated at $6.3 million (247 million ld). In 1995 the literacy rate for boys was 53.9 percent for boys and 22.4 percent for girls. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Liberia | In February the ECOM fined the opposition New Democratic Alternative for Liberia Movement (New Deal) $114 (5,000 ld) for appearing on a radio call-in show, during which it supported the imposition of sanctions against the country. (references) |
Political Economy | Liberia | In late 2000, a commission to downsize and restructure the army was established with funding allocated at approximately $100,000 (5 million ld). Several thousand troops deployed in northern counties were fighting armed dissidents; however, there were few troops deployed to maintain security in other rural areas of the country. (references) |
Worker Rights | Liberia | The law requires a minimum wage of approximately $0.25 (10 ld) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day, excluding benefits, for unskilled laborers. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "LD" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 82.35% of the time. "LD" is used about 102 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 82.35% | 84 | 36,109 |
| Noun (singular) | 8.82% | 9 | 117,287 |
| Noun (common) | 7.84% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.98% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 102 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "LD": LD 50 ♦ LD 50 time. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "LD": co-o-o-ld, roc-ld, wou-ld. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
ld | 258 | ld debate | 9 |
ld online | 43 | ld u | 8 |
ld bell | 42 | ld player | 8 |
ch ld | 32 | ld on line | 8 |
ch ld porn | 31 | ch ld top | 7 |
account ld sprint.com | 30 | ld carrier | 7 |
fashions ld | 29 | casio ld 80 | 7 |
ld war | 28 | last ld time | 6 |
zone ld | 24 | lambretta ld | 6 |
ld brinkman | 22 | ld call | 6 |
ld bill | 21 | ld system | 6 |
international ld | 17 | ch free ld porn | 6 |
ld 50 | 14 | him him ld liked u | 6 |
discount ld | 13 | anyone ld | 5 |
ld t | 11 | gifted ld | 5 |
medent ld | 10 | 100 faroudja ld | 5 |
ld product | 10 | ld loaded object trace | 5 |
bell high ld school | 10 | ld tilbe y z | 5 |
100 doubler faroudja ld line | 10 | ld calculator | 5 |
ld library path | 9 | ld moon sailor | 5 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "LD"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | LD-polyethylen (LD polyethylene, LD-polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), LD-50 (LD 50), LD 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis), middel letal dosis (LD 50, median lethal dosis), median letaltid (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), 50%'s doedelighedstid (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time). (various references) | |
Dutch | letale-tijdmediaan (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), LD 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis), vijftig-procent letale tijd (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), vijftig-procent dodelijke tijd (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), polyethyleen met lage densiteit (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), mediaan letale dosis (LD 50, median lethal dosis). (various references) | |
Finnish | LD-50 (LD 50, lethal dose 50), suurpainepolyeteeni (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), pientiheyspolyeteeni (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene). (various references) | |
French | temps léthal moyen (LD 50 time), temps léthal cinquante pour cent (LD 50 time), temps létal moyen (LD 50 time), temps létal cinquante pour cent (LD 50 time), temps létal 50% (LD 50 time), temps létal 50 pour cent (LD 50 time), polyéthylène BD (LD polyethylene), polyéthylène basse densité (LDPE, LD-polyethylene), polyéthylène basse densité (LD polyethylene), dose mortelle médiane (LD 50), dose létale médiane (LD 50), DL 50 (LD 50). (various references) | |
German | LD-50 (LD 50), LD 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis), Polyäthylen niederer Dichte (LD-polyethylene), Niedrigpolyäthylen (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), mittlere toedliche Zeit (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), mittlere Letalzeit (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), mittlere letale Dosis (LD 50, mean lethal dose, median lethal dose, median lethal dosis), mittlere Absterbezeit (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), mediane Letalzeit (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time). (various references) | |
Greek | LD 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis), μέση θανατηφόρος δόση (LD 50, lethal dose, median lethal dosis), μέσος χρόνος θανάτωσης (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), πολυαιθυλένιο χαμηλής πυκνότητας (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), χρόνος θανάτου 50% (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), Θ"-50 (LD 50), διακλαδωμένο πολυαιθυλένιο (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene). (various references) | |
Italian | LD 50 (LD 50), tempo medio letale (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), tempo letale medio (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), tempo letale mediano (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), tempo LD 5O (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), tempo di sopravvivenza del cinquanta per cento (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), polietilene a bassa densit (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), dose letale mediana (LD 50, median lethal dosis), dose letale 50 (LD 50, lethal dose 50), DL 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | ルミノール試" (free loader, lake, laser, laser disk, laser printer, laserknife, Laserwriter, Le Monde, loafer, luminol test, lung, racer, rake, rumba, tramp, unemployed person). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | レーザーディスク (laser disk). (various references) | |
Korean | 공격개시 . (various references) | |
Pig Latin | lday.(various references) | |
Portuguese | tempo letal médio (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), polietileno de baixa densidade (LD polyethylene, LDPE, LOPE, low density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), dose letal média (LD 50, mean lethal dose, median lethal dose, median lethal dosis), DL-50 (LD 50), DL 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis). (various references) | |
Spanish | tiempo letal medio (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), dosis letal media (LD 50, mean lethal dose, median lethal dose, median lethal dosis), DL 50 (LD 50, median lethal dosis). (various references) | |
Swedish | LD-polyeten (LD polyethylene, low-density polyethylene), LD 50 (LD 50, lethal dose 50), medianletaltid (LD 50 time, mean lethal time, median lethal time), medianletaldos (LD 50, lethal dose 50, mean lethal dose, median lethal dose). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "LD": acold, afield, afterworld, ahold, airfield, anticold, auld, backfield, bald, battlefield, beheld, behold, bield, bifold, billfold, blindfold, bold, brainchild, brickfield, brownfield, build, canfield, cauld, centerfold, chesterfield, chield, child, chokehold, coalfield, cold, copyhold, cornfield, could, counterworld, cuckold, danegeld, demiworld, downfield, dreamworld, eightfold, eld, emerald, enfold, engild, fanfold, fauld, field, fingerhold, fivefold, fjeld, fold. (additional references) | |
Words containing "LD": abuilding, aceldama, aceldamas, acetaldehyde, acetaldehydes, afterworlds, aholds, airfields, alcalde, alcaldes, aldehyde, aldehydes, aldehydic, alder, alderflies, alderfly, alderman, aldermanic, aldermen, alders, alderwoman, alderwomen, aldol, aldolase, aldolases, aldolization, aldolizations, aldols, aldose, aldoses, aldosterone, aldosterones, aldosteronism, aldosteronisms, aldrin, aldrins, aulder, auldest, backfields, baldachin, baldachino, baldachinos, baldachins, balded, balder, balderdash, balderdashes, baldest, baldhead, baldheaded, baldheads. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words containing the letters "d-l" | |
+1 letter: dal, del, dol, eld, lad, led, lid, old. | |
+2 letters: auld, bald, bled, bold, clad, clod, cold, dahl, dale, dals, deal, deil, dele, delf, deli, dell, dels, delt, dhal, dial, diel, dill, diol, dirl, dole, doll, dols, dolt, dual, duel, dull, duly, elds, fled, fold, geld, gild, glad, gled, gold, held, hold, idle, idly, idol, idyl, lade, lads, lady, laid, land, lard, laud, lead, lend, leud, lewd, lido, lids, lied, load, lode, lord, loud, lude, meld, mild, mold, odyl, olds, oldy, pled, plod, sild, sled, slid, sold, told, veld, weld, wild, wold, yald, yeld. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Abbreviations 12. Acronyms | 13. Derivations 14. Anagrams 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
