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Definition: Justification |
JustificationNoun1. Something (such as a fact or circumstance) that shows an action to be reasonable or necessary: "he considered misrule a justification for revolution". 2. A statement in explanation of some action or belief. 3. The act of justifying: "the justification of barbarous means by holy ends"- H.J.Muller. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "justification" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references) |
Etymology: Justification \Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion\, noun. [Latin expression justificatio: compare to the French expression justification. See Justify.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Publishing & Graphic Arts | Tipographical characters. Source: European Union. (references) |
Bible | Justification a forensic term, opposed to condemnation. As regards its nature, it is the judicial act of God, by which he pardons all the sins of those who believe in Christ, and accounts, accepts, and treats them as righteous in the eye of the law, i.e., as conformed to all its demands. In addition to the pardon (q.v.) of sin, justification declares that all the claims of the law are satisfied in respect of the justified. It is the act of a judge and not of a sovereign. The law is not relaxed or set aside, but is declared to be fulfilled in the strictest sense; and so the person justified is declared to be entitled to all the advantages and rewards arising from perfect obedience to the law (Rom. 5:1-10). It proceeds on the imputing or crediting to the believer by God himself of the perfect righteousness, active and passive, of his Representative and Surety, Jesus Christ (Rom. 10:3-9). Justification is not the forgiveness of a man without righteousness, but a declaration that he possesses a righteousness which perfectly and for ever satisfies the law, namely, Christ's righteousness (2 Cor. 5:21; Rom. 4:6-8). The sole condition on which this righteousness is imputed or credited to the believer is faith in or on the Lord Jesus Christ. Faith is called a "condition," not because it possesses any merit, but only because it is the instrument, the only instrument by which the soul appropriates or apprehends Christ and his righteousness (Rom. 1:17; 3:25, 26; 4:20, 22; Phil. 3:8-11; Gal. 2:16). The act of faith which thus secures our justification secures also at the same time our sanctification (q.v.); and thus the doctrine of justification by faith does not lead to licentiousness (Rom. 6:2-7). Good works, while not the ground, are the certain consequence of justification (6:14; 7:6). (See GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO.). Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Computing | Alignment of text against a right or left margin. Source: European Union. (references) |
Law | A document or material object produced and identified in court or before an examiner for use as evidence. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge and truth, encompassing the study of the origin, nature, and limits of human knowledge.
People approach epistemology in various ways; the following categories originally reflected divisions among schools of philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but may prove useful in categorizing certain approximate trends throughout the history of epistemology:
People in all schools of thought agree that people have the capacity to think of questions that no possible appeal to experience could answer. For instance: Is there an end to time? Is there a God? Is the God of the philosophers the same as the Biblical God? Is there a reality beyond that which we can sense? Such questions are termed transcendental, as they seem to go beyond the limits of rational inquiry. In the 20th century logical positivists have declared such questions to be totally devoid of cognitive significance. Others disagree, and hold that only some metaphysical claims are devoid of cognitive significance, and that others may not be.
- (1) Rationalists believe there are innate ideas that are not found in experience. These ideas exist independently of any experience people may have. These ideas may in some way derive from the structure of the human mind, or they may exist independently of the mind. If they exist independently, they may be understood by a human mind once it reaches a necessary degree of sophistication.
- (2) Empiricists (see: scientific method, philosophy of science naive empiricism) deny that there are concepts that exist prior to experience. For them, all knowledge is a product of human learning, based on human perception. Perception, however, may cause concern, since illusions, misunderstandings, and hallucinations prove that perception does not always depict the world as it really is.
- Some say the existence of mathematical theorems poses a problem for empiricists. Mathematical truths certainly do not depend on experience, and they can be known prior to experience. Some empiricists reply that all mathematical theorems are empty of cognitive content, as they only express the relationship of concepts to one another. Rationalists would hold that such relationships are indeed a form of cognitive content.
- (3) The German philosopher Immanuel Kant is widely understood as having worked out a synthesis between these views. In Kant's view people certainly do have knowledge that is prior to experience, which is not devoid of cognitive significance. For example, the principle of causality. He held that there are a priori synthetic concepts.
No consensus exists as to which epistemology will prove the most productive in allowing human beings to have the most accurate understanding of the world. All people use an epistemology, even if unconsciously. Thinking beings cannot understand and analyze ideas without first having a system to accept and analyze information in the first place, which we all do. All people - even children - possess rudimentary and undeveloped epistemologies. However, those who study some philosophy and logic can begin to recognize how their own epistemologies work, and such people can choose to change their epistemology.
An analysis of this topic would be dependent on the system one used to begin with. One might wonder: What do I have to do, to be sure that I do have the truth? How can I be sure that my beliefs are true? Is there some sort of guarantee available to me -- some sort of criterion I might use, in order to decide, as rationally and as carefully as I possibly could, that indeed what I believe is actually true?
Suppose someone thought that his or her belief had been arrived at rationally. Using logic, one might base his or her belief on observation and experiment, conscientiously answer objections, and so forth. Accordingly, one would conclude that his or belief is rational. If so, then one's belief has at least some claim to be true. Rationality provides an indicator of truth: if your belief is rational, then it is at least probably true. At the very least, the rationality of a belief gives reason to think the belief is true.
There are a number of features of beliefs, such as rationality, justification, and probability, that are indicators of truth. Accordingly, a feature of belief is an epistemic feature if it is at least some indication that the belief is true.
Many beliefs have lots of positive epistemic features; many beliefs are quite rational, quite justified, very probably true, highly warranted, and so on. However, most people, at least in some moments, do not want to rest content with just being rational because even a rational belief can be false. To wit, one can be very conscious, careful, and logical in forming a belief, and so be rational in holding the belief; but it still might be false. Arguably, one's ultimate ambition for his or her beliefs is knowledge. If one does know something, then not only is one justified, or rational, in a belief, one has the truth. Accordingly, when one is thinking about the epistemic features of one's beliefs, the overarching question is: When does someone have knowledge? When can someone say that he or she has knowledge? Skeptics claim, to varying degrees, that we either do not or cannot have knowledge.
Epistemology includes the study of:
Epistemologists spend a great deal of time concerning themselves with various epistemic features of belief, such as justification and rationality. And they write long articles and books trying to say just when beliefs are justified, or rational. A related concern is where such epistemic features ultimately come from. If one says, for example, that his or her belief that Paris is the capital of France is justified, one can ask: Where did the justification for that belief come from? This information could have come from a reliable source of testimony. Another source of justification would be sense-perception. So epistemology asks: What are the ultimate sources of justification, rationality, or other epistemic features of belief? And that allows one to answer a further question: What are the ultimate sources of knowledge? Which brings one to the question of what knowledge is. The question here is not what one can know, or even what one does know. The question is: What would knowledge be, if one had it? A belief has to pass some sort of muster to count as knowledge. So what features would a belief have to have, in order to be an actual piece of knowledge -- not just something that pretends to be knowledge, but which is actually knowledge?
- the epistemic features of belief, such as justification and rationality;
- the origin or sources of such features (and thus the sources of knowledge);
- what knowledge is, i.e., what epistemic features would make a true belief knowledge;
- whether it is possible to have knowledge.
One of the more difficult topics of philosophy is trying to answer, or otherwise deal with, the challenge that one cannot have knowledge. A number of philosophers -- not too many, but some -- have said that we cannot have knowledge. Many philosophers have said that it is very difficult to obtain knowledge, but they usually do not deny that we have it or that we can have it. Not so many philosophers, however, have gone so far as to say that we have no knowledge at all, or (to say something even stronger) that it is impossible to have knowledge.
Another contemporary approach to epistemology divides the approaches into two categories: foundationalism and coherentism.
Foundationalism holds that there are basic beliefs in which you can be certain and that you can be similarly confident in other beliefs derived rigorously from these. The most famous example of this is Descartes' statement cogito ergo sum ("I think therefore I am"), by which he meant that it is impossible to doubt one's own existence. Others have responded that a person's observation of his or her own mental activity is not fundamentally different or more reliable than other observations and does not necessarily imply a thinker. The difficulty of foundationalism is that no set of basic beliefs proposed for it are uncontroversial.
Coherentism holds that you are more justified in beliefs if they form a coherent whole with your other beliefs. A common, cheeky, riposte to this is called the "drunken sailors" argument, which points out that two drunken sailors holding each other up may still not be on solid ground. Stated more formally: a set of beliefs can be internally consistent but still not reflect the actual world.
Recently, Susan Haack has attempted to fuse these two approaches into her doctrine of Foundherentalism, which accrues degrees of relative confidence to beliefs by mediating between the two approaches. She covers this in her book Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology.
See also: Self-evidence, theory of justification, the regress argument in epistemology, a priori and a posterior knowledge, knowledge, scepticism, Common sense and the Diallelus, social epistemology, aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, philosophy, ontology, reason, philosophy of science, science education.
External links
- Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? from Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 121-23 (1963) by Edmund L. Gettier, transcribed by Andrew Chruckry (Sept. 13, 1997).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Epistemology."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Justification (a term of jurisprudence) is a form of defense in which a defendant argues that although they broke the law, they should not be held liable for, or found guilty of, a crime, as some special or extenuating circumstance(s) existed such that the illegal action was, for some reason or other, reasonable and acceptable. Possible justifications include: consent, defense of others, defense of property, necessity, resisting unlawful arrest, and self-defense.
Justification is also a publishing term used to describe the horizontal positioning of text or images, typically relative to a column.
In the theology of Christianity, justification is a word used to describe the process through which sinners are made righteous through the grace of God.
Considerable sectarian controversy exists as to its nature and definition. These controversies include:
- Whether justification is an immediate change in the status of the sinner, or whether it is an ongoing process;
- The relationship between justification and religious law; whether justification is "forensic", a legal declaration that a sinner will be considered righteous by God, or whether it must be perfected by obedience;
- The relationship of justification to sanctification, the process whereby sinners become more righteous and are enabled by the Holy Spirit to live lives more pleasing to God; and
- The relationship of justification to atonement, the expiation of sins.
In epistemology, an (epistemic) justification of a belief is what renders the belief worth believing in terms of its probable truth. See Theory of justification.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Justification."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
So far we have defined "government" and used that to introduce a definition of "political philosophy" -- since political philosophy concerns, primarily (but not only), philosophical issues about government. It just so happens, as we saw, that political philosophy contains a lot of different issues, and there is no way even so much as to summarize those issues without moving so fast that the chapter would be just useless and very difficult to follow. So we could, but will not, spend a few paragraphs each on the justification of the state, the purpose or function of government, the proper form of government, what the law is, and other basic issues in political philosophy. Instead, we are going to focus on the first issue, which is one of the most important, if not the most important issue. Namely: What is the justification of the state? Or to put it differently: From what source does the legitimate authority of any particular government arise?
Notice I am using the words "state" and "government" interchangeably here. There is a loose sense of the word "state" in which all the citizens of a particular territory are part of the state -- in the sense in which we are all part of the United States. In that sense, "state" means something like "country." But as the term is usually used in philosophy, "state" has a more restricted meaning; it means, basically, the government.
Now let's get clear about what the question at issue is. I very imprecisely put it as: "What is the justification of the state?" But as you should know by now, the first way of asking a philosophical question that comes to mind is bound to be woefully imprecise. If we ask the question and then forge right on ahead to giving an answer, we will end up just wasting a lot of time. So let's see what we mean when we ask, "What is the justification of the state?"
The first thing to observe is that the state, or government, is not some totally monolithic "leviathan" (to use Thomas Hobbes's term), a single entity with a single mind and a single will -- even though words like "the state" and "the government" invite us to think of it that way. No, the state is made up of people (such as the president), some items at their disposal or so-called public property (such as government buildings and weapons), and particular habits or traditions (such as those things that are called "laws"). For any given government, there are not always the same people, public property, and laws; that is of course especially true for any relatively long-lived government, such as the United States government.
Next, recall that what we're talking about is the justification of the state. That word, "justification," has turned out to be rather important in our investigations into philosophy. One kind of justification we encountered was epistemic justification -- that's the sort of justification that some of our beliefs have. But obviously, when we talk about the justification of the state, we're talking about justification in a different sense -- in a moral sense of the word. If a state is "justified" in this moral sense of the word, then it is, as we say, legitimate. It is a legitimate government; and it has a moral right to rule.
But now, we said that the state is made up of people, public property, and a set of traditions such as laws; so what exactly are we talking about when we ask about the moral justification of the state? Are we asking for the moral justification of the existence of particular politicians, or particular government buildings, or particular laws? No -- not any one of these things in particular. So you might say: What we're asking for is the moral justification of the existence of all of these things together.
But it's not everything, taken together, that makes up one particular government that philosophers are interested in showing to be morally justified. The question isn't about any one particular government; it's about an aspect of any government. Which aspect? The monopoly on the legitimate initiation of force. Remember that that's what we said was essential to the state: the legitimate or at least widely accepted ability to initiate force within a given area. So if you want me to single out some items for moral justification, from among the items in government that I listed -- people, property, and practices -- it would be: the people in government engaging in any practice that involves threatening or using force. So then here's the question: "How are the people in government morally justified in engaging in any practice that involves threatening or using force?"
In the United States at present, there are a lot more than just police officers, judges, and soldiers who can legitimately initiate force. There are also zoning commissions, the EPA, the FAA, and all sorts of other regulatory bodies. But the United States is only one example, of course, and you have to remember: the question is, "How are the people in any government morally justified, if and whenever they are morally justified, in engaging in any practice that involves threatening or using force?"
It's really important that you understand why we're asking this question. In order to understand it, you have to understand, and be persuaded, of the rather strange claim that government is essentially legitimized force. Once you've grasped that point, then when we ask, "What is the justification of the state?" you are just one step away from understanding that that question means, briefly put, "What is the moral justification of government people, government agents, using force?" What justifies them in using force? If they couldn't use force, there would be no government; and that's precisely why we're asking what justifies them in using force. It's not like I'm trying to be subversive -- I'm just trying to be philosophical. Anyway, that's the basic question we're asking now.
Next I want us to distinguish two senses of this question. Like this:
The difference between these two questions is reflected in the difference between two other questions. First, what is the justification of the very existence of the state? And second, what is the justification of a particular kind of state action? On the one hand, if we can't give any justification for the existence of the state at all, if we can't justify government agents ever using any force at all, then we're stuck with theoretical anarchism. (More on that later.) On the other hand, if we can't justify a particular kind of state action, if we can't justify government agents using force to achieve that action's purpose, then we might still believe that government ought to exist. We would simply be saying that that is one less function that the government ought to be performing. Or to put the contrast even more starkly: it's one thing to say we should get rid of the government entirely; it's quite a different thing to say, simply, that we should get rid of the Social Security system, or certain defense programs.
- What is the moral justification, if any, of government agents using force at all?
- What is the justification, if any, of government agents using force to achieve a particular purpose, P?
By the way, if you wonder what the Social Security system has to do with force, just ask yourself something. Suppose an employer did not expect to face heavy fines and possible jail time, if he did not take out money for Social Security tax. Do you think he would then, voluntarily, pay the tax? Very possibly not. It's the threat of force that keeps people paying taxes, and it's taxes that keep the government running at all. So: no tax enforcement, no government. It's easy to forget this, but it's true.
Anyway, the question I want to focus on is (1), not (2). I want to ask why the state should exist at all -- why the power of government agents to initiate force should be thought to be morally legitimate.
Now, if you'll remember, we already asked this question once. We said that government is necessary in order to keep other people from violating our rights. Some people are hell-bent on taking our stuff and even our lives and purely as a protective measure we are willing to establish governments that protect us. That's at least a "prima facie" reason for the existence of the state. "Prima facie" means "on first glance." So on first glance, the reason that governments are needed to exist at all is to protect our rights, and to preserve justice.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "The justification of the state."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Piety | Theopathy, beatification, adoption, regeneration, conversion, justification, sanctification, salvation, inspiration, bread of life; Body and Blood of Christ. |
Printing | Boldface, capitals, caps., catchword; composing-frame, composing room, composing rule, composing stand, composing stick; italics, justification, linotype, live matter, logotype; lower case, upper case; make-up, matrix, matter, monotype, point system: -/, -/,, point, etc.; press room, press work; reglet, roman; running head, scale, serif, shank, sheet work, shoulder, signature, slug, underlay. |
Vindication | Noun: vindication, justification, warrant; exoneration, exculpation; acquittal; whitewashing. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Power is when we have every justification to kill, and we don't (Schindler's List; writing credit: Steven Zaillian) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Guillaume Apollinaire | A structure becomes architectural, and not sculptural, when its elements no longer have their justification in nature. |
Joseph Conrad | A work that aspires, however humbly, to the condition of art should carry its justification in every line. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | In proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes definite shape, this fantastic standing apart from the contest, these fantastic attacks on it, lose all practical value and all theoretical justification. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | There is no justification for clinical trials in areas without strong biologic rationales. (references) | |
Identification of such factors would have a significant impact on the justification for operative or nonoperative management. (references) | ||
Given the low incidence and prevalence of CF and the demonstrable lack of interest in the general population, there is little justification for testing. (references) | ||
Business | A frequent justification of dealers is that they have paid duty on the diskette, even though they have not paid royalties for the program itself that has been copied onto the diskette. (references) | |
And finally, one cannot disparage the competition with untrue and damaging comments; even truthful criticism of competition may be illegal if there is no adequate justification for the extent of the criticism. (references) | ||
In such cases, the companies have to notify the Commission when placing a product on the market together with either a scientific justification that the product is substantially equivalent or an opinion to the same effect, delivered by the competent authorities of a member state. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Burma | Local military commanders, who often issue such orders, rarely cite any legal justification for their actions. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | The Federation Minister of Urban Planning signed the permit on October 15, stating there was no legal justification for further delay. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | In the past, invoking the 1952 law as legal justification, the Israeli Interior Ministry stripped residency rights from hundreds of East Jerusalem Palestinians. (references) | |
Economic History | Philippines | In 1972, President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-86) declared martial law, citing growing lawlessness and open rebellion by the communist rebels as his justification. (references) |
Bulgaria | Some potential investors have expressed their frustration at a lack of transparency in the process, while others are unhappy with inflexible procedural decisions that lack a commercial justification. (references) | |
Sri Lanka | For example, one foreign company that had obtained a waiver of a particular requirement in order to obtain a license was later told it must meet the requirement to continue to be qualified for the license, with no advance warning and little justification. (references) | |
Human Rights | Malta | The Tunisian citizen was released in 1997, and the white paper cited the case as a justification for reforms. (references) |
Ethiopia | In December the court requested that the prosecution provide the court with a detailed justification of the charges. (references) | |
Malaysia | In his ruling, the judge said that the police could not simply cite the ISA's function to "preserve national security" as justification for its use. (references) | |
Political Economy | SPAIN | The license, once granted, is normally valid for six months but may be extended if adequate justification is provided. (references) |
AUSTRALIA | Australia imposes extremely stringent animal and plant quarantine restrictions, in a number of instances without the WTO-required science-based justification. (references) | |
Trade | Argentina | Only with a strong justification can this time period be extended. (references) |
Women | Ethiopia | Domestic violence is not considered a serious justification under the law to obtain a divorce. (references) |
Nigeria | Prostitution is not illegal in Lagos State; however, authorities can use statutes that outlaw pandering as a justification for arresting prostitutes. (references) | |
Yemen | A woman has the legal right to divorce; however, she must provide a justification, such as her husband's nonsupport, impotence, or taking of a second wife without her consent. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Andorra | A minimal indemnification of 1 month's salary per year worked is paid if a worker is fired without justification. (references) |
Morocco | Under the ostensible justification of "separation for cause," employers have dismissed workers for union activities that are regarded as threatening to employer interests. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ACCUSE, v.t. To affirm another's guilt or unworth; most commonly as a justification of ourselves for having wronged him. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Justification" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Justification" is used about 1,739 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 1,739 | 4,835 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "justification": automatic justification ♦ legal justification ♦ self justification ♦ with justification ♦ without justification. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "justification": cost-justification, right-justification, self-justification. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "justification"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | justifikim (alibi, allowance, defence, defense, exculpation, excuse, extenuation, plea, warrant), shfajësim (acquittal, apology, clearing, discharge, exculpation, excuse, plea, vindication), përligjje (excuse, vindication, warrant), arsye (account, argument, cause, consideration, justice, matter, motivation, motive, nous, occasion, place, plea, reason, sense, spring, why), arësye (account, argument, cause, consideration, justice, matter, motivation, motive, nous, occasion, place, plea, reason, sense, spring, why). (various references) | |
Arabic | مسوغ (justified), مبرر (excuse, good reason, justificative, justificatory, reasonable grounds, warrant, warrantable), تسوي (warrant), تبرير (apology, rationalization, vindication), عذر (alibi, excuse, plea, pretext), شرح بتفسير. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | реабилитация (exculpation, exoneration, rehabilitation, whitewash), опрощаване на грехове, оправдаване (dismissal, exculpation, exoneration, fruition, sanctification), оправдание (absolution, acquittal, excuse, plea, vindication, warrant), извинение (alibi, apology, excuse, extenuation, pardon, peg, put off). (various references) | |
Chinese | 辩解 (justified, justify, Justifying, reasoned), "理 (argument, basis, principle, reason, sense), 理" (ground, reason). (various references) | |
Czech | justování, zarovnání, ospravedlnìní (vindication), omluva (apology, exculpation, excuse). (various references) | |
Danish | justering (adjuster, adjustment, adjustment device, end-butting, end-trimming, equalising, equalizing, fit, fitting, meter proving, realignment, rigging, setting, trimming, verification), udspærring (digital stuffing, pulse stuffing), udslutning, tilretning (cutting of overlays, justifying, overlay), begrundelse (explanatory memorandum, explanatory statement). (various references) | |
Dutch | justificatie (digital stuffing, pulse stuffing), justeren (adjust, align, justifying, to align, to flush, to justify, to quad, to range), verantwoording (responsibility), pulse stuffing (digital stuffing, pulse stuffing), het in de lijn plaatsen. (various references) | |
Farsi | مجوز, هم ترازی , توجیه (Rationalization), دلیل اوری . (various references) | |
Finnish | vanhurskauttaminen, tasaus (alignment, compensation, digital stuffing, end-butting, end-trimming, equalisation, equalising, equalization, equalizing, levelling down high spots, planning, pulse stuffing, trimming), oikeutus (authority). (various references) | |
French | justification (justifying). (various references) | |
German | blocksatz (justified print), justierung (adjustment, collimation, setting, weighting), Einstellung (abandonment, accommodation, adjustment, aiming, alignment, attitude, cessation, discontinuation, employment, engagement, enlistment, focusing, modulation, orientation, outlook, recruiting, recruitment, setting, stance, stand, stopping, tuning), rechtfertigung (apology, defence, defense, explanation, vindication, warranting), Ausrichtung (alignment, bias, lining up, orientation). (various references) | |
Greek | αιτιολόγηση (Explanatory Memorandum, Explanatory Statement), δικαιολογία (alibi, apology, excuse, plea). (various references) | |
Hebrew | "צ"ק" (exculpation, vindication, warrant), "צ"ק (excuse), צ"וק (admission, vindication), צ"ו" בזכותו של (pleading the cause of, vindication). (various references) | |
Hungarian | megokolás (motivation). (various references) | |
Indonesian | pembenaran (approval, confirmation, correction, emendantion, endorsement), dasar kebenaran. (various references) | |
Italian | giustificazione (apology, excuse). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 言い開き (explanation, vindication), 正"化 (warrant), 名分 (just cause, moral duty), 位置揃え , 位置合わせ (alignment), 弁解 (defence, excuse, explanation), ジャケ写 (hit the ball squarely, in perfect focus, internal clock that is always correct, jacket picture, Japanese Agricultural Standard, JAS, jasmine, jazzercize, just, just fit, justice, justify). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | べ"かい (defence, excuse, explanation), せいとうか (warrant), いいひらき (explanation, vindication), いちそろえ, いちあわせ (alignment), めいぶ" (famous literary composition, inscription, just cause, moral duty, reputation, statement), ジャスティフィケーション . (various references) | |
Korean | 당". (various references) | |
Manx | seyrey (absolution, absolve, acquit, acquittal, affranchise, affranchisement, clear, clear from guilt, deliver, discharge, disembarrass, disencumber; exploit; clearing, disengage, dismiss, dismissal, disoblige, dispensation; exploitation, ease, emancipate, emancipation, enfranchise, exempt, exemption, exonerate, exoneration, free, justify, liberate, liberation, purge, release, relieve, riddance, vindication, vindication act of), lowaltys (approbation, limit, sanction, tolerance). (various references) | |
Norwegian | rettferdiggjørelse. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ustificationjay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | justificação (clearing, exculpation, legitimation, reason, substantiation, vindication, warrant, warranty, wherefore). (various references) | |
Romanian | justificare (apology, evidence, exculpation, excuse, vindication, warrant). (various references) | |
Russian | выравнивание (adequation, aligning, alignment, alignments, deskewing, equalization, equation, flattening), оправдание (absolution, acquittal, alibi, defences, defenses, exculpation, excuse, exoneration, explanation, plea, reason), подтверждение (attestation, confirmation, corroboration, endorsement, evidence, indorsation, indorsement, reassurance, restatement, verification, vindication). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | opravdanje (excuse, legitimacy, vindication, warranty). (various references) | |
Spanish | justificación (excuse, substantiation, warrant). (various references) | |
Swedish | försvar (advocacy, championship, charge, custody, defence, defending, defense, plea, vindication), berättigande (authorization, justice, warrant). (various references) | |
Thai | การให้เหตุผลแก้ตัว. (various references) | |
Turkish | temize çıkma (acquittal, quittance, whitewash), sayfanın sağından taşmama, savunma (advocacy, apologia, apology, argument, defence, defending, defense, defensive, hearing, plea, pleadings, rampart, self defence, self-defense, speech, vindication), mazeret (alibi, allegation, apology, excuse, peg, plea, putoff), haklı neden (cause, warrant, warranty), haklı çıkma, gerekçe (alibi, excuse, rationale, reason). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | виправдні обставини, виправдання (absolution, acquittal, acquittance, alibi, allowance, apology, defence, defense, exculpation, excuse, explanation, palliation, warrant, warranty, whitewash), правомірність. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự chứng minh l đúng, sự biện hộ (defence, pleading), sự b o chữa (defence, legitimation). (various references) | |
Welsh | cyfiawnhad. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | iustificatio, iustificationem, iustificationes, iustificationibus, iustificationis, iustificationum, purgatio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Romans Chapter 4, Verse 25 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | OV paredoqh dia ta paraptwmata hmwn kai hgerqh dia thn dikaiwsin hmwn |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Qui traditus est propter delicta nostra et resurrexit propter iustificationem nostram |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | He wæs deaðe geseald for urum synnum and wæs aræred on life for ure rihtwisunge. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Which was bitakun for oure synnes, and roos ayen for oure iustefiyng. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Which was delivered for oure synnes and rose agayne forto iustifie vs. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Who was delivered for our offenses, and raised again for our justification. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Who was put to death for our evil-doing, and came to life again so that we might have righteousness. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Romans Chapter 4, Verse 25 |
| Cebuano | nga gitugyan ngadto sa kamatayon tungod sa atong kalapasan ug gibanhaw alang sa pagpamatarung kanato. |
| Chinese | 耶 穌 被 交 給 人 、 是 為 我 們 的 過 犯 、 復 活 、 是 為 叫 我 們 稱 義 。 " 或 作 耶 穌 是 我 們 的 過 犯 交 付 了 是 為 我 們 稱 義 復 活 了 〕 |
| Croatian | koji je predan za opaèine naše i uskrišen radi našeg opravdanja. |
| Danish | ham, som blev hengiven for vore Overtrædelsers Skyld og oprejst for vor Retfærdiggørelses Skyld. |
| Dutch | Welke overgeleverd is om onze zonden, en opgewekt om onze rechtvaardigmaking. |
| Finnish | joka on alttiiksi annettu meidän rikostemme tähden ja kuolleista herätetty meidän vanhurskauttamisemme tähden. |
| French | lequel a été livré pour nos offenses, et est ressuscité pour notre justification. |
| German | welcher ist um unsrer Sünden willen dahingegeben und um unsrer Gerechtigkeit willen auferweckt. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Yesus itu sudah diserahkan untuk dibunuh karena dosa-dosa kita; lalu Ia dihidupkan kembali oleh Allah untuk memungkinkan kita berbaik kembali dengan Allah. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | yaitu Yang telah diserahkan karena segala dosa kita dan Yang dibangkitkan karena sebab hal membenarkan kita. |
| Italian | il quale è stato messo a morte per i nostri peccati ed è stato risuscitato per la nostra giustificazione. |
| Maori | I tukua nei mo o tatou he, i whakaarahia mo tatou kia whakatikaia. |
| Norwegian | han som blev gitt for våre overtredelser og opreist til vår rettferdiggjørelse. |
| Portuguese | o qual foi entregue por causa das nossas transgressões, e ressuscitado para a nossa justificação. |
| Rumanian | care a fost dat din pricina fqrqdelegilor noastre, wi a knviat din pricinq cq am fost socotiyi neprihqniyi. |
| Russian | лПФПТЩК ТЕ"БО ЪБ ЗТЕИЙ ОБЫЙ Й ЧПУЛТЕУ "МС П ТБЧ"БОЙС ОБЫЕЗП. |
| Shuar | Antsu incha Túramji. Iisha Núnisrik ii Uuntri Jesus nekas Enentáimtakrinkia Yus incha "pénkeraitme" turamtatji. Jesuska ii tunaarin jarutramkatniun surunkamiayi. Tura nujai Yus iin "pénkeraitrume" taku Jesusan ataksha iniantkimiayi. |
| Swahili | Yeye alitolewa auawe kwa ajili ya dhambi zetu, akafufuka ili tupate kukubaliwa kuwa waadilifu na Mungu. |
| Swedish | vilken utgavs för våra synders skull och uppväcktes för vår rättfärdiggörelses skull. |
| Uma | Yesus toe mpewai' woto-na rapatehi bona mpotolo' sala' -ta. Pai' oti toe Alata'ala mpotuwu' nculii' -i bona kita' jadi' monoa' hi poncilo-na. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "justification": justifications. (additional references) | |
| |
"Justification" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: justafication, justfication, justificatio. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "justification" (pronounced ju'stufikā"shun) |
| 9 | -t u f i k ā" sh u n | misidentification. |
| 8 | -u f i k ā" sh u n | clarification, detoxification, electrification, gentrification, glorification, indemnification, mummification, simplification, specification. |
| 6 | -i k ā" sh u n | abdication, detoxication, fabrication, lubrication, publication, sophistication, syndication, telecommunication. |
| 5 | -k ā" sh u n | falsification, acidification, adjudication, advocation, allocation, altercation, amplification, application, authentication, avocation, bifurcation, certification, classification, codification, communication, complication, confiscation, convocation, decertification, dedication, deification, demarcation, desiccation, disembarkation, dislocation, disqualification, diversification, domestication, duplication, echolocation, edification, education, embarkation, equivocation, eradication, evocation, excommunication, explication, fortification, gasification, gratification, identification, implication, indication, intensification, intoxication, invocation, location, magnification, medication, misallocation, misapplication, miscommunication, modification, multiplication, notification, nullification, obfuscation, ossification, pacification, personification, pontification, prefabrication, prognostication, provocation, purification, qualification, quantification, ramification, ratification, reallocation, recertification, reclassification, rectification, rededication, relocation, replication, reunification, revocation, sanctification, saponification, suffocation, unification, vacation, verification, vilification, vindication, vocation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | facilitation, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, aberration, abomination, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, activation, adaptation, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alphabetization, alteration, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, augmentation, authorization, automation, aviation, balkanization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, coagulation, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communization, compensation, compilation, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, divination, documentation, domination, donation, dramatization, duration, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gastrulation, generalization, generation, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, gradation, graduation, granulation, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indentation, indexation, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, machination, magnetization, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscreation, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, nucleation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, punctuation, quotation, radiation, radicalization, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recitation, reclamation, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, recuperation, redecoration, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanitation, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, specialization, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, summation, superstation, tabulation, taxation, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, vibration, victimization, violation, visitation, visualization, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | faction, fashion, fiction, fission, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, abduction, abolition, abortion, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-f-i-i-i-j-n-o-s-t-t-u" | |
-3 letters: factitious, fictionist, fictitious. | |
-4 letters: citations, faunistic, situation. | |
-5 letters: auctions, autistic, cautions, citation, factions, factious, fictions, isatinic, oscitant, ostinati, ouistiti, stiction, tactions, titanous, tuitions. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-f-i-i-i-j-n-o-s-t-t-u" | |
+1 letter: justifications. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Familiar 6. Quotations: Historic 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Translations: Ancient | 13. Bible Trace 14. Derivations 15. Rhymes 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
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