Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Jet |
JetAdjective1. Of the blackest black; similar to the color of jet or coal. Noun1. An airplane powered by one or more jet engines. 2. The occurrence of a sudden discharge (as of liquid). 3. A hard black form of lignite that takes a brilliant polish and is used in jewellery or ornamentation. 4. An artificially produced flow of water. Verb1. Issue in a jet; come out in a jet; stream or spring forth; "Water jetted forth"; "flames were jetting out of the building". 2. Fly a jet plane. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "jet" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1380. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Industry | A small metal plate, thimble, or cap with fine holes through which a cellulose or chemical solution is forced in the spinning of man-made filaments. Source: European Union. (references) |
Aerospace | 1. A strong well-defined stream of fluid either issuing from an orifice or moving in a contracted duct, such as the jet of combustion gases issuing from a reaction engine, or the jet in the test section of a wind tunnel. See free jet. 2. A tube, nozzle, or the like through which fluid passes, or from which it issues, in a jet, such as a jet in a carburetor. See metering jet.3. A jet engine, as, an airplane with jets slung in pods. (references) |
Industry | Machine which dyes cloth under pressure, by circulating the piece in the dyebath. Source: European Union. (references) |
Literature | Jet So called from the River Gages, in Asia Minor, on the banks of which it was collected by the ancients. It was originally called gagates, corrupted into gagat, jet. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Mechanical Engineering | High velocity gas flow discharged from nozzle. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. A hard black variety of cannel coal or brown coal, compact in texture, having a rough fracture and dull luster that takes a good polish and is thus used in the jewelry trade. Syn:black amber b. A sudden and forceful rush or gush of fluid through a narrow or restricted opening; e.g., a stream of water or air used to flush cuttings from a borehole c. A black variety of marble. d. Jet piercing, a thermal method of drilling large-diameter blast holes in hard cherty iron formation (taconite); formerly used mainly on the Mesabi Range in Minnesota, but also on the Marquette Range in Michigan. The rotating drill head is fed a mixture of kerosene and oxygen, ignited to direct a high-temperature flame against the rock, causing the rock to spall into fine particles by thermal expansion. Method has been almost totally replaced by rotary drills using tricone bits.See also:jet hole e.g., a stream of water or air used to flush cuttings from a borehole. (references) |
Slang | Verb. Source: To jet away, as a plane or jet. Definition: To leave quickly or suddenly. Context: Used within the speech community when someone has to leave quickly. Social Source: Young Life leaders. Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references) |
Slang in 1811 | JET. A lawyer. Autem jet; a parson. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Transportation | An airplane powered by a jet engine that utilizes the surrounding air in the combustion of fuel or by a rocket-type engine that carries its fuel and all the oxygen needed for combustion. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A colloquial term for any type of engine which produces thrust by means of a jet of hot combustion gases. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| Syncom made use of. . a. . station-keeping mechanism consisting of two jets. One, the lateral --, acts normal (perpendicular) to the spin axis. . . The axial -- provides a thrust parallel to the axis of rotat ion. . Source: European Union. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Jet is a geological material that is not considered a mineral in the true sense of the word. It is a hard, compact variety of lignite, coal-black in color. It is easily polished and has been used in the manufacture of cheap ornaments.
A jet is a stream of fluid produced by discharge through an orifice into free space.
Since gas is a compressible fluid, the velocity attained by a jet of gas cannot be determined by Bernoulli's principle. Instead, if one uses adiabatic expansion from P1 to P2 in a properly shaped nozzle, the ideal velocity of a gas jet is:
where R and z are characteristics of the gas, R being the common gas constant and z being (cp-cv)/cp, where the c's are the specific heat at constant pressure and constant volume, respectively. z = 0.286 for air under 500 °C. z = 0.23 to 0.28 for most combustion products of fuels. T1 is the absolute temperature at pressure P1.
- v = 8×√((RT1/z)×(1-(P2/P1)z))
The term jet is also an abbreviation for jet engine or jet aircraft.
Jet is commonly used as a description, usually referring to the soot that accumulates at the back of a jet engine. EG: "Jet Black".
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jet."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
JET, the Joint European Torus, is a tokamak and one of the largest nuclear fusion reactors yet built.Situated in Culham, Oxfordshire, in the UK, construction was started in 1978 and the first experiments began in 1983.
JET was later equipped with remote handling facilities to cope with the radioactivity produced by deuterium-tritium fuel, which is the fuel proposed for the first generation of fusion power plants. Pending construction of ITER, JET remains the only large fusion reactor able to use this fuel mix.
See also Timeline of nuclear fusion.
External Links
http://www.fusion.org.uk/culham/jet.html http://www.jet.efda.org/index.html http://www.iaea.or.at/inis/ws/d1/r133.html http://www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr/gb/fusion/physique/principales_machines.htm summary of large tokamaks to date.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "JET."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A jet engine is a type of engine that uses a "jet" of air for thrust.
The principle of all jet engines is the same. Air is drawn in at the front and compressed. Fuel is then added and the resulting mixture burned. The combustion greatly increases the volume of the gases which are then exhausted out of the rear of the engine. The process can be seen to be the same as a normal four stroke cycle, but with each process - induction, compression, ignition and exhaust - taking place continuously and simultaneously. The engine generates thrust because of the acceleration of the air through it - the equal and opposite force this acceleration produces (Newton's third law) is thrust. Contrary to popular belief, the exhaust coming out of the back of the engine does not "push against" the surrounding air. A jet engine takes a relatively small mass of air and accelerates it by a large amount, whereas a propellor takes a large mass of air and accelerates it by a small amount. The efficiency of the process, like any heat engine, is defined by the ratio of the compressed air's volume to the exhaust volume.
The advantage of the jet engine is its efficiency at high speeds (especially supersonic) and high altitudes. On slower aircraft, a propeller (powered by a gas turbine), commonly known as a turboprop is more common. Very small aircraft generally use conventional piston engines to drive a propellor.
History
The earliest attempts at jet engines were hybrid designs, where the compression was supplied by an external power source. In this system (called a thermojet by Secondo Campini) the air is compressed by a fan driven by a conventional gasoline engine, mixed with fuel, and then burned for jet thrust. Three known examples of this sort of design were the Henri Coanda's Coanda-1910 aircraft, the much later Campini Caproni CC.2, and the Japanese Tsu-11 engine intended to power Ohka kamikaze planes towards the end of World War II. None were entirely successful, and the CC.2 ended up being slower than a traditional design with the same engine.
The key to the useful jet engine was the gas turbine, used to extract energy to drive the compressor from the engine itself. Work on such a "self-contained" design started in England in 1930 when Frank Whittle submitted patents for such an engine (granted in 1932) using a single turbine stage in the exhaust to drive a centrifugal compressor. In 1935 Hans von Ohain started work on a similar design in Germany, seemingly unaware of Whittle's work.
Whittle had significant problems in getting anyone to fund research into the design, and the Air Ministry largely ignored it while they concentrated on more pressing issues. Using private funds he was able to get a test engine running in 1937, but this was very large and unsuitable for use in an aicraft. By 1939 work had progressed to the point where the engine was starting to look useful, and Whittle's Power Jets Ltd. started receiving Air Ministry money. In 1941 a flyable version of the engine called the W.1, developing 1000 lbs of thrust, was fitted to the Gloster E28/39 airframe, and flew in May 1941.
Ohain had fewer problems, which is notable considering the highly political nature of the German aircraft industry at the time. He approached Ernst Heinkel, one of the larger aircraft industrialists of the day, who immediately saw the promise of the design. Heinkel had recently purchased the Hirth engine company, and Ohain and his master machinist Max Hahn were set up there as a new division of the Hirth company. They had their first HeS-1 engine running by 1937. Unlike Whittle's design, Ohain used hydrogen as a fuel, which he credits for the early success. Their follow-on designs culminated in the HeS-3 of 1,100lbs, which was fitted to Heinkel's simple He 178 airframe and flew in August 1939, an impressively short time for development.
One problem with both of these early designs was that the compressor works by "throwing" air outward from the intake to the sides of the engine, where it is compressed by being "crushed" up against the side. This leads to a very large cross section for the engine, as well as having the air flowing the wrong way after compression - it has to be collected up and "bent" to flow to the rear of the engine where the turbine is located.
Anselm Franz of Junkers' engine division (Jumo for Junkers Motoren) addressed this problem with the introduction of the axial-flow compressor. Essentially this is a turbine in reverse. Air coming in the front of the engine is blown to the rear of the engine by a fan, where it is crushed against a set of non-rotating blades called stators. The process is nowhere near as powerful as the centrifugal compressor, so a number of these pairs of fans and stators are placed in series to get the needed compression. Even with all the added complexity, the resulting engine is much smaller. Jumo was assigned the next engine number, 4, and the result was the Jumo 004 engine. This would be the first jet engine to see service, when it powered the Me 262 in 1944.
By the end of the war the British designs were generally much better than their German counterparts. Their main advantage was Britain's long history of working with high-heat metals. Their engines were licensed widely in the US, whose own designs wouldn't come fully into their own until the 1960s. Their most famous design, the Nene, would also power the USSR's jet aircraft after a particularly stupid technology exchange.
Types
There are a number of different types of jet engines:
Turbojet
Whittle's and von Ohain's designs are now classified as turbojets, mostly to distinguish them from some of the types outlined below. Generally turbojets are arranged around a central shaft running the length of the engine, with the compressor and turbine connected to the shaft at either end. In the middle is a combustion area, typically in the form of a number of individual "flame cans" which are used to stabilize the combustion.
Like all heat engines, the effeciency of a jet engine is strongly dependant upon the temperature of the exhaust gas -- higher temperature means more energy from the fuel. Due to the physics of gasses, where temperature and pressure are inversely related, a simplification is to compare the pressure of gas taken in to when it is burned, the so-called compression ratio. Early jet engines had compression ratios as low as 5 to 1, compared to a normal otto cycle engine at anywhere from 6 to 1, to 9 to 1. The limiting factor is the temperature at the front of the turbine; increasing the compression ratio means that there is considerably more fuel/air mixture (the charge) burning in the flame cans, and a higher temperature. This is primarily a problem when taking off; as the aircraft climbs the ambient pressure drops and the compressor can be run at higher ratios.
German engines had serious problems in this regard. Their early engines averaged only 10 hours of operation before failing--often with chunks of metal flying out the back of the engine when the turbine overheated. British engines tended to fair much better due to better metals. For a time some US jet engines included the ability to inject water onto the engine to cool the exhaust in these cases. This was particularly notable because of the huge amounts of smoke that would pour out of the engine when it was turned on (typically for takeoff).
Today this problem is no longer a concern. Better materials have increased the critical temperature, and automatic throttle controls have made it basically impossible to overheat the engine. However the real solution was to bleed off some of the air from the compressor, run it down the shaft, and blow it through the middle of hollow turbine blades. This made the blades quite expensive to build, which is why jet engines never became as universal as it was first believed. However the quality of these bleed systems has continued to improve to the point where the latest Rolls-Royce Trent designs operate at a compression ratio of 44:1, considerably better than piston engines.
The compressor uses up about 60 to 65% of all of the power generated by a jet engine. This explains why they aren't used in cars: you would be burning the fuel needed for a race while sitting still at a red light. Every bit of efficiency in running the compressor is needed, so one common design technique is to use more than one turbine to drive the compressors at various speeds. Most such designs that use two stages are are known as "two spool" engines. A few have used three stages.
Given that 60% of the engine's power is being used up for driving the compressor, one option for better efficiency is to do less compression - that is, make a smaller engine. This seems self-defeating, but it's not the case. If you instead use some of that energy not to compress the air, but simply push it, you can get thrust without compression. This leads to....
Turboprop or turboshaft
By adding another turbine stage to the engine, all of the jet exhaust can be used for rotary force rather than jet thrust. Coupling this second (or third) turbine to a propeller makes for a very efficient engine due to the inherent efficiency of a propeller at low speeds. This is called a turboprop, and can be found on many smaller commuter planes, cargo planes, and helicopters (where it is often known as a turboshaft, largely for academic reasons). Propellers lose efficiency as aircraft speed increases, which is why they are not used on higher-speed aircraft.
Similar engines are "hidden" in many places. Connected to a generator , they make excellent light-weight and very reliable power sources. In fact almost all large aircraft include a much smaller engine to provide power while parked at the airport, called an APU. You can often see small pop-up doors near the tail used to feed them air.
Larger versions of the same design are found in many industrial applications, peak-demand power generation stations, and military ships.
Turbofan
If the propeller is better at low speeds, and the turbojet is better at high speeds, you might imagine that at some speed range in the middle a mixture of the two is best. Such an engine is the turbofan (originally termed bypass turbojet by the inventors at Rolls Royce). Turbofans essentially increase the size of the first-stage compressor to the point where they act as a ducted propeller (or fan) blowing air past the "core" of the engine.
In fact the speed range where this type of engine is best turns out to be everything from about 250mph to 650mph, which is why the turbofan is by far the most used type of engine for aviation use.
The bypass ratio (the ratio of bypassed air to combustor air) is an important parameter for turbofans. Early turbofans (and most modern jet fighter engines) are low-bypass turbofans with bypass ratios less than 1. However, the "large mouthed" engines you have seen on almost all modern civilian jet aircraft are high-bypass turbofans which generally have bypass ratios of 3 or more.
Turbofans (especially high bypass engines) have another nice feature, they are fairly quiet. The noise of a jet engine is strongly related to the temperature of the air coming out the back. In the turbofan this hot air is mixed with the cold air bypassing the engine, so the result is a much lower temperature. You might think that jet aircraft are actually quite noisy, but if you stop to consider that the engines are delivering several tens of thousands of horsepower, you can see that a conventional engine of the same power would be much louder.
Propfan
The reason propeller engines lose efficiency at high speed is the same reason that airplanes find it difficult to fly at supersonic speeds: an effect known as wave drag significantly increases drag just below the speed of sound, and led to the concept of the sound barrier.
In the case of a propeller this effect can happen any time the prop is spun fast enough that the tips of the prop start travelling near the speed of sound, even if the plane is sitting still. This can be controlled to a large degree by adding more blades to the prop, using up more power at a lower speed. This is why most WWII fighters started with two-blade props and were using five-blade designs by the end of the war as their engines increased in power, they couldn't just spin the prop faster. However this solution does not help as the plane itself accelerates; at some point the forward speed of the plane combined with the rotational speed of the propeller will once again result in wave drag problems.
The solution to decreasing wave drag was discovered by German researchers in WWII: it was to sweep the wing backwards at a strong angle. Today almost all aircraft designed to fly much above 450 mph use a swept-wing. In the 1970s NASA started researching propellers with similar sweep. Since the inside of the prop is turning slower than the outside, the blade became progressively more swept toward the outside, leading to a curved shape.
Although in reality such designs remained turboprops, the name propfan was picked to make them sound more interesting. However the ducting of the normal turbofan has the side effect of containing the sonic boom of the fan inside the engine where it is largely muted. Such is not the case on a propfan. Propfans were at one time thought to be the next logical step in engine development for subsonic aircraft, but their very high noise levels made them unattractive, and work on them has since stopped.
Propfans are also known as ultra high by-pass (UHB) engines.
Ramjet
At the other end of the scale from the increasing complexity of the fans is the ramjet. When air enters a jet engine its speed decreases and its pressure increases, called the ram compression effect. At high speeds this process can be fairly effective, and can compress enough oxygen to efficiently burn the fuel for the engine all on its own. Typically the speed needed to make this process work effectively is above 600mph, and doesn't outperform traditional designs until supersonic.
Ramjets are built to utilize this compression effect through a careful inlet design. Beyond that the engine is largely nothing more than a well-designed tube. A ramjet thus contains no (major) moving parts and is particularly useful in cases where you need small and simple engine for high speed use. On the downside they need to be flying at high speed to start with, making them less than useful for general tasks. As you might expect they have found use almost exclusively in missiles, where they are boosted to operating speeds by a rocket motor, or by being attached to another aircraft (typically a fighter). Today ramjets have been generally replaced by small turbofans, or rockets.
See also: Ram accelerator
Pulsejet
The pulsejet was invented in the first half of the 20th century and was the power-plant that propelled the world's first cruise missile, the German V1.
Like most jet engines, the pulsejet is very simple in design -- consisting primarily of a long tube into which air enters and is mixed with fuel to create a combustible (stoichiometric) mixture. Where the pulsejet differs from other engines such as the Turbojet or Ramjet is that the combustion inside the engine is not continuous but occurs in the form of repeated explosions, hence the name "pulsejet".
There are two basic types of pulsejets. The first is known as a valved or traditional pulsejet and it has a set of one-way valves through which the incoming air passes. When the air/fuel is ignited, these valves slam shut which means that the hot gases can only leave through the engine's tailpipe, thus creating thrust in the opposite direction.
The second type of pulsejet is the valveless. These engines have no valves; indeed they have no moving parts at all and in that respect they are even simpler than a ramjet. With these engines, the intake and exhaust pipes are usually both faced in the same direction. This often necessitates bending the engine in half (the Lockwood design is made this way) or placing a 180 degree bend in the intake tube. This is necessary because when the air/fuel inside the engine ignites, hot gases will rush out both the intake tube and the exhaust tube, there being no valves to stop them. If both tubes weren't facing in the same direction, little or no thrust would be generated because the reactions from the intake and exhaust tubes would cancel each other out.
The advantage of the valveless pulsejet is simple and obvious, there are no moving parts to wear out so they are far more reliable and a lot simpler to build.
However, despite this advantage, pulsejets are seldom considered to be practical power plant due to their high fuel consumption, noise, and significant vibration levels. Today, they survive as a powerplant for model aeroplanes.
Scramjet
When the air inside a ramjet exceeds the speed of sound (meaning an aircraft speed of around Mach 5+) combustion fails to occur properly. This is overcome in a scramjet (supersonic combusting ramjet): the inlet is much wider (typically the entire underside of the craft) so the compression is less and the air remains at supersonic speeds. But conventional fuels are unusable at these speeds, so reactive chemicals or gases are used and the design of the jet is much more complex. Like a ramjet the scramjet must already be moving extremely fast before it will start working, but theoretically, speeds in excess of Mach 20 are possible.
turbo-rocket
Rocket engines need to carry both their fuel and air, which makes them carry around much more weight than a jet for the same amount of fuel burned. The turborocket is an attempt to reduce the amount of air (or to be exact, oxidizer) that needs to be carried by extracting some from the air the rocket flies through. Typical designs use a compressor similar to that of a traditional jet engine, but mix that along with additional oxidizer from the tanks. The compressor is turned off when reaching altitudes where there is no longer enough air to make this practical. Note that there are several other systems for extracting oxider from the air as well, designs known as LACE.
See also:
- spacecraft propulsion Pulse jet engine
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jet engine."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Jet is a town located in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 230.Geography
Jet is located at 36°40'0" North, 98°10'52" West (36.666790, -98.181053)1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²). 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 230 people, 115 households, and 71 families residing in the town. The population density is 286.5/km² (746.3/mi²). There are 149 housing units at an average density of 185.6/km² (483.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.09% White, 0.00% African American, 1.30% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 2.17% from two or more races. 0.43% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 115 households out of which 18.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% are married couples living together, 4.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% are non-families. 35.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 24.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.00 and the average family size is 2.57. In the town the population is spread out with 16.5% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 30.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 50 years. For every 100 females there are 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.9 males. The median income for a household in the town is $28,393, and the median income for a family is $31,250. Males have a median income of $25,000 versus $18,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $15,024. 5.3% of the population and 2.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 9.0% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jet, Oklahoma."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A jetboat is a boat propelled by a jet of water ejected from the back of the craft. Unlike a powerboat or motorboat that uses a propeller in the water behind the boat, a jetboat draws the water from under the boat into an impeller pump, known as a jet unit, inside the boat then expells it through a nozzle at the stern. Steering is accomplished by small vanes that direct the water jet in the direction the boat needs to go. Because of this the jetboat is highly maneuverable and can often be reversed and brought to a stop within its own length from full speed in a manouver known as a jetboat turn.Unlike a hydrofoils, which uses underwater wings or struts to lift the vessel clear of the water, jetboats normally plane across the water surface at operating speed, with only the rear portion of the hull displacing any water. With the hull clear of the water, there is reduced drag and speed and manouverability are greatly enhanced. Jetboats are normally operated at planing speed. Below planing speed the jetboat looses most of its manouverability and promply slows due to greatly increased drag. For this reason a jetboat is difficult to operate at speeds other than very fast or dead slow. For stability, the jetboat has a very shallow-angled (but not flat-bottomed) hull. It is claimed that jetboats can be safely operated in less than a foot (30 cm) of water.
Jetboats were originally designed by inventor Bill Hamilton to operate in the fast-flowing and shallow rivers of New Zealand to overcome the problem of propellers striking rocks in such waters, although Italian inventor Secondo Campini demonstrated a similar vessel as early as 1931 in Venice.
The New Zealand company CWF Hamilton designs and builds jetboats and manufactures the Hamilton Jet Unit, the patented device that produces and controls the water jet. Jet boats are normally powered by a V8 petrol engine, often an adapted automotive engine from a high perfomance car manufacturer.
Applications for jetboats include adventure tourism, surf rescue, farming, fishing and marine law enforcement, exploration, pleasure boating and other water activities where a motor boat is used. Jetboats can also be raced for sport, both on rivers and on a specially designed racecourse. Most jetboats are small enough to be carried on a trailer that is towed by a car.
Queenstown, New Zealand claimed it was the jetboat capital of the world when jetboating was the only form of adventure tourism.
See also: Sport, Jet sprint boat racing
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jetboat."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
JET | English | Joint European Tokamak | N/A |
Jet | French | Journalisme électronique | Post & Telecom |
JET | Greek | Joint European Torus,Joint Undertaking | Nuclear Energy & Physics, European Union |
| JE | English | Jet Engine | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: JetSynonyms: coal-black (adj), jet-black (adj), pitchy (adj), sooty (adj), fountain (n), jet plane (n), jet-propelled plane (n), spirt (n), spurt (n), squirt (n), gush (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Fuel | Oil, petroleum, gasoline, high octane gasoline, nitromethane, petrol, gas, juice, gasohol, alcohol, ethanol, methanol, fuel oil, kerosene, jet fuel, heating oil, number oil, number oil, naphtha; rocket fuel, high specific impulse fuel, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, lox. |
Navigation | Fly, be wafted, hover, soar, flutter, jet, orbit, rocket; take wing, take a flight, take off, ascend, blast off, land, alight; wing one's flight, wing one's way; aviate; parachute, jump, glide. |
Regression | Propeller, screw, twin screws, turbine, jet engine. |
River | Verb: flow, run; meander; gush, pour, spout, roll, jet, well, issue; drop, drip, dribble, plash, spirtle, trill, trickle, distill, percolate; stream, overflow, inundate, deluge, flow over, splash, swash; guggle, murmur, babble, bubble, purl, gurgle, sputter, spurt, spray, regurgitate; ooze, flow out. (egress). |
Jet, spirt, spurt, squirt, spout, spray, splash, rush, gush, jet d'eau; sluice. | |
Ship | Jet plane, rocket plane, jet liner, turbojet, prop-jet, propeller plane; corporate plane, corporate jet, private plane, private aviation; airline, common carrier; fighter, bomber, fighter-bomber, escort plane, spy plane; supersonic aircraft, subsonic aircraft. |
Wind | Noun: wind, draught, flatus, afflatus, efflation, eluvium; air; breath, breath of air; puff, whiff, zephyr; blow, breeze, drift; aura; stream, current, jet stream; undercurrent. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It's an anchor that drowns a man. Besides, I got the sky, the smell of jet exhaust, my bike (Hot Shots!; writing credit: Jim Abrahams; Pat Proft) I'm Jet Black, 36 years old. I'm often told I don't look 36, but you shouldn't judge people based on appearances or on how much hair they have (Cowboy Bebop; writing credit: Akihiko Inari) John Travolta flew me over in his jet. Now I have to help him move next weekend (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) Now, let's join the jet set (The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure; writing credit: George Kashdan) When you're a Jet, you're a Jet all the way (West Side Story; writing credit: Jerome Robbins; Arthur Laurents) | |
Lyrics | Then you flew your lear jet up to Nova Scotia (YOU'RE SO VAIN; performing artist: Carly Simon) Jet propelled back home, from over seas to the USA (Back In The USA; performing artist: Chuck Berry) Or a 747 jet, never forget (Keep Their Headz Ringin; performing artist: Dr. Dre) The NARCS heard, how the krills pump in the jet (Can't Deny It; performing artist: Fabolous) I jet (Take A Look Around; performing artist: Limp Bizkit) | |
Clever | Something Went Wrong in Jet Crash, Expert Says (references; author: unknown) Eagles may soar, but weasels don't get sucked into jet engines. (references; author: unknown) The difference between flight attendants and jet engines is that the engines usually quit whining when they get to the gate. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Le Jet d'eau (1973) Jet F-104 dassyutsu seyo (1968) The Jet Cage (1962) An Introduction to Jet Engines (1959) Jet Storm (1959) | |
Song Titles | We're Not The Jet Set (performing artist: George Jones/ Tammy Wynette) Jet Jaguar (performing artist: The Nick Atoms) Jet (performing artist: Paul McCartney & Wings) Leaving on a Jet Plane (performing artist: Paul and Mary Peter) Folk Music ( Libyan On A Jet Plane) (performing artist: Pinkard & Bowden) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books | |||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Use of a jet injector during the 1976 New Jersey Influenza A immunization project. 45 million adults in the United States received a vaccine containing the A/New Jersey/76 influenzavirus ("swine flu" virus). Credit: CDC. |  | Use of jet injector for immunization. Credit: CDC. |
 | Lear Jet. Credit: NASA. |  | X-36 Tailless Jet Fighter. Credit: NASA. |
 | 28 Romarc Ram Jet Engine in PSL Tank. Credit: NASA. |  | Rockets or JATO Jet Assisted Take Off Units. Credit: NASA. |
 | NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has revealed an unusual and fascinating new optical jet in the ... Credit: NASA. |  | A NASA Hubble Space Telescope (HST) view of a 4,000 light-year long jet of plasma emanating ... Credit: NASA. |
 | Modern aerial photographic equipment mounted in NOAA jet aircraft. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | NOAA jet outfitted for photogrammetric missions. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Jet d'eau Geneva" by Marc Habermacher Commentary: "Jet d'eau fountain in Geneva, Switzerland." | "Jet ski" by Stevan Sheets Commentary: "My friend, Wes on an unbelievable day of jetski and tubing." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | Testing instruments in the cockpit of a jet. | | Jet taking off. |
| Jet flying by as heard faintly from a distance. | | Lear jet flying past at a low altitude. |
| Jet flying by; airplane flying by. | | Jet take off; jet engine; airplane take off; the afterburn of a jet after takeoff. |
| Fighter jet engine noise. | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The jet is lighter, more precious, more costly |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | There was a wooden creaking from the wheels, and a thin jet of steam escaped through a hole in the top of the radiator cap. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | This problem can result from stress, jet lag, diet, or many other factors. (references) | |
No data have been presented to support noninfectious causes of TD such as changes in diet, jet lag, altitude, and fatigue. (references) | ||
To reduce the effects of jet lag, some doctors try to manipulate the biological clock with a technique called light therapy. (references) | ||
Business | Fractional ownership and business jet companies are beginning to grow in France. (references) | |
The joint production project of a 100-seat short-distance feeder jet aircraft is in preparation. (references) | ||
Dassault Aviation, the only business jet manufacturer in Europe, is the market leader with its Falcon family. (references) | ||
Economic History | Japan | However, more recently, prospects for the corporate jet market are looking brighter. (references) |
Nicaragua | It freed up prices on high-octane gasoline, lubricants, jet fuel, regular gas and kerosene. (references) | |
Bangladesh | In 1995 the Bangladesh Air Force made its largest purchase from the U.S to date--12 T-37 jet trainers. (references) | |
Trade | Maldives | The STO also controls the import and resale of jet fuel. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ELECTRICITY, n. The power that causes all natural phenomena not known to be caused by something else. It is the same thing as lightning, and its famous attempt to strike Dr. Franklin is one of the most picturesque incidents in that great and good man's career. The memory of Dr. Franklin is justly held in great reverence, particularly in France, where a waxen effigy of him was recently on exhibition, bearing the following touching account of his life and services to science: "Monsieur Franqulin, inventor of electricity. This illustrious savant, after having made several voyages around the world, died on the Sandwich Islands and was devoured by savages, of whom not a single fragment was ever recovered." Electricity seems destined to play a most important part in the arts and industries. The question of its economical application to some purposes is still unsettled, but experiment has already proved that it will propel a street car better than a gas jet and give more light than a horse. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | In addition, jet bombers, capable of carrying nuclear weapons, are now being uncrated and assembled in Cuba, while the necessary air bases are being prepared. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Jet" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.61% of the time. "Jet" is used about 1,297 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 97.61% | 1,266 | 6,204 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.92% | 12 | 101,599 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 0.54% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Noun (common) | 0.54% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.39% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,297 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Canada | Jet Energy | France | Jet Multimedia |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Jet, OK (town, FIPS 38000) |
Expressions using "jet": air jet ♦ air jet ventilation ♦ arc jet ♦ as black as jet ♦ confined jet ♦ fighter jet ♦ free jet ♦ free jet basin ♦ free jet chute ♦ free jet parabolic drop ♦ free jet stilling basin ♦ gas jet ♦ High-Frequency Jet Ventilation ♦ hydraulic jet engine for motor boats ♦ ink jet ♦ ink jet printer ♦ intermittent jet ♦ jet aeroplane ♦ jet age ♦ jet aircraft ♦ jet airplane ♦ Jet ant ♦ jet black ♦ jet black eyes ♦ jet bomber ♦ jet deau ♦ Jet d'eau ♦ jet deflector ♦ jet diffusion basin ♦ jet diffusion stilling basin ♦ jet engine ♦ jet fighter ♦ jet flap ♦ jet foil ♦ jet fuel ♦ jet fuel spillage ♦ jet lag ♦ Jet Lag Syndrome ♦ jet liner ♦ jet lube oil ♦ jet nozzle ♦ jet of water ♦ jet off ♦ jet perforating ♦ jet pilot ♦ jet pipe propelling nozzle ♦ jet plane ♦ jet propelled ♦ Jet propeller ♦ jet propulsion ♦ jet propulsion unit ♦ Jet pump ♦ jet rings ♦ jet set ♦ jet stream ♦ jet stream axis ♦ jet syndrome ♦ jet tummy ♦ jumbo jet ♦ Owens jet dust counter ♦ partially drowned jet ♦ partially submerged jet ♦ peripheral jet cushion system ♦ pilot jet ♦ propeller jet aircraft ♦ propulsive jet ♦ pulsating jet engine ♦ pulse jet ♦ ram jet ♦ rocket jet ♦ spillage of jet fuels ♦ the jet age ♦ thermal jet engine ♦ twin engine jet aircraft. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "jet": jet-age, jet-assisted, jet-black, jet-boat, jet-borne, jet-buttoned, jet-cleaning, jet-cloud, jet-copter, jet-craftsman, jet-driven, jet-dry, jet-engine, jet-eye, jet-fatigue, jet-flood, jet-handled, jet-lag, jet-lagged, jet-like, jet-man, jet-milled, jet-pack, jet-pipe, jet-pipes, jet-powered, jet-prop, jet-propelled, jet-propelled plane, jet-propulsion, jet-qualified, jet-rated, jet-set, jet-seter, jet-setter, jet-setters, jet-setting, jet-settish, jet-ski, jet-skied, jet-skiing, jet-skis, jet-star, jet-streams, jet-trail, jet-travel, jet-trikes, jet-wash. | |
Ending with "jet": air-jet, anti-jet, bubble-jet, euro-jet, fast-jet, five-jet, four-jet, gas-jet, Gyro-jet, hose-jet, ink-jet, jinx-jet, jump-jet, passenger-jet, prop-jet, pulse-jet, ram-jet, ram-jet, three-jet, turbo-jet, turboprop-jet, turbo-ram-jet, turboram-jet, twin-jet, uni-jet. | |
Containing "jet": bubble-jet printer, ink-jet printer, prop-jet engine, prop-jet plane, pulse-jet engine. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
jet blue | 26,360 | jet ski part | 325 |
west jet | 9,918 | jet ski rental | 318 |
jet ski | 5,894 | ny jet | 299 |
jet blue airline | 5,016 | used jet ski | 298 |
easy jet | 4,567 | jet ski for sale | 297 |
jet | 3,002 | jet chip | 296 |
jet fighter | 2,833 | jet pilot | 293 |
jet audio | 1,619 | jet stream | 286 |
jet li | 1,317 | jet airway | 282 |
jet boat | 1,222 | jet set radio future | 280 |
new york jet | 936 | fun jet | 274 |
jet engine | 861 | jet for sale | 267 |
jet blue airway | 731 | jet tool | 264 |
west jet airline | 619 | jet lag | 263 |
jet magazine | 589 | jay jay the jet plane | 256 |
jet blue.com | 587 | executive jet | 255 |
go jet | 493 | jet pump | 254 |
private jet | 430 | yamaha jet ski | 249 |
jet ski kawasaki | 371 | ink jet printer | 238 |
jet model | 368 | lear jet | 219 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "jet"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | shkulm (belch, gush), rrymë (current, drift, effluent, Niagara, nullah, onflow, outpour, rain, spurt, squirt, stream, thrashing-floor, threshing floor, tide, wave), reaktiv (Aerojet, missile, reactive, reagent, test), qelibar i zi, motor reaktiv (jet propulsion), i rrymshëm, gagat, dal me forcë, curril (spout, spurt, squirt, stream), çep. (various references) | |
Arabic | منفث, نافورة (fount, fountain, spout, squirt), تدفق (affluence, afflux, bubble, discharge, drift, flow, flowing, fluency, flux, gush, inflow, influx, inrush, issue, onrush, outbreak, outflow, outpouring, pour, roll, shoot, shoot up, slop, spirt, spout, spurt, stream, surge, throng), طائرة نفاثة (jet plane), صنبور (faucet, hydrant, manhole, nozzle, spout, tap), خرطوم (snout, spout), الكهرمان الأسود, اللون الأسود الفاحم, إنبثق (dribble, emanate, emerge, spout, spring). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | гагатен, изхвърлям на струя, пътувам с реактивен самолет, бликам струя, блестящ черен цвят, лъскав черен цвят, дюза (burner, nipple, nozzle, orifice, sprayer), гагат, струя (blast, current, flow, gush, rush, spout, squirt, stream, trail, well up), с блестящ черен цвят, с лъскав черен цвят, черен кехлибар, хидромонитор, реактивен двигател (blowtorch, jet propulsion), реактивен самолет (jet aircraft, jet plane), жигльор (orifice). (various references) | |
Chinese | 噴射 (spurt), 喷气机 (jets). (various references) | |
Czech | tryskové letadlo (jet plane), tryskáè, trysk (gallop, squirt), proud (current, drift, flood, flow, flush, gush, race, river, run, spout, stream, trend), hubice (nozzle), èerný jantar. (various references) | |
Danish | jetkraft (efflux, jet stream, thrust), jet (Joint European Torus, Joint Undertaking), spindedyse (spinneret, spinnerette), reaktionskraft (efflux, force, jet stream, reaction, reaction torque, thrust), propel (airscrew, engine, motor, propeller, thruster), fremdrivningsmiddel (engine, motor, thruster), dyse (choke, connection, ejector, nipple, nozzle, sprue bush). (various references) | |
Dutch | thruster (engine, motor, thruster), stuwstraalpijp (engine, motor, thruster), stuwraket (engine, motor, thruster), straalstroom (efflux, jet stream, thrust), straalpijp (air nozzle, engine, motor, nozzle, spray nozzle, thruster), straalmotor (engine, jet engine, motor, reaction engine, rection engine, thruster, turbojet, turbo-jet, turboprop, turbo-reactor), sproeier (irrigator, nozzle, rainer, rose, spray, sprinkler), spindop (spinneret, spinnerette), raketmotor (engine, motor, thruster). (various references) | |
Esperanto | jeto (jet plane). (various references) | |
Farsi | مانندفواره جاری کردن , دهانه (Eye, Head, Inset, Outfall, Spout, Throat), دهنه (Bit, Gap, Line, Muzzle), جریان سریع , جت , سنگ موسی , بخارج پرتاب کردن , مرمری (Marble), فواره زدن (Gush, Spout), مهرسیاه , پرش اب , پراندن (Fly, Jump, Sling, Squirt, Whisk), پرتاب (Hurl, Jaculation, Pitch, Pounce, Projection, Put, Shove, Shy, Throw, Tilt, Toss), فوران (Eruption, Gush, Outburst, Spout, Spurt), فواره (Fountain, Spout, Springhead, Waterwheel), کهربای سیاه . (various references) | |
Finnish | suihku (shower, spout, spray). (various references) | |
French | jet (jet airplane, jet plane, jet stream), avion à réaction (jet plane). ( |
