Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Knowledge |
KnowledgeNoun1. The psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "knowledge" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Knowledge The objects, concepts and relationships that are assumed to exist in some area of interest. A collection of knowledge, represented using some knowledge representation language is known as a knowledge base and a program for extending and/or querying a knowledge base is a knowledge-based system. Knowledge differs from data or information in that new knowledge may be created from existing knowledge using logical inference. If information is data plus meaning then knowledge is information plus processing. A common form of knowledge, e.g. in a Prolog program, is a collection of facts and rules about some subject. For example, a knowledge base about a family might contain the facts that John is David's son and Tom is John's son and the rule that the son of someone's son is their grandson. From this knowledge it could infer the new fact that Tom is David's grandson. See also Knowledge Level. (1994-10-19). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:KnowledgeKnowledge includes, but is not limited to, those descriptions, hypotheses, concepts, theories, principles and procedures which to a reasonable degree of certainty are either true or useful.
Knowledge consists of beliefs about reality. One way of deriving and verifying knowledge is from tradition or from generally recognized authorities of the past, such as Aristotle. Knowledge may also be based upon the pronouncements of secular or religious authority such as the state or the church. A second way to derive knowledge is by observation and experiment: the scientific method. Knowledge may also be derived by reason from either traditional, authoritative, or scientific sources or a combination of them and may or may not be verified by resort to observation and testing.
Knowledge may be factual or inferential. Factual knowledge is based on direct observation. It is still not free of uncertainty, as errors of observation or interpretation may occur, and any sense can be deceived by illusions. Inferential knowledge is based on reasoning from facts or from other inferential knowledge such as a theory. Such knowledge may or may not be verifiable by observation or testing. For example, all knowledge of the atom is inferential knowledge. The distinction between factual knowledge and inferential knowledge has been explored by the discipline of general semantics.
Roger Bacon, an English alchemist and philosopher of the high middle ages, had this to say about knowledge: "Of the three ways in which men think that they acquire knowledge of things - authority, reasoning, and experience - only the last is effective and able to bring peace to the intellect." Thus knowledge might arise from authority, logic, or experience. Earlier Divine illumination by the grace of God was contrasted by the early Christian church with knowledge gained by reason such as practiced by classical philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Experimental knowledge was discounted, for example, by St. Augustine.
Specialized definitions
Knowledge has several specialized definitions in the academic discipline of philosophy. These include:
- Knowledge (philosophy): In philosophy it is of concern how to tell whether beliefs are justifiable and true. In this view, only if beliefs are justifiable and true are they deemed knowledge.
- Propositional knowledge refers to the knowledge, facts and beliefs that a person has; this entry also discusses ways that people gain such knowledge.
- A priori knowledge
- Empirical knowledge or a posteriori knowledge
- Procedural knowledge or Know-how: The term "know-how" refers to knowing how to perform some task.
Distinguishing propositional knowledge from know-how
Suppose that Fred says to you: "The fastest swimming stroke is the front crawl. One performs the front crawl by oscillating the legs at the hip, and moving the arms in an approximately circular motion". Here, Fred has propositional knowledge of swimming and how to perform the front crawl.However, if Fred acquired this propositional knowledge from an encyclopedia, he will not have acquired the skill of swimming: he has some propositional knowledge, but does not have any know-how. In general, one can demonstrate know-how by performing the task in question, but it is harder to demonstrate propositional knowledge.
See also: belief, truth, epistemology, information
Quote
"The learning and knowledge that we have, is, at the most, but little compared with that of which we are ignorant." - Plato
See also
Consumer education | Cultural bias | Research | Business intelligence | Storage | Esoteric knowledge | Intuition | Encyclopedia Galactica | OpenFacts | Philosophical skepticism | Feedback | World view | Analytic proposition | Market transparency | KnowledgeWeb Project | Voluntary simplicity | Confirmation (sacrament) | Understanding | Knowledge (philosophy) | Propositional knowledge | Knowledge creation | Intellectual history of time | Mind mapping | Information | Knowledge management | Knowledge representation | Definition | Ontological distinction | Epistemology | Data | Intellectual worker | List of academic disciplines | Pseudoscience | List of philosophical topics | How-to's | Guild | List of ethics topics | Philosophy | Engineering | Experience | Science | Ignorance | Simple view of ethics and morals | Streetwise | Deconstruction | Nihilism | Cognition | Cognitive ontology | Text mining | Test (student assessment) | Technocracy | Profession | Situated learning | Procedural knowledge | Greek philosophy | Objectivist philosophy | Encyclopedia | Science education | Education | Personal experience | Interpretations of the scientific method | Expertise | Left-Hand Path | Metalibrary | Question answering | Scientific method | Information pyramid | Truth
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Knowledge."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In philosophy, Knowledge is usually defined as beliefs that are justified, true and actionable. Any description, hypothesis, concept, theory, or principle which fits this definition would be considered knowledge. Philosophy generally discusses propositional knowledge rather than know-how.
The traditional way of gaining knowledge has been by accepting the teachings of generally recognized authorities of the past. These could be philosophical, religious or scientific teachings. A second way to derive knowledge is by observation and experiment: the scientific method. (Knowledge gained by observation was ignored or rejected by many classical religious authorities.) Knowledge is also be derived by reason and logic, and by mathematics.
Defining knowledge
People often use the term "knowledge" in different ways, without precisely defining what they mean. As such, we must first define what this article is not about:
The definition of knowledge that this article deals with is "How can we tell when our beliefs are justified, true and actionable? "Justified" means that one has some evidence supporting the belief. "True" means that this belief relates to something that is predictable, for example: "one could make plans based on a true belief, and they would not fail because of the belief". "Actionable" implies that it is useful: someone can make decisions and take actions based on it.
- Knowledge is sometimes loosely used as a synonym for "belief"; a "belief" being an internal thought or memory which exists in one's mind. For the purpose of this article, we will generally avoid discussing beliefs in general.
- All people hold beliefs about the world that may or may not constitute as real knowledge. For example, most people have the belief that the Earth is roughly spherical in shape; they also hold that this belief is justified, true and actionable; hence, this belief constitutes knowledge. However, most people also believe in some form of God or gods, but these beliefs have not been proved; they may even be unprovable. It is possible that they are false, yet people certainly have this beliefs within their minds, and may even consider them as knowledge.
- Knowledge is also not "know-how" (or expertise). Knowing how to perform some practice may be useful, but that is not what we mean here by "knowledge". Knowing how to do something is different from knowing that a proposition is true. The latter is called propositional knowledge, and ways to attain propositional knowledge is one of the major points discussed in this article.
What constitutes knowledge, certainty and truth are controversial issues. These issues are debated by philosophers, social scientists, and historians. Ludwig Wittgenstein wrote "On Certainty" - aphorisms on these concepts - exploring relationships between knowledge and certainty. A thread of his concern has become an entire field, the philosophy of action.
Inferential vs. factual knowledge
Knowledge may be factual or inferential. Factual knowledge is based on direct observation. It is still not free of uncertainty, as errors of observation or interpretation may occur, and any sense can be deceived by illusions.
Inferential knowledge is based on reasoning from facts or from other inferential knowledge such as a theory. Such knowledge may or may not be verifiable by observation or testing. For example, all knowledge of the atom is inferential knowledge. The distinction between factual knowledge and inferential knowledge has been explored by the discipline of general semantics.
Ways to obtain knowledge
All people have an ability to understand and analyze ideas, and thus to gain knowledge. However, people usually do this without thinking about the conceptual framework that allows them to do this. This framework is called an epistemology. Epistemology is the study of the origins, nature, and limits of human knowledge. All people possess undeveloped epistemologies. There are a number of different epistemological systems, discussed in the epistemology article.
One way of deriving and verifying knowledge is from tradition or from generally recognized authorities of the past, such as Aristotle. Knowledge may also be based upon the pronouncements of secular or religious authority such as the state or the church. This is known as the appeal to authority.
In Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions, there has always been a considerable tension on the issue of authority versus experience in the formation of knowledge. Early Christian philosophy contrasted revelation from God with knowledge gained by reason. St. Augustine for instance put the knowledge of classical philosophers, especially Plato, into a Christian framework. Experimental knowledge was discounted. Early Muslim philosophy, especially the Mutazilite school, medieval Jewish philosophy, and later Christian work, especially that of Thomas Aquinas, focused on Aristotle's views. These were vast controversies stretching over centuries. The (eventually dominant) Asharite school of Islamic scholars, for instance, strongly rejected most views Aristotle, while the Roman Catholic tradition generally embraced them. Such efforts to provide an ethical or spiritual basis for the foundations of knowledge continue to this day in the sociology of knowledge, Islamization of knowledge, and the many and varied strains of economics.
A logical way to gain knowledge about the physical world is through the scientific method. In this method, one starts by finding a phenomenon of interest, which generates questions. One picks a question of interest, and based on previous knowledge, develops an hypothesis. One then designs a controlled test which will allow one to test one's hypothesis against what actually occurs in the real world; predictions are made about the outcome of the test. (See scientific method for the general principles and procedures of designing, carrying, and inferring from such experiments)
Only at this point does one carry the test or experiment out; after the experiment one compares their hypothesis with the observations they revealed. If a systematic and exact correlation is found between the outcome predicted by the hypothesis and the actual outcome during the experiment, then it can be said that one has confirmed the hypothesis against the phenomenon that is investigated.
The next step is peer-review, in which one's results are distributed to others, who then review. In science, all conclusions are tentative, subject to further revision or review should new data come to light.
An hypothesis that have been shown to accurately and reliably predict and characterize some physical phenomenon, and had been sufficiently peer-reviewed and tested, may become a scientific theory.
Because of the strong establishment on real world evidence (justified), repeatability (true) and usefulness (actionable) of scientific theories. Most people regard scientific observation as the most useful and reliable source of knowledge.
Some people hold that science does not actually tell us about the physical world that they live. They hold that the world cannot be understood by science, but rather by religious revelations, mystical experience, or literary deconstructionism.
Practical limits for obtaining knowledge
What we hold to be knowledge is often derived by a combination of reason from either traditional, authoritative, or scientific sources. Many times such knowledge is not verifiable; sometimes the process of testing is prohibitively dangerous or expensive. For instance, some physics theories about the nature of the universe, such as string-theory, requite the construction of testing equipment currently beyond our technology. Since such theories are in principle subject to verification or refutation, they are scientific; since they are not proven experimentally, they are not considered certain knowledge. Rather, in such cases we have certain knowledge only of the theory, but not of what the theory describes.
The problem of justification
In philosophy, knowledge is held to be a belief that is true, actionable and justified. But how do we justify that our beliefs are true knowledge?
Justification and evidence are both epistemic features of belief. Justification and evidence are, in other words, both qualities that indicate that the belief is true. We could try out other epistemic features in the definition of knowledge, if we wanted to. Instead of "justified true belief" or "true belief with evidence," we could say that knowledge is "rational true belief" or "warranted true belief." For our purposes, the differences between these different options don't matter. The whole point is that, to be knowledge, a belief has to have some positive epistemic feature; it can't be arbitrary or random or irrational.
Philosophers have raised a number of questions with regards to these definitions, such as "What degree of justification is required for knowledge?" and "Is knowledge possible?"
What degree of justification is required for knowledge? Justification comes in degrees, from weak justification to strong justification. The better your evidence, the better justified your belief is. There is a strong sense of the word "knowledge," perhaps as used in mathematics, where you have to be either certain, or very close to certain, before you can be said to know something. The standards of knowledge there might require stronger justification than in other areas of life. Why might that be? Why would mathematicians require a higher degree of justification in order to have mathematical knowledge? Well, perhaps because it's possible to prove things in mathematics, in a way that one can't prove things about the weather or about economics or sociology. Since a higher degree of justification is possible, that higher degree of justification is made a requirement for knowledge.
The strength of the justification you need in order to have knowledge depends on the object of knowledge - i.e. the thing you are trying to know.
Another problem with defining knowledge is known as the "Gettier problem". The Gettier problem arises when we give certain kinds of counterexamples to the JTB (justified true belief) definition. A counterexample is a case where the definition applies, but the word defined doesn't; or a case where the word defined applies, but the definition doesn't. Gettier counterexamples are examples where the definition, justified, true belief applies; but one nevertheless still doesn't have knowledge, so the word "knowledge" doesn't apply in that case. So let me give one such counterexample. This sort of counterexample is due to the philosopher Edmund Gettier:
Say there's a man you know named Jones, and you find out that Jones is going to be offered a job (the boss tells you this). So you're walking around somewhere and you see Jones, who for some reason is emptying out his pockets and counting out his change. He says that he has ten coins in his pocket. So now you have two justified beliefs: that Jones is going to get the job, and that Jones has ten coins. And so you infer from these two beliefs: The person who is going to get the job has ten coins. And that's a justified belief too, right? Because you're perfectly justified in believing that Jones is getting the job and that he has ten coins. So the person who is going to get the job has ten coins. Fine.
But now suppose that you applied for the job; and contrary to what you were told, it turns out you are going to get the job, not Jones. The boss only told you that Jones was going to get the job, so that he could surprise you. So it turns out, even though you originally had a justified belief that Jones was going to get the job, he didn't get it. And that happens sometimes: sometimes things that we're well within our rights to believe turn out, surprisingly, to be false. But now just on a lark you decide to empty out your pockets and lo and behold, you count out ten coins. So! It turns out that the person who is going to get the job does have ten coins.
Now think back, to before you knew you were going to get the job. You thought Jones was going to get it. And you believed this justifiedly, even though it turned out to be wrong. And you were also justified in believing that Jones has 10 coins. What follows? The person who is going to get the job has ten coins; and so you believed this justifiedly too. But it turns out that this was true. So you had a justified, true belief that the person who is going to get the job has ten coins. But clearly you didn't know that then. You thought it was Jones who was going to get the job and you based your claim on that false, but justified assumption. Nonetheless, what you inferred from that assumption was true! So you had a justified true belief; but you didn't have knowledge. Well, Gettier and a lot of other philosophers said, that means that knowledge must be something more than justified, true belief.
Externalist responses
Gettier's article was published in 1963. Right after that, for a good decade or more, there was an enormous number of articles trying to supply the missing fourth condition of knowledge. The big project was to try to figure out the "X" in the equation, Knowledge = belief + truth + justification + X. Whenever someone proposed an answer, someone else would come up with a new counterexample to shoot down that definition.
Some of the proposed solutions involve factors external to the agent. These responses are therefore called externalism. For example, one externalist response to the Gettier problem is to say that the justified, true belief must be caused (in the right sort of way) by the relevant facts.
Skepticism
When scientists or philosophers ask "Is knowledge possible?", they mean to say "Am I ever sufficiently justified in believing something in order to have knowledge?" Adherents of Philosophical skepticism often say "no". Philosopical skepticism is the position which critically examines whether the knowledge and perceptions people have is true; adherents of this position hold that one can never obtain true knowledge, since justification is never certain. This is a different position from Scientific skepticism, which is the practical stance that one should not accept the veracity of claims until solid evidence is produced.
See also: Epistemology -- Truth -- Wisdom
External links
References
- Creath, Richard, "Induction and the Gettier Problem", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.LII, No.2, June 1992.
- Feldman, Richard, "An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counterexamples", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 52 (1974): 68-69.
- Gettier, Edmund, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis 23 (1963): 121-23.
- Goldman, Alvin I., "Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge", Journal of Philosophy, 73.20 (1976), 771-791.
- Hetherington, Stephen, "Actually Knowing", The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.48, No. 193, October 1998.
- Lehrer, Keith and Thomas D. Paxon, Jr., "Knowledge: Undefeated Justified True Belief", The Journal of Philosophy, 66.8 (1969), 225-237.
- Levi, Don S., "The Gettier Problem and the Parable of the Ten Coins", Philosophy, 70, 1995.
- Swain, Marshall, "Epistemic Defeasibility", American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.II, No.I, January 1974.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Knowledge (philosophy)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Propositional knowledge or declarative knowledge is knowledge that some proposition is either true or false. This distinguishes propositional knowledge from know-how or procedural knowledge, which is the knowledge of how to perform some task. This article discusses propositional knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including philosophy, science, and history.
What is the difference between knowledge and beliefs? A belief is an internal thought or memory which exists in one's mind. Most people accept that for a belief to be knowledge it must be, at least, true and justified. The Gettier problem in philosophy is the question of whether there are any other requirements before a belief can be accepted as knowledge.
The article Knowledge (philosophy) discusses the view of philosophers on how one can tell which beliefs constitute actual knowledge.
Acquiring knowledge
People have used many methods to try and gain knowledge.
- By reason and logic.
- By mathemathical proof
- By the scientific method.
- By the trial and error method.
- By applying an algorithm
- By learning from experience.
- By an argument from authority, which could be from religious, literary, political, philosophical or scientific authorities.
- By listening to the testimony of witnesses.
- By observing the world in its "natural state"; seeing how the world operates without performing any experiments.
- By acquiring knowledge that is embedded in one's language, culture, or traditions.
- By having a divine illumination or revelation from a divine agency.
- By some claimed form of enlightenment following a period of meditation. (For example, the Hindu enlightenment known as Bodhi.)
Types of knowledge
Knowledge can be classified into a priori knowledge, which is obtained without needing to observe the world, and a posteriori or empirical knowledge, which is only obtained after observing the world or interacting with it in some way. See a priori and a posteriori knowledge for more.
Often knowledge is gained by combining or extending other knowledge in various ways. Isaac Newton famously wrote: "If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants".
Inferential knowledge is based on reasoning from facts or from other inferential knowledge such as a theory. Such knowledge may or may not be verifiable by observation or testing. For example, all knowledge of the atom is inferential knowledge. The distinction between factual knowledge and inferential knowledge has been explored by the discipline of general semantics.
Knowledge in various disciplines
There are many different disciplines that generate beliefs that can be regarded as knowledge. They include science (which generates scientific theories), law (which generates verdicts), history (which generates history), and maths (which generates proofs).
Knowledge in science and engineering
Scientists attempt to gain knowledge through the scientific method. In this method, scientists start by finding a phenomenon of interest, which generates questions. A scientist then picks a question of interest, and based on previous knowledge, develops a hypothesis. The scientist then designs a controlled experiment which will allow her to test the hypothesis against the real world. She then makes predictions about the outcome of the test, based on the hypothesis.
At this point the scientist carries out the experiment, and compares her predictions with her observations. Assuming that there were no flaws in the experiment, then if they match, then this is evidence in favour of the hypothesis. If they do not match, then the hypothesis has been falsified. The next steps are peer review and publication, through which the results are distributed to other scientists.
A hypothesis that have been shown to accurately and reliably predict and characterize some physical phenomenon, and had been sufficiently peer-reviewed and tested, may become a scientific theory. Scientific theories are widely regarded as knowledge, though they are always subject to further revision or review should new data come to light.
To use scientific theories, they must be applied to the specific situation in hand. For example, a civil engineer might use the theory of statics (a branch of physics) to determine whether or not a bridge will hold up. This is one case where new knowledge is generated from scientific knowledge by specialising it to an individual instance.
Knowledge in history
The scientific method does not apply to history (or related disciplines, such as archeology), because it is not possible to construct experiments to test theories. Suppose a historian believes that Napoleon would have won the Battle of Waterloo if Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher had arrived an hour later. The historian cannot simply re-run the battle and see what would happen with different starting conditions.
Historians often generate different interpretations of the same event, even when reading the same primary sources, and these interpretations are always subject to revision by other historians.
Situated knowledge
Knowledge gained in one situation cannot always be relied on in another situation. Imagine two very similar breeds of mushroom, which grow on either side of a mountain, one nutritious, one poisonous. Relying on knowledge from one side of an ecological boundary, after crossing to the other, may lead to starving rather than eating perfectly healthy food near at hand, or to poisoning oneself by mistake.
Some methods of generating knowledge, such as trial and error, or learning from experience, tend to create highly situational knowledge. One of the main benefits of the scientific method is that the theories it generates are much less situational than knowledge gained by other methods.
Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions. Critics of cultural imperialism argue that the rise of a global monoculture causes a loss of local knowledge.
Issues
What constitutes knowledge, certainty and truth are controversial issues. These issues are debated by philosophers, social scientists, and historians. Ludwig Wittgenstein wrote "On Certainty" - aphorisms on these concepts - exploring relationships between knowledge and certainty. A thread of his concern has become an entire field, the philosophy of action.
There are a number of problems that arise when defining knowledge or truth, including issues with objectivity, adequacy and limits to justification. Beliefs are also very problematic not least because they are either true or false, and therefore cannot be adequately described by conventional logic. An action likewise can be taken or not, but there is the troubling idea of an "event" is, an action taken by nobody, or nobody who you can blame.
Non-scientific methods
Some people hold that science does not actually tell us about the physical world that they live. They hold that the world cannot be understood by science, but rather by religious revelations, mystical experience, or literary deconstructionism.
Practical limits for obtaining knowledge
What we hold to be knowledge is often derived by a combination of reason from either traditional, authoritative, or scientific sources. Many times such knowledge is not verifiable; sometimes the process of testing is prohibitively dangerous or expensive. For instance, some physics theories about the nature of the universe, such as string-theory, requite the construction of testing equipment currently beyond our technology. Since such theories are in principle subject to verification or refutation, they are scientific; since they are not proven experimentally, they are not considered certain knowledge. Rather, in such cases we have certain knowledge only of the theory, but not of what the theory describes.
"Of the three ways in which men think that they acquire knowledge of things - authority, reasoning, and experience - only the last is effective and able to bring peace to the intellect." (Roger Bacon, English alchemist and philosopher)
See also: Epistemology -- Truth -- Wisdom -- Understanding
Semi-related topics: Data -- Information -- Knowledge creation -- Knowledge Management -- Knowledge transfer -- Instructional capital -- Tacit knowledge
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Propositional knowledge."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| KNOOM | English | KNowledge Orientated Office Model | Computer - Computer - (neural nets) |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: KnowledgeSynonyms: cognition (n), noesis (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Information | Noun: information, enlightenment, acquaintance, knowledge; publicity; data. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Did he dazzle you with his extensive knowledge of mineral water (Reality Bites; writing credit: Ben Stiller, written by Helen Childress.) Ladies and gentlemen, the self knowledge of Zsa Zsa Gabor (Peter's Friends; writing credit: Martin Bergmann and Rita Rudner.) Dr. Evil, wouldn't it be easier to use your knowledge of the future to play the stock market (Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me; writing credit: Mike Myers) You wanna get into their heads and part wisdom, knowledge, and truth (Go Fish; writing credit: Adam Herz) An elementary knowledge of the Railway Acts would tell you that I'm perfectly within my rights (A Hard Day's Night; writing credit: Alun Owen) | |
Lyrics | Knowledge is a deadly friend (EPITAPH; performing artist: King Crimson) The things that pass for knowledge (Reelin' in the Years; performing artist: Steely Dan) I have only come here seeking knowledge (Wrapped Around Your Finger; performing artist: The Police) The knowledge that you're going mad for me (It's Bad For Me; performing artist: The Roches) Love, knowledge, discipline too (Just the Two of Us; performing artist: Will Smith) | |
Clever | Between us, we cover all knowledge; he knows all that can be known and I know the rest. (references; author: Mark Twain) The sum of human knowledge is not contained in any one language. (references; author: unknown) A person without knowledge of his history is like a tree without roots. (references; author: unknown) Most of our suspicions of others are aroused by our knowledge of ourselves. (references; author: unknown) Knowledge is that which is acquired by learning. Wisdom is knowing what to do with it. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Carnal Knowledge (1971) Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge (1949) Knicknacks of Knowledge (1925) The Tree of Knowledge (1920) Carnival Knowledge (2002) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Poster shows an artistically rendered profile of woman with right arm holding up a sword with slogans: "Fight Cancer With Knowledge," "Enlist In The Women's Field Army," "American Society For The Control Of Cancer.". Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Shows poster with artistically rendered profile of armored hand holding a feather quill pen with slogans: "Fight Cancer With Knowledge," "Enlist In The Women's Field Army," "American Society For The Control Of Cancer". Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Preparing Maryland Blue Crabs for the dinner table. Passing on the knowledge of the Chesapeake Bay from generation to generation. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Emptying a crab pot. Passing on knowledge of the bay from generation to generation. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | End page of Edward Forbes' paper in which he challenges the scientific community to seek new knowledge of the sea and lays the groundwork for government support of oceanography. In: The Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the year 1843. NOAA Central Library Journal collection. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | The Agricultural Research Service is committed to improving human nutritional status through research. Primary goals are to expand knowledge of the nutrients found in foods, their functions and interactions, and their biological availability, and to precisely define the nutrient needs of people of all ages. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Keith Weller.. |
 | A basis of practical knowledge underlies the spiritual healer's rulings ... / WHO p. Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Dauth.. |  | Knowledge. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | A little knowledge, or the inconvenience of a too early education. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Mr. James K. Hackett in The tree of knowledge by R.C. Carton. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Times for knowledge" by vares Commentary: "It is all about the tone of studying." | "Red-eared slider" by Bobbie Osborne Commentary: "Trachemys scripta elegans Sliders, especially the red-eared, have been heavily collected for the pet trade and are sold by the millions in pet shops across the world. Because of unsanitary conditions and a lack of knowledge on turtle care, few survive fo" |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Alfred | Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers, . |
Aristotle | All men naturally desire knowledge. |
Baltasar Gracian | True knowledge lies in knowing how to live. |
Francis Bacon | Knowledge and human power are synonymous. |
Herbert Spencer | Science is organized knowledge. |
Kahlil Gibran | Perplexity is the beginning of knowledge. |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | Knowledge exists to be imparted. |
| Knowledge is knowing that we cannot know. | |
Samuel Johnson | Knowledge is more than equivalent to force. |
Thucydides | Ignorance is bold and knowledge reserved. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | First, then, Paternal or parental power is nothing but that which parents have over their children, to govern them for the children's good, till they come to the use of reason, or a state of knowledge, wherein they may be supposed capable to understand that rule, whether it be the law of nature, or the municipal law of their country, they are to govern themselves by: capable, I say, to know it, as well as several others, who live as freemen under that law. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition within the domain of knowledge. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | With a view to the rapid settlement of claims, due regard shall be paid in the appointment of all persons connected with the Clearing Offices or with the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal to their knowledge of the language of the other country concerned. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | No one in any country has slept less well in their beds because this knowledge and the method and the raw materials to apply it, are at present largely retained in American hands. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | Segregation with the sanction of law, therefore, has a tendency to [retard] the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial[ly] integrated school system." Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | Manners were all that could be safely judged of, under a much longer knowledge than they had yet had of Mr. Churchill |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | I knew it too, but could never quite find in my heart to act upon the knowledge. |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | He felt that to increase his knowledge was to strengthen his hatred |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | The chaos in which his ardour extinguished itself was a cold indifferent knowledge of himself |
The Importance of Being Earnest | Oscar Wilde | Relations are simply a tedious pack of people who haven't got the remotest knowledge of how to live, nor the smallest instinct about when to die. |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | I never did her any to my knowledge. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | And the men are proud, for of their knowledge they can make the year heavy |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | By all which acquirements, I should be a living treasury of knowledge and wisdom, and certainly become the oracle of the nation |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | The former was a sort of cyclopaedia to him, which he supposed to contain an abstract of human knowledge, as indeed it does to a considerable extent |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | These research tools will evolve as new knowledge is gained. (references) | |
Unclear knowledge of acquisition of MAC from the environment. (references) | ||
Surgeon General, once said, "The best prescription is knowledge." (references) | ||
Business | Well, put very simply, the answer is local knowledge. (references) | |
Companies generally have a good knowledge of U.S. products. (references) | ||
Advertising in local newspapers also would expand product knowledge with local customers. (references) | ||
Children | Gambia | Any person who has carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 16 is guilty of a felony (except in the case of marriage, which can be as early as 12 years of age). (references) |
Civil Liberties | Iran | Applicants for public sector employment similarly are screened for their knowledge of Islam. (references) |
Norway | In 1995 the Parliament introduced the subject "Religious Knowledge and Education in Ethics" into the national school system. (references) | |
Economic History | Eritrea | To our knowledge, no investors have been charged with corruption. (references) |
India | The manufacturer provides initial training on product knowledge and use. (references) | |
Hungary | They typically have strong local market knowledge and the financial support of the European Union. (references) | |
Human Rights | Macedonia | Former NLA leaders denied knowledge of the whereabouts of the 12 ethnic Macedonians who disappeared from their villages around Tetovo. (references) |
Iraq | The Government denies having any knowledge of the others and claims that any relevant records were lost in the aftermath of the Gulf War. (references) | |
India | The militants are believed to have been abducted, extrajudicially executed, and cremated without the knowledge or consent of their families. (references) | |
Minorities | Brazil | It also demonstrates a lack of knowledge of the existing antiracism statutes on the part of lawmakers, public attorneys, judges, and lawyers. (references) |
Estonia | The Citizenship Law provides that the residency requirement for naturalization is 5 years and requires knowledge of the Constitution and the Citizenship Law, as well as Estonian language capability. (references) | |
Estonia | The law allows the Government to waive the language and civic knowledge requirements for applicants who have Estonian-language elementary or higher education, or who have performed valuable service to Estonia. (references) | |
Political Economy | MEXICO | As many as 90 percent of contracts registered are signed without the knowledge or approval of the workers. (references) |
POLAND | Nevertheless, the cumbersome judicial system and the general lack of knowledge about IPR remain impediments. (references) | |
FINLAND | This standard does not apply to company specialists, who must prove that they possess knowledge at an advanced level of expertise or are otherwise privy to proprietary company business information. (references) | |
Trade | Bahrain | The bonds are flat fees rather than a percentage of the total bid because knowledge about the amount of the bid-bond deposits may alert competitors to each other's bid price. (references) |
Thailand | The World Bank began lending to Thailand in 1950, a year after the country became a member in 1949 . In subsequent years through June 1999, Thailand requested and received approximately US$8.0 billion in loan and credit assistance for over 130 operations . Bank support has taken many forms, including intense policy dialogue, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing . Currently the Bank is engaged in 16 operations in the rural development, energy, education, transport, social, and economic/financial sectors, with a total commitment of US$ 1.9 billion. (references) | |
Travel | Russia | To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this report is accurate as of the date published. (references) |
Women | Ghana | In some cases in which FGM is performed, the victims actively seek out practitioners, sometimes without their parents' knowledge, in a quest to become ready for marriage. (references) |
Botswana | Women's groups acknowledged an improvement in the treatment of alleged victims by police officials during rape investigations; however, they noted that police still lack basic investigative knowledge of rape cases. (references) | |
Zimbabwe | Several active women's rights groups, including Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF), the Musasa Project, the Zimbabwe Women Lawyers' Association, the Women's Action Group, and the Zimbabwe Women's Resource Center and Network concentrate on improving women's knowledge of their legal rights, increasing their economic power, and combating domestic violence. (references) | |
Worker Rights | China | Most of those who attend regional high schools continue to receive some of their education in Tibetan, but knowledge of Chinese is essential as most classes are in Chinese. (references) |
Japan | Activist groups claim that employers exploited or discriminated against foreign workers, who often have little or no knowledge of the Japanese language or their legal rights. (references) | |
Palau | These incidents of alleged mistreatment are common knowledge among the general public but rarely are reported to law enforcement authorities by the foreign workers due to fear of their employers. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FAITH, n. Belief without evidence in what is told by one who speaks without knowledge, of things without parallel. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Bill Clinton | Not to my knowledge. She's got a steady boyfriend and he's a really fine young man. I like him very much. |
Erin Runnion | May save some lives, that's what I'm saying. That it has to save lives. That's the only reason that this could happen. That the previous victims get to sleep better at night because he's gone. And just the knowledge that nobody else will be hurt by him. |
Jeffrey Koplan | Well, it shows what a word and a disease that was very obscure to all of us just a couple weeks ago, has now become common in our discussions, and even in children's knowledge. |
John Walsh | You have watched the tape, the bin Laden tape, pretty disgusting. I mean it is an indictment of his knowledge. Certainly the guys who went to the flight schools, who knew how to fly the planes, knew what they were going to do. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | His name may be still a rampart, and the knowledge that he lives a bulwark, against all open or secret enemies of his country's peace. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | In a political point of view this Department is chiefly important as affording the means of diffusing knowledge. |
Herbert C. Hoover | 1929-1933 | I assume this trust in the humility of knowledge that only through the guidance of Almighty Providence can I hope to discharge its ever-increasing burdens. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | But if they are, then I say that our strength and our knowledge and our understanding will be equal to those tasks. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | Across all continents, nearly a billion people seek, sometimes almost in desperation, for the skills and knowledge and assistance by which they may satisfy from their own resources, the material wants common to all mankind. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | Many of you share the burden of this knowledge tonight with me. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Opportunities and jobs will multiply as we cross new thresholds of knowledge and reach deeper into the unknown. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Their education must provide the knowledge and nurture the creativity that will allow our entire nation to thrive in the new economy. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Knowledge gained from bioterrorism research will improve public health. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Knowledge" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.99% of the time. "Knowledge" is used about 14,573 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.99% | 14,571 | 636 |
| Total | 100.00% | 14,573 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "knowledge". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Abidah | N/A | Biblical | Father of knowledge |
| Darda | N/A | Biblical | Home of knowledge |
| Deuel | N/A | Biblical | The knowledge of God |
| Dibon | N/A | Biblical | Abundance of knowledge |
| Eldaah | N/A | Biblical | Knowledge of God |
| Eliada | N/A | Biblical | Knowledge of God |
| Jediael | N/A | Biblical | Knowledge |
| Jediel | N/A | Biblical | The knowledge |
| Jehoiada | N/A | Biblical | Knowledge of the Lord |
| Mecherath | N/A | Biblical | Knowledge |
| Shemida | N/A | Biblical | That puts knowledge |
| Shemida | N/A | Biblical | Name of knowledge |
| Tidal | N/A | Biblical | Knowledge of elevation |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Japan | IX Knowledge Incorpoated | United Kingdom | Knowledge Management Software Plc |
| USA | Primus Knowledge Solutions Incorporated | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "knowledge": A Methodology for the Development of Knowledge Based Systems ♦ acquire knowledge ♦ ad to one's knowledge ♦ Advanced Data and Knowledge Management Systems ♦ Advanced Knowledge Base Management System ♦ Architecture for Interactive Problem Solving by Cooperating Data and Knowledge Bases ♦ assimilate knowledge ♦ background knowledge ♦ basic knowledge ♦ book knowledge ♦ book of knowledge ♦ branch of knowledge ♦ bring to one's knowledge ♦ carnal knowledge ♦ cognizance knowledge ♦ collect knowledge ♦ come to one's knowledge ♦ common knowledge ♦ convey the knowledge of ♦ cooperating knowledge sources ♦ drink in knowledge ♦ eager for knowledge ♦ economic knowledge ♦ elementary knowledge ♦ empirical knowledge ♦ exploitation of knowledge of confidential information ♦ gain knowledge ♦ gain one's knowledge ♦ gather knowledge ♦ general knowledge ♦ get a smattering of knowledge ♦ get knowledge ♦ glean knowledge ♦ great stores of knowledge ♦ have knowledge ♦ have knowledge of ♦ have knowledge of a thing ♦ have no knowledge ♦ High densities mass storage memories for knowledge and information storage ♦ highly constrained knowledge based system ♦ imbibe knowledge ♦ imparting knowledge ♦ it came to my knowledge ♦ it is common knowledge that ♦ knowledge acquisition module ♦ knowledge Analysis and Design System ♦ Knowledge And Modalities Planner ♦ knowledge base ♦ knowledge base editor ♦ knowledge domain ♦ knowledge elicitation ♦ knowledge engineering ♦ Knowledge Engineering Environment ♦ knowledge information processing system ♦ Knowledge INtensive Generator ♦ knowledge is power ♦ knowledge level ♦ knowledge Management System ♦ knowledge of ♦ knowledge of a trade ♦ knowledge of computer ♦ knowledge of english ♦ knowledge of life ♦ knowledge of man ♦ Knowledge of Results (Psychology) ♦ knowledge of ship power plants ♦ knowledge of the law ♦ knowledge of wares ♦ knowledge Query and Manipulation Language ♦ knowledge representation ♦ knowledge Sharing Effort ♦ knowledge Systems Laboratory ♦ knowledge worker ♦ lack of knowledge ♦ make a display of one's knowledge ♦ metalevel knowledge ♦ micro Interpreter for Knowledge Engineering ♦ minimum knowledge for certification of masters and chief mates ♦ minimum knowledge for certification of officers in charge of a navigational watch and of masters ♦ obtain knowledge ♦ pick up knowledge ♦ practical knowledge ♦ previous knowledge ♦ professional knowledge ♦ public knowledge ♦ reading knowledge ♦ real world knowledge ♦ receive knowledge ♦ Royal Society of London for Improving Natual Knowledge ♦ scientific knowledge ♦ scrappy knowledge ♦ slight knowledge ♦ special knowledge ♦ specialized knowledge ♦ standard of knowledge ♦ store of knowledge ♦ superficial knowledge ♦ take in knowledge ♦ technical knowledge ♦ the best of my knowledge ♦ the present range of knowledge. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "knowledge": knowledge-affair, knowledge-as-a-good-in-itself, knowledge-as-curriculum, knowledge-as-practice, knowledge-as-research, knowledge-base, knowledge-base, Knowledge-based, knowledge-based, knowledge-based system, knowledge-bases, knowledge-bearing, knowledge-claims, knowledge-constitutive, knowledge-driven, knowledge-filled, knowledge-flows, knowledge-for-its-own-sake, knowledge-gathering, knowledge-getting, knowledge-holders, knowledge-how, knowledge-intensive, knowledge-level, knowledge-minus, knowledge-of, knowledge-plus, knowledge-power, knowledge-referenced, knowledge-seeking, knowledge-sharing, knowledge-specific, knowledge-texts, knowledge-that, knowledge-with-doubt, knowledge-without-experience. | |
Ending with "knowledge": pre-knowledge. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "knowledge"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | kennis (acquaintance), bekendheid (acquaintance, conversance, familiarity). (various references) | |
Albanian | njohuri (cognition, know how, knowing, light, lore), njohje (acknowledgement, acquaintance, cognition, conversance, introduction, presentation, recognition), njoftim (advertisement, announcement, annunciation, banns, blurb, cry, data, despatch, dispatch, information, message, news, note, notice, notification, placard, proclamation, report, service, tidings, tip off), dituri (erudition, knowing, learning, scholarship), dijeni. (various references) | |
Arabic | معلومات (information), علم (science), معرفة (acquaintance, awareness, cognition, cognizance, conversance, education, erudition, familiarity, information, knowing, learning, lore, scholarship), مجموع المعارف الإنسانية, مدى إضطلاع, علم (adudicate, advertise, advertize, advise, apprise, apprize, banner, bar, bunting, coach, cognizance, cognize, drill, educate, flag, indoctrinate, inform, instruct, know, learning, let know, locate, mark, mark out, notify, post, profess, read, scholarship, school, science, standard, teach, tell, tick), إدراك (appreciation, apprehension, cognizance, comprehension, conception, grasp, intelligence, maturity, puberty, pubescence, realization, reason, recognition, responsiveness, savvy, science, sense, senses, sensibilities, sensibility, smart, understanding). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | съобщение (advertisement, communication, intimation, message, notice, notification, report, transmission, word), опознаване (acquaintance, familiarization), новина (intelligence, item, news, piece of news), наука (learning, lore, science, studies, study), знания (acquaintance, acquirements, attainments, familiarity, information, lore), знание (cognition, cognizance, familiarity, information, knowing, notion, privity, wisdom), ерудиция (erudition, learning, lore, reading, scholarship), познания (acquaintance, experience, experiences, learning, science), познание (cognition). (various references) | |
Chinese | 諝 (deceit), 識 (to know, to record, write a footnote), 見聞 (information, what one sees and hears), 知識 (intellectual, knowledge-related), 知识, 智慧 (wisdom), 智 (wisdom), 學問 (learning). (various references) | |
Czech | znalost (acquaintance, command, information, know how), vìdomosti (attainments), vìdomí (consciousness, sense), vìdìní, poznání (cognition, cognizance, realization, recognition), povìdomí (awareness). (various references) | |
Danish | kundskab (acquaintance). (various references) | |
Dutch | kennis (acquaintance), kunde (acquaintance), bekendheid (acquaintance, conversance, familiarity). (various references) | |
Esperanto | kono, scio. (various references) | |
Farsi | معرفت (Cognition, Cognizance, Letter, Wisdom), وقوف , علم (Banner, Ensign, Flag, Science), اگاهی (Acquaintance, Advice, Cognizance, Dope, Idea, Immediacy, Inkling, Intelligence, Perception), داناءی (Sagacity, Wisdom), دانش (Letter, Scholarship, Science, Wisdom, Witting). (various references) | |
Finnish | tieto (information, intelligence, notice), tietämys. (various references) | |
French | connaissance (knowing). (various references) | |
German | Wissen (aware, know, know how, known, realize, remember, tell, to aware, to know, veda), Kenntnis (acknowledged, acquaintance, literacy, note), Kenntnisse (acquaintance, attainments, awarenesses, understanding). (various references) | |
Greek | γνώση (awareness, cognisance, cognition, cognizance, learning, sense). (various references) | |
Hebrew | ידע (expertise, know, know how). (various references) | |
Hungarian | tudás (acquaintance, attainments, learning, science, smattering), ismeret (cognition, idea, learning, store of learning), tudomás (awareness, cognizance, notice, privity). (various references) | |
Indonesian | pengetahuan (erudition, knowing, learning), ilmu pengetahuan (science). (various references) | |
Irish | fios. (various references) | |
Italian | conoscenza (acquaintance, acquaintanceship, aquaintance, consciousness, contact, Ken, privity), nozione (idea, notion, term, understanded). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 知識 (information), 知識 (information), 知見 (diagnosis, opinion), 知得 (comprehension), 人知 (human intellect), 人智 (human intellect), ノイマン型 (christmas, fungo, Hague, heart, Hercules, hook, knob, knock, knockdown, knocker, knocking, knock-on, knockout, knot, know, know-how, nautical mile per hour, Neumann-type, neuron, neurosis, no, noctovision, nocturne, nominal, nominal price, nominate, nomination, nomogram, nomograph, non career, non cling, non store retailing, non troppo, non-attachment disease, nonbank banking, nonbook, nonchalant, non-conforming design, nonfiction, nonius, nonpolitical, non-professional, nonrun, non-sectarian, nonsense, nonslip, nonstop, non-terminal, nontitle match, non-verbal, non-verbal communication, Noraism, Nordic, Norma, Normandy, Norway, nostalgia, nostalgic, nostalgie, notation, notch, notchback, notch-filter, nova, Nova Scotia, novel, novelty, nozzle, number, swastika, unaffiliated, vernier calipers, vernier micrometer), ナパーム弾 (big-headed, caller ID, closest to pin, egotist, knee, knee-high socks, knee-length, knowledge engineering, licence plate, NAFTA, Namibia, Nanking, Napa Valley, napalm bomb, naphtha, Naphthalin, napkin, Naples, napoleon, napolitain, narcism, Narcisse, narcissism, narcissist, narcist, narodniki, narration, narrator, narrow silhouette, narrow-band, narrowcasting, National Leaque, navigator, Navstar, near pin, near-miss, neat, need, needle, needs, Nicaragua, nice, Nichrome, Nielsen, niobium, nonsense, nonsense comedy, nourish, nourishing cream, nourishment, number, number display, number eight, number one, number plate, numbering, numbering machine, nymphe, stuck-up person), 智識 , 心得 (information), 学力 (literary ability, scholarship), 学殖 (learning, scholarship), 学 (erudition, learning, scholarship). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | がくしょく (learning, scholarship), がくりょく (literary ability, scholarship), がく (amount or sum, erudition, learning, picture, scholarship), ノリッジ , ノレッジ , ナレッジ , こころえ (information), じんち (benevolence and wisdom, encampment, human intellect, position), ちしき (information), ちけん (clinical trial, diagnosis, district Public Prosecutor's Office, opinion), ちとく (comprehension, knowledge and virtue). (various references) | |
Korean | 지견. (various references) | |
Malay | pengetahuan. (various references) | |
Manx | ynsagh (doctrine, education, learning, lore, study, teaching, tuition), tushtey (judgement), oayllys (awareness, dope, guidance, information, know-how, lore), fys (advice, cognition, cognizance, information, intelligence, intimation, notice, notification, science, sixth sense), enney (acquaintance, acquaintanceship, awareness, cognition, consciousness, identity, recognition), enn (acquaintance, recognition). (various references) | |
Norwegian | kunnskap, kjennskap. (various references) | |
Papiamen | konosementu (acquaintance), konosemento (acquaintance). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | owledgeknay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | conhecimento (acquaintance, attainment, awareness, background, cognition, cognizance, command, conscious, consciousness, conversance, familiarity, friend, idea, information, insight, instruction, intelligence, know, knowing, learning, light, lore, manifest, perception, privity, scholarship, science). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | conhecimento. (various references) | |
Romanian | informaţie (communication, datum, dope, griffin, intelligence, learning, piece of information, reference), familiaritate (affability, conversance, familiarity, freedom, liberties, unceremoniousness), erudiţie (erudition, great stores of knowledge, scholarship), cunoştinţe (acquaintance, acquirement, information, learning, lore, science, the furniture of one's mind), cunoaştere (acquaintance, cognition, knowing, mastery), ştiinţã (erudition, knowing, learning, lore, science). (various references) | |
Russian | знание (adeptness, cognition, cognizance, knowing, lore). (various references) | |
Scottish | fios (acquaintance, information, message, notice), eòlas (acquaintance, acquaintanceship), aithne (acquaintance, acquaintance : is aithne dhomh, I). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | znanje (attainment, ken, know how, lore, prudence), saznanje (cognition), nauka (letters, prudence, science). (various references) | |
Spanish | conocimiento (acquaintance, acquaintanceship, awareness, cognizance, consciousness, conversance, conviction, enquiry, expedition, fame, familiarity, glory, knowing, light, privity, shipping bill). (various references) | |
Swedish | kunskap (acquaintance, lore, science), kännedom (acquaintance, attention, awareness, cognizance, understanding), vetande (learning, lore), insikt (insight, realization, understanding). (various references) | |
Turkish | tecrübe (experience, experimentation, tentative), malumat (data, datum, information), irfan (lore, wisdom), haber (announcement, communication, datum, Gen, Griff, griffin, info, information, item, message, news, report, tidings, word), bilim (learning, scholarship, science), bilgi (acquaintance, cognizance, conveyance, data, dope, Gen, gleanings, Griff, griffin, info, information, inside dope, instructions, intelligence, know how, learning, line, lore, notice, report, savvy, word), bílgí (acquaintance), anlama (appreciation, apprehension, comprehension, drift, fathom, grasp, grip, insight, intelligence, prehension, realization, sense, understanding, uptake). (various references) | |
Turkmen | ylym (science), bilim (education), aс-bilim. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | розуміння (apprehension, conception, consciousness, insight, knowing, taste, understanding, uptake), знання (acquirements, art, attainments, cognition, cognizance, experiences, knowing), поінформованість (enlightenment). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | kiến thức, tri thức (attainment), tin tức (word), sự nhận ra sự quen biết sự hiểu biết, sự biết sự nhận biết, học thức tin. (various references) | |
Welsh | gwybodaeth, gwybod (know, know how, studies), cymhendod (affectation, eloquence, proficiency, tidiness), adnabyddiaeth (acquaintance). (various references) | |
Wolof | xamel. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | taltal, umun. (various references) |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | episteme. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | agnitio, cognitio, cognitione, cognitionem, conscientia, conscientiae, conscientiam, conscientiis, gnaritas, notitia, scientia, scientiae, scientiam, scientiarum. (various references) |
| Sanskrit | 300 BCE-Modern | veda. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | cistâ, dãstvãm, vaêdhîm, vaêdha, vaêthâ. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | ongytenes. (various references) |
| Old French | 900-1400 | conissance. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Proverbs Chapter 19, Verse 25 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Loimou mastigoumenou afrwn panourgoteroV ginetai ean de elegchV andra fronimon nohsei aisqhsin |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Pestilente flagellato stultus sapientior erit sin autem corripueris sapientem intelleget disciplinam |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | The `man ful of pestilence scourgid, a fool the wisere shal ben. If forsothe thou chastise the wise man, he shal vnderstonde discipline. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Smite a scorner, and the simple will beware: and reprove one that hath understanding, and he will understand knowledge. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Smite a scorner and the simple will beware: and reprove one that hath understanding, and he will understand knowledge. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | When blows overtake the man of pride, the simple will get sense; say sharp words to the wise, and knowledge will be made clear to him. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Proverbs Chapter 19, Verse 25 |
| Cebuano | ¶ Bunali ang usa ka mayubiton, ug ang walay-pagtagad makakat-on ug pagkabuotan; Ug badlonga ang usa nga may salabutan, ug siya makasabut sa kahibalo. |
| Croatian | Udari podsmjehivaèa, i lud se opameti; ukori razumnog, i shvatit æe znanje. |
| Danish | Får Spottere Hug, bliver tankeløs klog, ved Revselse får den forstandige Kundskab. |
| Dutch | Sla den spotter, zo zal de slechte kloekzinnig worden; en bestraf den verstandige, hij zal wetenschap begrijpen. |
| Finnish | Lyö pilkkaajaa, niin yksinkertainen saa mieltä, ja jos ymmärtäväistä nuhdellaan, niin hän käsittää tiedon. |
| French | Frappe le moqueur, et le sot deviendra sage; Reprends l`homme intelligent, et il comprendra la science. |
| German | Schlägt man den Spötter, so wird der Unverständige klug; straft man einen Verständigen, so wird er vernünftig. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Kalau orang sombong dihukum, orang yang tak berpengalaman mendapat pelajaran. Kalau orang berbudi ditegur ia akan bertambah bijaksana. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Jikalau dipalu akan orang pengolok-olok maka orang bodoh akan bijak kelak, jikalau ditegur akan orang yang berakal, maka dinyatakannya pengetahuan kelak. |
| Italian | Percuoti il beffardo e l'ingenuo diventerà accorto, rimprovera l'intelligente e imparerà la lezione. |
| Maori | ¶ Pakia te tangata whakahi, a ka tupato nga kuware: akona hoki te tangata mahara, a ka mohio ia ki te matauranga. |
| Norwegian | Slå spotteren, så vil den uforstandige bli klok; vis den forstandige til rette, så vil han komme til innsikt og kunnskap. |
| Portuguese | Fere ao escarnecedor, e o simples aprenderá a prudência; repreende ao que tem entendimento, e ele crescerá na ciencia. |
| Rumanian | Lovewte pe batjocoritor, wi prostul se va face knyelept; mustrq... pe omul priceput, wi va knyelege wtiinya. - |
| Spanish | Golpea al burlador, y el ingenuo se hará sagaz; amonesta al entendido, y captará conocimiento. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "knowledge": knowledgeabilities, knowledgeability, knowledgeable, knowledgeableness, knowledgeablenesses, knowledgeably, knowledges. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "knowledge": acknowledge, foreknowledge, misknowledge. (additional references) | |
Words containing "knowledge": acknowledged, acknowledgedly, acknowledgement, acknowledgements, acknowledges, foreknowledges, misknowledges, unacknowledged, unknowledgeable. (additional references) | |
| |
"Knowledge" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aknowledge, knoledge, knowladge, knowledg, knowledges, knowledgr, knowlegd, knowlegde, knowlege, knowleged, knowlidge, knownledge, knwoledge, kowledge, nowledge. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "knowledge" (pronounced nÄ"luj) |
| 3 | -l u j | assemblage, cartilage, mileage, privilege, spoilage. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-e-g-k-l-n-o-w" | |
-1 letter: weeklong. | |
-3 letters: dongle, glowed, golden, gowned, legend, longed, wedeln. | |
-4 letters: donee, dowel, endow, geode, glede, gleed, gleek, kedge, kendo, klong, kneed, kneel, ledge, leone, loden, lodge, longe, lowed, newel, ngwee, ogled, olden, owned, wedel, wedge, wodge, woken. | |
-5 letters: deke, dele, dene, doge, dole, done, dong, down, edge, eked, enol, enow, geed, geek, geld, gene. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-e-g-k-l-n-o-w" | |
+1 letter: knowledges. | |
+2 letters: acknowledge. | |
+3 letters: acknowledged, acknowledges, misknowledge. | |
+4 letters: foreknowledge, knowledgeable, knowledgeably, misknowledges. | |
+5 letters: acknowledgedly, acknowledgment, foreknowledges, unacknowledged. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Derived from | 17. Names: Company Usage 18. Expressions 19. Expressions: Internet 20. Translations: Modern | 21. Translations: Ancient 22. Bible Trace 23. Abbreviations 24. Acronyms | 25. Derivations 26. Rhymes 27. Anagrams 28. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
