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Language

Definitions: Language

Language

Noun

1. A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written".

2. Communication by word of mouth; "his speech was slurred"; "the telephone greatly increased the range of speech communication"; "he uttered harsh language"; "he recorded the spoken language of the streets".

3. A system of words used in a particular discipline; "legal terminology"; "the language of sociology".

4. The cognitive processes involved in producing and understanding linguistic communication; "he didn't have the language to express his feelings".

5. The mental faculty or power of vocal communication; "language sets homo sapiens apart from all other animals".

6. The text of a popular song or musical-comedy number; "his compositions always started with the lyrics"; "he wrote both words and music"; "the song uses colloquial language".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "language" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1050. (references)



Specialty Definitions: Language

DomainDefinitions

Satire

LANGUAGE, n. The music with which we charm the serpents guarding another's treasure. Source: Devil's Dictionary.

Computing

Language 1. programming language. 2. natural language. (1998-09-07). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.

Aerospace

In electronic computers: 1. A system consisting of (a) a well-defined, usually finite, set of characters; (b) rules for combining characters with one another or form words or other expressions; and (c) a specific assignment of meaning to some of the words or expressions, usually for communicating information or data among a group of people, machines, etc. 2. A system similar to the above but without any specific assignment of meanings. Such systems may be distinguished from sense 1 above, when necessary, by referring to them as formal or uninterpreted languages. See code, machine language.Although it is sometimes convenient to study a language independently of any meanings, in all practical cases at least one set of meanings is eventually assigned. (references)

Literature

Language
21
Italian alphabet.
22
Hebrew & Syriac alphabet
23
Latin alphabet
24
Greek alphabet
25
French alphabet
26
English, German, Dutch alphabet
27
Spanish alphabet
28
Arabic alphabet
32
Coptic alphabet
33
Russian alphabet
38
Armenian alphabet
39
Georgian alphabet
40
Slavonic alphabet
45
Persian (Zend) alphabet
49
Sanskrit alphabet
The Chinese have no alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
Ezra vii. 21 contains all the letters of the English language, presuming I and J to be identical.
Even the Italian alphabet is capable of more than seventeen trillion combinations; that is, 17 followed by eighteen other figures, as -
17,000,000,000,000,000,000;
While the English alphabet will combine into more than twenty-nine thousand quatrillion combinations; that is, 29 followed by twenty-seven other figures, as -
29,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
Yet we have no means of marking the several sounds of our different vowels; nor can we show how to pronounce such simple words as foot (pull and dull), sugar (father and rather), (gin and be-gin), calm, Bourges, Boeuf in "Boeuf-gras," oeufs, and thousands of other words.
We want the restoration of th to distinguish between this and thin; a Greek ch to distinguish between Church and Christ, two g 's (one soft and one hard), two c 's, two o 's, half a dozen a 's, and so on.
Take a, we have fate, fat, Thames (e), war (o), salt (au), etc. So with e, we have prey (a), met (e), England (i), sew (o), herb (u), etc. The other vowels are equally indefinite.
Language The primeval language. Psammetichos, an Egyptian king, entrusted two new-born infants to a shepherd, with strict charge that they were never to hear any one utter a word. These children were afterwards brought before the king and uttered the word bekos (baked bread). The same experiment was tried by Frederick II. of Sweden, James IV. of Scotland, and one of the Mogul emperors of India.
James IV., in the 15th century, shut up two infant children in the Isle of Inchkeith, with a dumb attendant to wait on them.
The three primitive languages. The Persians say that Arabic, Persian, and Turkish are three primitive languages. The serpent that seduced Eve spoke Arabic, the most suasive language in the world; Adam and Eve spoke Persian, the most poetic of all languages; and the angel Gabriel spoke Turkish, the most menacing of all languages. (Chardin.)
"Language given to men to conceal their thoughts," is by Montrond, but is generally fathered on Talleyrand.
Characteristics of European languages: L'Italien se parle aux dames. Le Francais se parle aux hommes. L'Anglais se parle aux oiseaux L'Allemand se parle aux chevaux. L'Espagnol se parle Dieux.
English, according to the French notion, is both singsong and sibilant.
Charles Quint used to say, "I speak German to my horses, Spanish to my God, French to my friends, and Italian to my mistresses." Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Math

A set of strings over some fixed alphabet. A characterization of inputs which may or may not be solved by algorithms. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Language

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

People have attempted to define language in a number of ways. Example definitions include the following:

  1. a system for representing things, actions, ideas and states
  2. a tool people use to communicate their concepts of reality into the minds of others
  3. a system of meanings shared among people
  4. a code that members of a linguistic community use to mediate between form and meaning
  5. a set of grammatically correct utterances (i.e. words, sentences, etc.)
  6. a set of utterances that could be understood by a linguistic community
  7. thought

Ferdinand de Saussure, the founder of modern linguistics made the difference between "langue" and "parole".

In any case, human language is the most central meaning of "language". The study of language is called linguistics.

Making a principled distinction between one human language and another can often be difficult. Chomsky (1986) points out that "some dialects of German are very close to dialects that we call 'Dutch' and are not mutually intelligible with others that we call 'German'". Even so Mr. Chomsky may not know that, this problem can easily be solved with the concept of Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache, Dachsprache and dialect continuum.

Note that there are parallels to biology, where it is not always possible to make a principled distinction between one species and the next. In either case (at least given the standard view on the evolution of the species), the ultimate difficulty stems from both languages and species descending from one another, with modification. (See dialect or August Schleicher for a longer discussion.)

A method to make a clear distinction between language and dialect is the concept of Ausbausprache and Abstandsprache.

One of the most prominent artificial languages called Esperanto was created by L. L. Zamenhof. It is a compilation of various elements of different languages with the goal of being an easy to learn language, which was fully achieved. Moreover it is clear, has a rich but easy to learn vocabulary and a totally regular spelling and a standard pronunciation.

Some linguists, such as J.R.R. Tolkien, have created fantasy languages, often for literary purposes. One of his languages is called Quenya, which is a form of Elvish. It includes its own alphabet and pronunciations in addition to being able to be spoken by humans.

Animal Language

While the term "animal languages" is widely used, most researchers agree that they are not as complex or expressive as the human language. They argue that there are significant differences separating human language from animal communication even at its most complex, and that the underlying principles are not related.

Other researchers argue that an evolutionary continuum exists between the communication methods these animals use and human language. Everybody agrees that human language is more complex than communication between animals. For more on communication among non-human animals, see The Animal Communication Project.

These are the properties of human language that are argued to separate it from animal communication:

Research with apes, such as the research Francine Patterson has done with Koko, suggests the animals may be capable of using language that meets some of these requirements. Koko's achievements were with a human language that she was taught, so her example only shows that animals are capable of using language, but not that they are necessarily capable of inventing one on their own.

Arbitrariness has been noted in meerkat calls; bee dancess show some elements of spatial displacement; and cultural transmission has occurred with the offspring of many of the great apes who have been taught sign languages, the celebrated bonobos Kanzi and Panbanisha being examples. However, these single features alone do not qualify such instances of communication as being true language.

The most studied examples of animal languages are:

Mathematical languages

Mathematics and computer science use artificial entities called formal languages (including programming languages), which may or may not count as "true" languages.

Information about language on wikipedia

The Linguistics article examines different theoretical perspectives on human language in detail. This is perhaps becoming Wikipedia's most useful introductory article about language.

The Language families and languages article provides more information on particular languages and their interconnections.

The Common phrases in different languages article may be of interest to travelers.

List of languages, ISO 639

See also

External links

See also: simple:Language

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Language."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Language

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.

EntrySourceExpressionField
LANGCREDDutchLanguage Credits and CredibilityN/A
LADEnglishLanguage Acquisition DeviceN/A

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonyms: Language

Synonyms: linguistic communication (n), linguistic process (n), lyric (n), nomenclature (n), oral communication (n), speech (n), speech communication (n), spoken language (n), terminology (n), voice communication (n), words (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Language

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Disapprobation

Evil-speaking; bad language; personality.

Discourtesy

Scowl, black looks, frown; short answer, rebuff; hard words, contumely; unparliamentary language, personality.

Lamentation

Phrase: tears standing in the eyes, tears starting from the eyes; eyes suffused, eyes swimming, eyes brimming, eyes overflowing with tears; "if you have tears prepare to shed them now"; interdum lacrymae pondera vocis habent; "strangled his language in his tears"; "tears such as angels weep".

Language

Noun: language; phraseology; speech; tongue, lingo, vernacular; mother tongue, vulgar tongue, native tongue; household words; King's English, Queen's English; dialect.

Literature, letters, polite literature, belles lettres, muses, humanities, literae humaniores, republic of letters, dead languages, classics; genius of language; scholarship; (scholar).

Malediction

Abuse; foul language, bad language, strong language, unparliamentary language; billingsgate, sauce, evil speaking; cursing; Verb: profane swearing, oath; foul invective, ribaldry, rude reproach, scurrility.

Neologism

Vulgar language, obscene language, obscenity, vulgarity.

Substandard language, vernacular.

Pun, paranomasia, play upon words; word play; (wit); double-entendre; (ambiguity); palindrome, paragram, anagram, clinch; abuse of language, abuse of terms.

Colloquialism, informal speech, informal language.

Speech

Oratory; elocution, eloquence; rhetoric, declamation; grandiloquence, multiloquence; burst of eloquence; facundity; flow of words, command of words, command of language; copia verborum; power of speech, gift of the gab; usus loquendi.

Stammering

Mumble, mutter; maud, mauder; whisper; mince, lisp; jabber, gibber; sputter, splutter; muffle, mump; drawl, mouth; croak; speak thick, speak through the nose; snuffle, clip one's words; murder the language, murder the King's English, murder the Queen's English; mispronounce, missay.

Style

Noun: style, diction, phraseology, wording; manner, strain; composition; mode of expression, choice of words; mode of speech, literary power, ready pen, pen of a ready writer; command of language; (eloquence); authorship; la morgue litteraire.

Vigor

Noun: vigor, power, force; boldness, raciness; Adjective: intellectual, force; spirit, point, antithesis, piquance, piquancy; verve, glow, fire, warmth; strong language; gravity, sententiousness; elevation, loftiness, sublimity.

Eloquence; command of words, command of language.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Language

English words defined with "language": algebraic language, algorithmic language, American language, American sign language, Analytic language, application-oriented language, Arabic language, Armenian language, artificial language, assembly languageCaucasian language, command language, computer language, computer-oriented language, contour languageEnglish language, Ethiopian languagefirst languageGerman languagehigh-level language, human language technologyIndo-Iranian language, Inflective language, Iranian languagejob-control languagelanguage area, language learning, language lesson, Language master, language system, language teaching, language zone, Law language, list-processing languagemachine language, machine-oriented language, Mandarin language, Maracan language, maternal language, Mongolic language, multidimensional languagenatural language, natural language processing, natural language processing application, natural language processorobject language, object-oriented programing language, object-oriented programming language, one-dimensional languageproblem-oriented language, programing language, programming languageQuechuan language, query languageregister languageSanskritic language, Sea language, search language, sign language, Slavic language, Slavonic language, source language, spoken language, standard generalized markup language, stratified language, syntax language, Synthetical languageTanoan language, target language, tonal language, tone languageunstratified language. (references)
Specialty definitions using "language": .plan@Begin2.PAK, 20-GATE3GL473L Query, 4GLA Hardware Programming Language, A Language Encouraging Program Hierarchy, A Language for Attributed Definitions, A Language for Intelligent Combinatorial Exploration, A Language with an Extensible Compiler, A Manufacturing Language, A PArse REquest Language, a priori method, A Programming Language, A Simulation Process-Oriented Language, A. K. Erlang, A-0, AADL, Abbreviated Test Language for Avionics Systems, ABC ALGOL, ABCL/1, ABCL/c , ABCL/R2, Ability to speak English, ABSET, abstract interpretation, abstract machine, Abstract Machine Notation, abstract syntax, Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language, ABSYS, Abuse, accelerated course, Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language, ACL, ACOS, ACT ONE, Act1, Act2, Act3, Actalk, Active Language I, Actus, Ada, Ada Lovelace, Ada Programming Support Environment, Ada/Ed, Adaplan, ADELE, ADL, AdLog, ADM, Adobe Systems, Inc., Advanced Data and Knowledge Management Systems, Advanced Function Presentation, Adventure Definition Language, ADVSYS, agglutinating language, AHDL, AHPL, AI-complete, AIDA, AKL, ALADIN, ALAM, A-language, ALC, Aldat, ALDiSP, ALEC, ALEF, Alex, Alexis, ALF, Alfl, Algebraic Logic Functional language, Algebraic Specification Language, ALGOL 60 Revised, ALGOL 68 Revised, ALGOL 68C, ALGOL Y, ALgorithm DEScription, ALgorIthmic ASsembly language, Algorithmic Processor Description Language, ALGY, ALL THE CRACK, Allude to, ALM, Alphard, Altair 8800, Aluminum Book, Amanda, AMBIT/L, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Amiga E, AML, AMPPL-II, An advanced support environment for method driven development and evolution of packaged software. (references)
Etymologies containing "language": Altiloquence, AmbiloquyBilingualCassava, Cassioberry, ComfreyEquestrienneHeptaglot, HottentotIdiotismLangued, LatinlymaizePicayunestylistictrilingualZend-Avesta. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Language" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses.

German (Sprache).

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Modern Usage: Language

DomainUsage

Screenplays

Where none suffered, where everyone would be happy. It was a disaster. No one would accept the program. Entire crops were lost. Some believed we lacked the programming language to describe your perfect world. (The Matrix; writing credit: Andy Wachowski; Larry Wachowski)

There are few who can. The language is that of Mordor, which I will not utter here. (The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring; writing credit: Frances Walsh)

Err, bad breath, colorful language, feather duster what do you think they're gonna be armed with? (Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels; writing credit: Guy Ritchie)

That's alright with me. I'm sure he's just as unpleasant in any language. (Touch of Evil; writing credit: Whit Masterson; Orson Welles)

They're silent so we won't have to worry about the language problem but I think people would really go for that action stuff. (Shanghai Knights; writing credit: Alfred Gough; Miles Millar)

Lyrics

At Napoleon in rags and the language that ("Like a Rolling Stone"; performing artist: Bob Dylan)

Clever

There are German songs which can make a stranger to the language cry. (references; author: Mark Twain)

The sum of human knowledge is not contained in any one language. (references; author: unknown)

I am." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language. (references; author: unknown)

The longest one-syllable word in the English language is "screeched. (references; author: unknown)

No words in the English language rhyme with month, orange, silver, or purple. (references; author: unknown)

Movie/TV Titles

Breaking the Language Barrier (1961)

A Foreign Language (1958)

Another Language (1933)

The Language of the Dumb (1915)

An Unknown Language (1911)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Language

DomainTitle

References

  • English Language Learning and Instruction System, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • Lechner's Comprehensive 4 Language Dictionary: Paper, Plastics, Aluminum Foil and Converting Terms (reference)

  • Kolonie-Deutsch: Life and Language in Amana (reference)

  • The Ansa Pal Tutorial: Programming With the Paradox Application Language (reference)

  • Ivor Horton's Beginning C++ : The Complete Language ANSI/ISO Compliant (Wrox Beginning Series) (reference)

  • Scheme Programming Language, The: ANSI Scheme (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  • Acq - Acquiring Knowledge In Speech Language And Learning (reference)

  • Aumla : Journal Of The Australasian Universities Language And Literature Association (reference)

  • Canadian Association For Commonwealth Literature And Language Studies Membership (reference)

  • Guidelines : A Magazine For Language Teachers (reference)

  • Journal Of Clinical Speech & Language Studies (reference)

    (more periodical examples)

  

Theater & Movies

  • Anatomy & Genetics (Spanish Language Edition) (reference)

  • Grunt, Snort, Wheeze, Understanding the Language & Voice of the Whitetail (reference)

  • Hatha Yoga: The Hidden Language of the Body (reference)

  • Talking Hands: A Sign Language Video for Children (reference)

  • Having Your Baby! A Complete Lamaze Prepared Childbirth Class, English language version, 2001 (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Language

Photos:
Language

More images...

Illustrations:
Language

More images...

Computer Images:
Language

More images...

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Photo Album: Language

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Red fox - Vulpes vulpes. This animal was noted in Rhode Island by the first settlers as it was mentioned by Roger Williams in 1643 in his work "A Key into the Language of America.".Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR).

Caption: Kazemhe, a Lunda Chief in the Belgian Congo, Speaking into an Ediphone Which Is Used by Missionaries for Language Study; Belgian Congo; Unknown Date; {29.320/214} (jpg).

... eradication campaign ... transcended all language barriers and local traditions. / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Ryst..

[Chief dietitian uses sign language to converse with deaf employees].Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Photograph printed on a postal card. It was taken between 1925 and 1928. The Japanese language caption in upper left center gives information on the ship's construction, displacement, dimensions and armament. Text in upper right identifies Kongo and Haruna as having this appearance. However, only Kongo had the searchlight platform between the first and second smokestacks, as seen here. See Photo # NH 89176 for an identical view, with very similar Japanese language caption.Credit: NAVY.

Nudge -- the language of the elbow.Credit: Library of Congress.

If flowers have a language as hath often times been said, I wonder if the buttercups would cry aloud for bread.Credit: Library of Congress.

What every husband knows. The language of flowers --.Credit: Library of Congress.

Two men using sign language in a library.Credit: Library of Congress.

Adrienne Rich, author of The Dream of a common language, poems 1974-1977, to be published by W.W. Norton and Co.Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Language

AuthorQuotation

Aubrey Beardsley

No language is rude that can boast polite writers.

Ben Johnson

Language most shows a man, speak that I may see thee.

Benjamin Disraeli

Finality is not the language of politics.

Charlemagne

To have another language is to possess a second soul.

Denis Diderot

Good music is very close to primitive language.

George Herbert

The eyes have one language everywhere.

Graffiti

Laughter translates into any language.

Henry David Thoreau

The language of friendship is not words but meanings.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Language is the archives of history.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Historic Usage: Language

AuthorDateQuotation

John Locke

1690

God having made man such a creature, that in his own judgment, it was not good for him to be alone, put him under strong obligations of necessity, convenience, and inclination to drive him into society, as well as fitted him with understanding and language to continue and enjoy it. (Second Treatise of Government)

Marbury v. Madison

1803

Here the language of the constitution is addressed especially to the courts. (reference)

Communist Manifesto

1848

This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign language is appropriated, namely, by translation. (reference)

Treaty of Versailles

1919

Each of the Clearing Offices will be at liberty to correspond with the other and to forward documents in its own language. (reference)

United Nations

1948

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. (reference)

Brown v. Board of Education

1954

Any language [347 U.S. 483, 495] in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected. (reference)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Language

TitleAuthorQuote

Emma

Austen, Jane

Could he have thought himself encouraged, his looks and language at parting would have been different.

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

What he felt at that moment escapes human language.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

The best helpers the language has.

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck, John

He talked the smart listless language of the roadsides to her.

Gulliver's Travels

Swift, Jonathan

On the 26th day of October, we arrived at the metropolis, called in their language Lorbrulgrud, or Pride of the Universe.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Language

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Language skills or speech are delayed. (references)

Involved in conscious thought and language. (references)

Select the dates and language that you prefer. (references)

Business

Language is a crucial factor in France. (references)

Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Taiwan. (references)

Spanish language catalogs or brochures are also very helpful. (references)

Children

Kenya

KTN broadcasts some news programs in sign language. (references)

Sweden

Deaf children have the right to education in sign language. (references)

Belarus

In Minsk only 11 of the 242 middle schools taught in the Belarusian language. (references)

Civil Liberties

Armenia

There is foreign language programming. (references)

Turkmenistan

Foreign language instruction also is available in private centers. (references)

Turkmenistan

There is only one official Turkmen newspaper published in the Russian language. (references)

Discrimination

India

The traditional caste system as well as differences of ethnicity, religion, and language deeply divide society. (references)

Israel and the occupied territories

Disability, Language, or Social Status The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex or marital status. (references)

San Marino

The law prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, disability, language, or social status, and the authorities generally respect these provisions. (references)

Economic History

Burundi

Kirundi is the common language. (references)

Denmark

Danish is the principal language. (references)

Micronesia

English has become the common language. (references)

Human Rights

Kazakhstan

Proceedings also may be held in the language of the majority of the population in a particular area. (references)

Greece

Also defendants often are not advised of their rights during arrest in a language that they can understand. (references)

Kazakhstan

Legal proceedings are conducted in the state language, Kazakh, although Russian also may be used officially in the courts. (references)

Indigenous People

El Salvador

In reality, very few persons speak the indigenous language of Nahuatl. (references)

Mexico

According to a 2000 World Bank report, approximately 808,100 individuals speak only an indigenous language. (references)

Guatemala

On May 18, UNESCO declared the language, dances, and music of the Garifuna people to be part of the international cultural patrimony. (references)

Minorities

Senegal

Wolof is the country's primary language. (references)

Yugoslavia

The Hungarian language is taught in schools. (references)

Moldova

The Gagauz speak Russian and Gagauz, a Turkic language. (references)

Political Economy

Ireland

The two countries share the same language and similar values. (references)

EL SALVADOR

Authorities have not enforced the Spanish language labeling requirement. (references)

EGYPT

An Arabic language catalog must accompany imported tools, machines and equipment. (references)

Political Rights

Moldova

Debate takes place in either the Moldovan/Romanian or Russian language, with translation provided. (references)

Estonia

The law was amended in 1999 to place language requirements on Members of Parliament; Russian speakers protested. (references)

Zambia

In April some of the President's supporters used racist language against two M.P.'s of Asian origin; they were not disciplined. (references)

Trade

Denmark

The labeling language must be Danish. (references)

Egypt

Arabic language is mandatory on labels. (references)

Sweden

Shipping documents may be made out in the English language. (references)

Travel

Kenya

The commercial language is English. (references)

Panama

Panama's official language is Spanish. (references)

Austria

Austria's official language is German. (references)

Women

San Marino

In theory the 2000 law allows 12 months for all children of San Marino citizens to attain permanent citizenship after reaching legal majority; however, the language of the law phrases this right slightly differently for the children of male citizens and the children of female citizens. (references)

Belgium

A study by the Ministry of Defense in October 2000 found that 54 percent of women in the armed forces had been subjected to abusive language, 36 percent had experienced unwelcome physical contact, and 4.6 percent reported being the victim of sexual harassment involving physical violence. (references)

Yemen

The NWC's 7-member legal committee, consisting of lawyers, women's rights experts, and Islamic scholars, found that 10 laws contained discriminatory language or "negligence with respect to women" and that 15 others were ambiguous because the laws used the masculine impersonal pronoun when the statutes governed women as well as men. (references)

Worker Rights

China

There also are two bilingual channels on which Tibetan language programs make up 15 percent of the total. (references)

China

RFA states that Tibetans are subject to intimidation and fines for listening to foreign language broadcasts, including RFA. (references)

Thailand

This is due to mistrust of the authorities and fear of the traffickers, as well as the victim's limitations in education and language. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

DICTIONARY, n. A malevolent literary device for cramping the growth of a language and making it hard and inelastic. This dictionary, however, is a most useful work.

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Language

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Dennis Miller

Women want successful careers, large families, and enough free time to exercise, join a book group, and learn a foreign language.

Mariah Carey

You know, it was always interesting to me when I would go to other countries and they would be singing my lyrics back to me. But if we tried to have a conversation, we couldn't because they don't speak the same language.

Rich Cohen

Yeah. It's a great thing about a book. It could just be about, you know, the feeling of a summer day that never ends. And a movie's about, I think, a lot of it is about the language and the way people talk.

Richard Armey

In this Congress probably this summer, I would hope by July. It's been very difficult to deal with the language of the Supreme Court decision.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Speeches: Language

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837The principle which calls in question the President for the language of his message would equally justify a foreign power in demanding explanations of the language used in the report of a committee or by a member in debate.

Herbert C. Hoover

1929-1933From one of them we derive our very language and from many of them much of the genius of our institutions.

Bill Clinton

1993-2001Americans speak every language, know every county.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Language

"Language" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.96% of the time. "Language" is used about 18,758 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)99.96%18,751491
Noun (proper)0.04%7133,076
                    Total100.00%18,758N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Language

CountryName
USA

English Language Learning and Instruction System, Inc.

 (more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: Language

Expressions using "language": a Hardware Programming Language a Language Encouraging Program Hierarchy a Language for Attributed Definitions A Language for Intelligent Combinatorial Exploration a Language with an Extensible Compiler a Manufacturing Language a PArse REquest Language a Programming Language abbreviated Test Language for Avionics Systems abuse of language abusive language active Language I adventure Definition Language Afrasian language Afroasiatic language agglutinating language algebraic language algebraic Logic Functional language algebraic Specification Language algonquian language algorithmic ASsembly language algorithmic Language algorithmic Processor Description Language Altaic language american language american sign language amerindian language analog Hardware Design Language Analytic language anatolian language Andorra Kernel Language another Tool for Language Recognition applications language applicative language Applicative Language for Digital Signal Processing Applicative Language Idealised Computing Engine arabic language arm language armenian language array Processor Assembly Language artificial language ASDO IMPlementation Language assembler language assembly language assembly Language Compiler assembly Language for Multics associative Memory Parallel Processing Language Athapaskan language austronesian language authoring language automatic language processing axiomatic Architecture Description Language back End Generator Language bad language baltic language Bantoid language barrack language basic Assembly Language basic Language for Implementation of System Software body language broken language Burge's Language business language C language C Language Integrated Production System Caddoan language Cadkey advance development language Canaanitic language caribbean language categorical Abstract Machine Language caucasian language celtic language Chadic language chaldee language checkout Test language Child Language class Oriented Ring Associated Language coarse language Coco Language ColdFusion Markup Language colloquial language command language command of language commercial language common Algorithmic Language common Business Oriented Language common Intermediate Language common language common technical language compiler Language for Information Processing compiler Target Language computer Animation Movie Language computer Design Language computer language contour language control Language conversational algebraic language course Author Language Dardic language data definition language data Management Language. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "language": language-based, language-based editor, language-behaviour, language-centred, language-change, language-collecting, language-crossing, language-cum-posture, language-delayed, language-disordered, Language-export, language-family, language-focussed, language-game, language-games, language-groups, language-impaired, language-independent, language-in-use, language-is, language-learner, language-learning, language-like, language-maintenance, language-material, language-mediated, language-mixing, language-or, language-orientated, language-oriented, language-planning, language-processing, language-producers, language-related, language-sensitive editor, language-specific, Language-strata, language-structure, language-system, language-systems, language-talk, language-teacher, language-teaching, language-'the, language-transmitted, language-use, language-user, language-users, language-using, language-wise, language-work.

Ending with "language": body-language, english-language, first-language, foreign-language, french-language, japanese-language, pain-language, spanish-language, target-language.

Containing "language": Speech-Language Pathology.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Language

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

language

3,680

sign language

3,350

language translation

3,113

language translator

2,223

body language

1,342

language school

1,307

american sign language

1,302

latin language

1,281

foreign language

1,258

language translation free

1,232

spanish language

1,122

language program

881

french language

865

learn sign language

859

japanese language

665

russian language

641

italian language

636

german language

576

language software

573

hawaiian language

561
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Language

Language Translations for "language"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaan

  

taal (tongue). (various references)

   

Albanian

  

gjuhë (idiom, spirt, tongue). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏لهجة (accent, argot, dialect, tone), ‏لغة (idiom, parlance, speech, talk, tongue), ‏لسان (armlet, cape, tab, tenon, tongue), ‏أسلوب (archaism, character, diction, flair, genre, manner, method, mode, pattern, phraseology, regimen, sort, strain, style, stylization, technique, tone). (various references)

   

Asturian

  

llinguaxe. (various references)

   

Aymara

  

aru. (various references)

   

Basque

  

euskara (Basque language). (various references)

   

Bemba

  

ululimi (tongue). (various references)

   

Breton

  

saozneg (English language), brezhoneg (Breton language). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

реч (address, allocution, speech, tongue, utterance), езиков (lingual, linguistic, verbal), език (idiom, parlance, pawl, red rag, speech, striker, terms, tongue). (various references)

   

Catalan

  

idioma (tongue). (various references)

   

Cebuano

  

pinulongan. (various references)

   

Chamorro

  

lengguahi. (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

語言 , (dialect, speech, tell to), (conversation, dialect, speech, spoken words, talk, what someone said, words), 语言 (A-language, linguistic, Linguistical, linguistically), (culture, formal, literary, writing). (various references)

   

Cornish

  

ýeth. (various references)

   

Czech

  

sloh (pen, style), jazyk (Lang, speech, tongue), řeè (harangue, oration, speech, talk, tongue). (various references)

   

Danish

  

sprog (tongue). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

taal (speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Ecuadorian Quechua

  

shimi (mouth). (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

lingvo (tongue). (various references)

   

Estonian

  

keelt. (various references)

   

Faeroese

  

mál (affair, aim, business, business deal, case, goal, idiom, matter, problem, purpose, speech, target, tongue, trouble). (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

کلام , لسان , تکلم , سخنگوءی , زبان (Tongue), بصورت لسانی بیان کردن . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

kieli (chord, string, tang, tongue). (various references)

   

French

  

langue, langage. (various references)

   

Frisian

  

taal, sprake (dialect, tongue). (various references)

   

German

  

Sprache (idiom, lingo, speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

γλώσσα (common sole, four-eyed sole, Klein's sole, lingo, megrim, plaice, sail-fluke, sand sole, sole, tongue, whiff). (various references)

   

Guarani

  

ñe'ê. (various references)

   

Hawaiian

  

gjuhë (tongue). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

לשון (expression, lingo, speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

nyelv (aramaic, index, lingo, maori, speech, terms, tongue, trip). (various references)

   

Icelandic

  

tunga (tongue). (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

bahasa (argot). (various references)

   

Inuktitut

  

uqausiq. (various references)

   

Irish

  

teanga (tongue). (various references)

   

Italian

  

lingua (lingua, speech, tongue, tonque), linguaggio (accent, imagery, lingo, parlance, ribaldry, speech), idioma (idiom, speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

(word), 言語 , 言辞 (speech), 言葉 (speech, word), ラ ' (lame, laminated ski, LAN, Land Cruiser, Langerhans, language laboratory, language processor, lariat, lauan, LL, lullaby, lung, rally, Ralph Lauren, rank, ranking, rum, run, wraparound retaining straps worn with the old ski cable bindings). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

ランゲージ , ラング (lung), " (associate with, be clear, be cold, be serene, be skillful, doingfor, file, five, five-man squad, giving, Go, honourable, line, mis-, rank with, word), "とば (speech, word), '"" (original language, original word), '"じ (Genji, speech, the Minamotos). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

언어 (A-language, lingual, linguistic, Linguistical). (various references)

   

Lombard

  

lengua (tongue). (various references)

   

Macedonian

  

jazik (tongue). (various references)

   

Malagasy

  

teny (word; language), fiteny. (various references)

   

Malay

  

bahasa (tongue). (various references)

   

Manx

  

glare (parlance, speech, utterance), chengey (catch of buckle, speech; tongue; clasp, strap-hinge; bell-clapper; feather). (various references)

   

Maori

  

reo. (various references)

   

Maya

  

thaan. (various references)

   

Norwegian

  

språk (tongue). (various references)

   

Papago

  

ne'oki. (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

lenga (tongue), idioma (tongue), abla (speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

anguagelay

   

Portuguese

  

linguagem (idiom, parlance, speech, tongue), língua (clapper, flapper, idiom, speech, tongue), idioma (idiom, speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Portuguese Brazilian

  

língua. (various references)

   

Provencal

  

lenga (tongue). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

limbaj (accent, fine language, parlance, speech, tongue), limbå (tongue), limbã (dialect, finger board, manner of speech, phrase, speech, tongue, word), vorbire (discourse, gab, oration, speaking, speech, talk), stil (build, diction, form, manner, order, pencil, penmanship, period, style, stylus, way, writing), maniera de a se exprima, exprimare (articulation, conveyance, expression, incoherence, incoherency, manifestation, phrase, statement, utterance). (various references)

   

Romansch

  

lingua. (various references)

   

Romany

  

chib. (various references)

   

Ruanda

  

ibirimi. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

язык (clapper, parlance, parliamentary language, phrase, phraseology, tongue). (various references)

   

Samoan

  

gagana. (various references)

   

Scottish

  

teanga (speech, tongue), cainnt (conversation, speech), c nain (a language). (various references)

   

Sepedi

  

polelo. (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

lingvistički (linguistic), jezik (lingo, tongue), jezički (linguistic). (various references)

   

Somali

  

af. (various references)

   

Sotho

  

sesotho (Sotho language). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

lengua (diction, league, lingo, spit, tongue, tongue of air), idioma (idiom, league, lingo, speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Sranan

  

tongo (tongue). (various references)

   

Swahili

  

lugha (tongue). (various references)

   

Swazi

  

lú-lwîmi (tongue). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

språk (diction, idiom, languages, phrase, speech, talk, tongue, writing), tungomål (tongue). (various references)

   

Tagalog

  

wik (tongue). (various references)

   

Tahitian

  

reo. (various references)

   

Thai

  

าษาท่าทาง (body language). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

lisan (tongue), mesleki dil (jargon), dil (clapper, lingo, parlance, speech, tongue). (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

dil (cut, pointer, toungue). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

стиль (form, genre, manner, style, writing), формулювання (drafting, enunciation, formulation, redaction, wording), мова (dialect, orison, phraseology, speech, tongue, words), мовлення. (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

tiếng (noise, repute, sound, tone, voice), ngôn ngữ lời nói cách diễn đạt, cách ăn nói. (various references)

   

Welsh

  

iaith (tongue). (various references)

   

Zulu

  

ululimi (tongue), ulimi (tongue). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Language

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Greek700 BCE-300 CE

glossa. (various references)

Latin500 BCE-Modern

lingua. (various references)

Provenal1000-Modern

lingo. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Bible Trace: Language

LanguageDateSourceActs Chapter 22, Verse 2
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintAkousanteV de oti th ebraidi dialektw prosefwnei autoiV mallon parescon hsucian kai fhsin
Latin405VulgateCum audissent autem quia hebraea lingua loquitur ad illos magis praestiterunt silentium
Middle English1395WyclifAnd whanne sum herden that in Ebrew tunge he spak to hem, thei yauen the more silence.
Renaissance English1526TyndaleWhe they hearde that he spake in ye Ebrue tonge to them they kept the moore silence. And he sayde:
Jacobean English1611King James(And when they heard that he spake in the Hebrew tongue to them, they kept the more silence: and he saith,)
Victorian English1833Webster(And when they heard that he spoke to them in the Hebrew language, they kept the more silence: and he saith,)
Basic English1964OgdenAnd, hearing him talking in the Hebrew language, they became the more quiet, and he said,

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Matched Bible Translations: Language

LanguageActs Chapter 22, Verse 2
AlbanianKur dëgjuan se u fliste atyre në gjuhën hebraike, heshtën edhe më shumë. Pastaj ai tha:
BulgarianАз съм юдеин, роден в Тарс Киликийски, а възпитан в тоя град при "амалииловите нозе, изучен строго в предадения от бащите ни закон. И бях ревностен за Бога, както сте и всички вие днес,
CebuanoUg sa ilang pagkadungog kaniya nga nagsulti kanila sa pinulongan nga Hebreohanon, milabi pa sila paghilum. Ug siya miingon kanila:
Chinese眾 人 聽 他 說 的 是 希 伯 來 話 、 就 更 安 靜 了 。
CroatianKad èuše da im govori hebrejskim jezikom, još veæma utihnuše. On nastavi:
DanishMen da de hørte, at han talte til dem i det hebraiske Sprog, holdt de sig end mere stille. Og han siger:
Dutch(Als zij nu hoorden, dat hij in de Hebreeuwse taal hen aansprak, hielden zij zich te meer stil. En hij zeide:)
FinnishKun he kuulivat hänen puhuvan heille hebreankielellä, syntyi vielä suurempi hiljaisuus. Ja hän sanoi:
FrenchLorsqu`ils entendirent qu`il leur parlait en langue hébraïque, ils redoublèrent de silence. Et Paul dit:
GermanDa sie aber hörten, daß er auf hebräisch zu ihnen redete, wurden sie noch stiller. Und er sprach:
Haitian CreoleLè yo tande l' ap pale ebre, yo rete byen dousman. Epi Pòl di yo:
HungarianMikor pedig hallották, hogy zsidó nyelven szól hozzájok, még inkább nyugalmat tanusítottak. És monda:
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariKetika mereka mendengar Paulus berbicara dalam bahasa Ibrani, mereka menjadi lebih tenang lagi. Maka Paulus meneruskan keterangannya.
Indonesian-Terjemahan LamaSetelah mereka itu mendengar ia bertutur dengan bahasa Ibrani makin senyaplah mereka itu. Lalu kata Paulus,
ItalianQuando sentirono che parlava loro in lingua ebraica, fecero silenzio ancora di più.
Korean 희 가 그 히 브 리 방 언 으 로 말 함 을 " " 욱 종 용 한 지 라 이 어 가 로 되
LatvianKad tie dzirdçja, ka viòð tos uzrunâ ebreju valodâ, tie kïuva vçl klusâki,
MaoriA, ka rongo ratou ko te reo Hiperu tana i korero ai ki a ratou, katahi ka mutu rawa te kiki; a ka mea ia,
Modern GreekΑκουσαντες δε οτι ελαλει προς αυτους εις την Εβραικην διαλεκτον, εδειξαν περισσοτεραν ησυχιαν. Και ειπεν·
NorwegianDa de hørte at han talte til dem på det hebraiske mål, holdt de sig ennu mere stille. Han sier da:
PortugueseOra, quando ouviram que lhes falava em língua hebraica, guardaram ainda maior silêncio. E ele prosseguiu.   
RumanianCknd au auzit ei cq le vorbewte kn limba evreiascq, au yinut wi mai multq liniwte. Wi Pavel a zis:
RussianхУМЩЫБЧ ЦЕ, ЮФП ПО ЪБЗПЧПТЙМ У ОЙНЙ ОБ ЕЧТЕКУЛПН СЪЩЛЕ, ПОЙ ЕЭЕ 'ПМЕЕ ХФЙИМЙ. пО УЛБЪБМ:
ShuarTura Papru Israer chichaman chichaakui, aents nuna antukar Nú nankaamas itiatkarmiayi.
SpanishCuando oyeron que Pablo les hablaba en lengua hebrea, guardaron aun mayor silencio. Entonces dijo:
SwahiliWaliposikia akiongea nao kwa Kiebrania wakazidi kukaa kimya zaidi kuliko hapo awali. Naye Paulo akaendelea kusema,
SwedishNär de hörde att han talade till dem på hebreiska, blevo de ännu mer stilla. Och han fortsatte:
Thai(ครั้นเขาทั้งหลายไ"้ยินท่านพู" าษาฮีบรู เขาก็ยิ่งเงียบลงกว่าก่อน เปาโลจึงกล่าวว่า)
UkrainianЯк зачули ж вони, що до них він говорить "врейською мовою, то тиша ще більша настала. А він промовляв:
UmaKara'epe-na ntodea Paulus mololita hi rala basa-ra moto, hangkedi' pengkalino-ra. Napokaliliu Paulus lolita-na, na'uli':

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Language

Derivations

Words beginning with "language": languages. (additional references)

Words ending with "language": metalanguage, nonlanguage, paralanguage, protolanguage, slanguage, sublanguage. (additional references)

Words containing "language": metalanguages, nonlanguages, paralanguages, protolanguages, slanguages, sublanguages. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Language" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: langauage, Lengua, Linguae, Llanrug, Luangwa. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: Language

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-a-e-g-g-l-n-u"

-2 letters: anlage, galena, gangue, laguna, lagune, langue.

-3 letters: alane, alang, algae, angel, angle, galea, gauge, genua, glean, gulag, lagan, lauan, lunge, ulnae.

-4 letters: ague, alae, alan, alga, anal, anga, egal, elan, gaen, gaga, gage, gala, gale, gane, gang, gaun, genu, gleg, glen, glue, glug, guan, lane, lang, lean, luge, luna, lune, lung, ulan, ulna.

-5 letters: aal, aga, age, ala, ale, ana, ane, eau, egg, eng, gae, gag, gal, gan, gel, gen, gnu, gul, gun, lag, lea, leg, leu, lug, nae, nag.

 Words containing the letters "a-a-e-g-g-l-n-u"
 

+1 letter: languages, slanguage.

 

+2 letters: slanguages.

 

+3 letters: agglutinate, nonlanguage, sublanguage.

 

+4 letters: agglutinable, agglutinated, agglutinates, metalanguage, nonlanguages, paralanguage, sublanguages.

 

+5 letters: agglutinative, metalanguages, paralanguages, protolanguage.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Language


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

4C 61 6E 67 75 61 67 65

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

.-..    .-    -.    --.    ..-    .-    --.    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01001100 01100001 01101110 01100111 01110101 01100001 01100111 01100101

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#76 &#97 &#110 &#103 &#117 &#97 &#103 &#101

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

004C 0061 006E 0067 0075 0061 0067 0065

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

4667807387677371

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Quotations: Familiar
9. Quotations: Historic
10. Quotations: Fiction
11. Quotations: Non-fiction
12. Quotations: Spoken
13. Quotations: Speeches
14. Usage Frequency
15. Names: Company Usage
16. Expressions
17. Expressions: Internet
18. Translations: Modern
19. Translations: Ancient
20. Bible Trace
21. Abbreviations
22. Acronyms
23. Derivations
24. Anagrams
25. Orthography
26. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.