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Interior

Specialty Definition: Interior

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Specialty Definition: Alaska Interior

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The interior of Alaska makes up most of the state, as it is largely wild and undeveloped.

Mountains include Mount McKinley/Denali in the Alaska Range and the Wrangell Mountains.

The largest city is Fairbanks. Other towns include Talkeetna, Glenallen, Tok.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Alaska Interior."

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Interior

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In general, the interior of something refers to the space or part inside of it, excluding any kind of wall or boundary around its outside. It has different, more specific definitions in different contexts.

• For the set function used in topology, see interior (topology).

This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix the link, so that it points to the appropriate page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Interior."

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Interior, South Dakota

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Interior is a town located in Jackson County, South Dakota. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 77.

Geography

Interior is located at 43°43'31" North, 101°58'59" West (43.725197, -101.983114)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.5 km² (1.3 mi²). 3.5 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 77 people, 35 households, and 22 families residing in the town. The population density is 22.2/km² (57.3/mi²). There are 53 housing units at an average density of 15.3/km² (39.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 61.04% White, 0.00% African American, 35.06% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 3.90% from two or more races. 1.30% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 35 households out of which 20.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% are married couples living together, 5.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% are non-families. 31.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.20 and the average family size is 2.77. In the town the population is spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 108.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $31,719, and the median income for a family is $32,500. Males have a median income of $11,250 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the town is $27,247. 8.8% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Interior, South Dakota."

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Topology

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Topology is the study or science of places. It derives its name from the Greek words τοπος meaning place and λογος meaning study, talk.

See also: earth science, physical geography, human geography, geomorphology

In architecture, topology is a term used to describe spatial effects which can not be described by topography, i.e., social, economical, spatial or phenomenological interactions.

In mathematics, topology is a branch concerned with the study of topological spaces. (The term topology is also used for a set of open sets used to define topological spaces, but this article focuses on the branch of mathematics. Wiring and computer network topologies are discussed in network topology.) Roughly speaking, topology is the study of geometric objects without considering their dimensions.

The topology glossary contains definitions of terms used throughout topology.

History

The root of topology was in the study of geometry in ancient cultures. Leonhard Euler's paper on Seven Bridges of Königsberg is regarded as one of the first result on geometry that does not depend on any measurements, i.e., on topology.

Maurice Fréchet introduced the concept of metric space in 1906.

George Cantor, the inventor of set theory, studied extensively on limits.

In 1914, Hausdorff coined the term "topological space" and gave definition to what is now called Hausdorff space.

The current concept of topological space was described by Kuratowski in 1922.

Elementary introduction

Topological spaces show up naturally in mathematical analysis, abstract algebra and geometry. This has made topology one of the great unifying ideas of mathematics. General topology, or point-set topology, defines and studies some useful properties of spaces and maps, such as connectedness, compactness and continuity. Algebraic topology is a powerful tool to study topological spaces, and the maps between them. It associates "discrete", more computable invariants to maps and spaces, often in a functorial way. Ideas from algebraic topology have had strong influence on algebra and algebraic geometry.

The motivating insight behind topology is that some geometric problems depend not on the exact shape of the objects involved, but rather on the "way they are connected together". One of the first papers in topology was the demonstration, by Leonhard Euler, that it was impossible to find a route through the town of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) that would cross each of its seven bridges exactly once. This result did not depend on the lengths of the bridges, nor on their distance from one another, but only on connectivity properties: which bridges are connected to which islands or riverbanks. This problem, the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, is now a famous problem in introductory mathematics.

Similarly, the hairy ball theorem of algebraic topology says that "one cannot comb the hair on a ball smooth". This fact is immediately convincing to most people, even though they might not recognize the more formal statement of the theorem, that there is no nonvanishing continuous tangent vector field on the sphere. As with the Bridges of Königsberg, the result does not depend on the exact shape of the sphere; it applies to pear shapes and in fact any kind of blob, as long as it has no holes.

In order to deal with these problems that do not rely on the exact shape of the objects, one must be clear about just what properties these problems do rely on. From this need arises the notion of topological equivalence. The impossibility of crossing each bridge just once applies to any arrangement of bridges topologically equivalent to those in Königsberg, and the hairy ball theorem applies to any space topologically equivalent to a sphere. Formally, two spaces are topologically equivalent if there is a homeomorphism between them. In that case the spaces are said to be homeomorphic, and they are considered to be essentially the same for the purposes of topology.

Formally, a homeomorphism is defined as a continuous bijection with a continuous inverse, which is not terribly intuitive even to one who knows what the words in the definition mean. A more informal criterion gives a better visual sense: two spaces are topologically equivalent if one can be deformed into the other without cutting it apart or gluing pieces of it together. The traditional joke is that the topologist can't tell the coffee cup she is drinking out of from the donut she is eating, since a sufficiently pliable donut could be reshaped to the form of a coffee cup by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while shrinking the hole into a handle.

One simple introductory exercise is to classify the letters of the English alphabet according to topological equivalence. To be simple, it is assumed that the lines of the letters have nonzero width. Then in most fonts, there is a class {a,b,d,e,g,o,p,q} of letters with a hole, a class {c,f,h,k,l,m,n,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z} of letters without a hole, and a class {i,j} of letters consisting of two pieces. For a more complicated exercise, it may be assumed that the lines have zero width; one can get several different classifications depending on which font is used.

Some useful theorems

• Every closed interval in R of finite length is compact. More is true: In Rⁿ, a set is compact iff it is closed and bounded. (See Heine-Borel theorem).
• Every continuous image of a compact space is compact.
• Tychonoff's theorem: The (arbitrary) product of compact spaces is compact.
• A compact subspace of a Hausdorff space is closed.
• Every sequence of points in a compact metric space has a convergent subsequence.
• Every interval in R is connected.
• The continuous image of a connected space is connected.
• A metric space is Hausdorff, also normal and paracompact.
• The metrization theorems provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a topology to come from a metric.
• The Tietze extension theorem: In a normal space, every continuous real-valued function defined on a closed subspace can be extended to a continuous map defined on the whole space.
• The Baire category theorem: If X is a complete metric space or a locally compact Hausdorff space, then the interior of every union of countably many nowhere dense sets is empty.
• On a paracompact Hausdorff space every open cover admits a partition of unity subordinate to the cover.
• Every path-connected, locally path-connected and semi-locally simply connected space has a universal cover.

Some useful notions from algebraic topology

See also list of algebraic topology topics.

• Homology and cohomology: Betti numbers, Euler characteristic.
• Nice applications: Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem, Borsuk-Ulam Theorem.
• Homotopy groups (including the fundamental group).
• Chern classes, Stiefel Whitney classes, Pontrjagin classes.

Sketchy outline of the deeper theory

• (Co)fibre sequences: Puppe sequence, computations
• Homotopy groups of spheres
• Obstruction theory
• K-theory: KO, algebraic K-theory
• Stable homotopy
• Brown representability
• (Co)bordism
• Signatures
• BP and Morava K-theory
• Surgery obstructions
• H-spaces, infinite loop spaces, A_∞ rings
• Homotopy theory of affine schemes
• Intersection cohomology

Generalizations

Occasionally, one needs to use the tools of topology but a "set of points" is not available. In pointless topology one considers instead the lattice of open sets as the basic notion of the theory, while Grothendieck topologies are certain structures defined on arbitrary categories which allow the definition of sheaves on those categories, and with that the definition of quite general cohomology theories.

Related articles

• List of geometric topology topics
• Topological space
• Network topology
• Link topology
• Topology of the universe
• Covering map

External link

• ODP category

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Topology."

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Topology glossary

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a glossary of some terms used in the branch of mathematics known as topology. Although there is no clear distinction between different areas of topology, this glossary focuses primarily on general topology and definitions that are fundamental to a broad range of areas. See the article on topological spaces for basic definitions and examples, and see the article on topology for a brief history and description of the subject area.

The following articles may also be useful. These either contain specialised vocabulary within general topology or provide more detailed expositions of the definitions given below. The list of general topology topics will also be very helpful.

• Compact space
• Connected space
• Continuity (topology)
• Metric space
• Separated sets
• Separation axiom
• Uniform space

All spaces in this glossary are assumed to be topological spaces unless stated otherwise.

• Accessible. See T₁.

• Baire space. A space X is a Baire space if it is not meagre in itself. Equivalently, X is a Baire space if the intersection of countably many dense open sets is dense.

• Base. A set of open sets is a base (or basis) for a topology if every open set in the topology is a union of sets in the base. The topology generated by a base is the smallest topology containing the base elements; this topology consists of all unions of elements of the base.

• Basis. See Base.

• Borel algebra. The Borel algebra on a space X is the smallest σ-algebra containing all the open sets.

• Borel set. A Borel set is an element of a Borel algebra.

• Boundary. The boundary of a set is the set's closure minus its interior. Equivalently, the boundary of a set is the intersection of its closure with the closure of its complement.

• Cauchy sequence. A sequence {x_i} in a metric space M with metric d is called a Cauchy sequence (or Cauchy for short) if for every positive real number r, there is an integer N such that for all integers m and n greater than N, the distance d(x_m, x_n) is less than r.

• Clopen. A set is clopen if it is both open and closed.

• Closed set. A set is closed if its complement is a member of the topology.

• Closed function. A function from one space to another is closed if the image of every closed set is closed.

• Closure. The closure of a set is the intersection of all closed sets which contain it. It is the smallest closed set containing the original set.

• Compact. A space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover. Compact spaces are always Lindelöf and paracompact. Compact Hausdorff spaces are therefore normal.

• Complete. A metric space is complete if every Cauchy sequence converges.

• Completely metrizable/completely metrisable. See Topologically complete.

• Completely normal. A space is completely normal if any two separated sets have disjoint neighbourhoods.

• Completely normal Hausdorff. A completely normal Hausdorff space (or T₅ space) is a completely normal T₁ space. (A completely normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T₁, so the terminology is consistent.) Completely normal Hausdorff spaces are always normal Hausdorff.

• Completely regular. A space is completely regular if whenever C is a closed set and p is a point not in C, then C and {p} are functionally separated.

• Completely regular Hausdorff. See Tychonoff.

• Completely T₃. See Tychonoff.

• Component. See connected component.

• Connected. A space X is connected if it is not the union of a pair of disjoint nonempty open sets. Equivalently, a space is connected if the only clopen sets are the whole space and the empty set.

• Connected component. A connected component of a space is a maximal connected subspace. The connected components of a space form a partition of that space.

• Continuous. A function from one space to another is continuous if the preimage of every open set is open.

• Contractible. A space X is contractible if the identity map on X is homotopic to a constant map. Contractible spaces are always simply connected.

• Countably compact. A space is countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover.

• Cover. A collection {U_i} of sets is a cover (or covering), if their union is the whole space. An open cover is a cover consisting of open sets.

• Covering. See Cover.

• Dense. A dense set is a set that meets every nonempty open set in the space. Equivalently, a set is dense if its closure is the whole space.

• Discrete topology. See Discrete space.

• Discrete space. A space X is discrete if every set is open. We say that X carries the discrete topology.

• Entourage. See Uniform space.

• F_σ set. An F_σ set is a countable union of closed sets.

• First category. See Meagre.

• First-countable. A space is first-countable if every point has a countable local base.

• Functionally separated. Two sets A and B in a space X are functionally separated if there is a continuous function from X into the interval [0,1] with the property that A is mapped to 0 and B is mapped to 1.

• G_δ set. A G_δ set is a countable intersection of open sets.

• Hausdorff. A space is Hausdorff (or T₂) if every two distinct points have disjoint neighbourhoods. Hausdorff spaces are always T₁.

• Hereditary. A property of spaces is said to be hereditary if whenever a space has that property, then so does every subspace of it. For example, second-countability is a hereditary property.

• Homeomorphism. A homeomorphism from a space X to a space Y is a bijective map f : X → Y such that f and f ^-1 are continuous. The spaces X and Y are then said to be homeomorphic. From the standpoint of topology, homeomorphic spaces are identical.

• Homogeneous. A space X is homogeneous if for every x and y in X there is a homeomorphism f : X -> X such that f(x) = y. Intuitively speaking, this means that the space looks the same at every point. All topological groups are homogeneous.

• Homotopic maps. Two continuous maps f, g : X -> Y are homotopic if there is a continuous map H: X× [0,1] → Y, such that H(x,0) = f(x) and H(x,1) = g(x) for all x in X. Here, the space X × [0,1] is given the usual product topology. The function H is called a homotopy between f and g.

• Indiscrete space. See Trivial topology.

• Indiscrete topology. See Trivial topology.

• Interior. The interior of a set is the union of all open sets contained in it. It is the largest open set contained in the original set.

• Isolated point. A point x is an isolated point if the singleton {x} is open.

• Kolmogorov. See T₀.

• Kuratowski closure axioms. The Kuratowski closure axioms are a set of axioms satisied by the closure operator:

Isotonicity: Every set is contained in its closure.

Idempotence: The closure of the closure of a set is equal to the closure of that set.

Preservation of binary unions: The closure of the union of two sets is the union of their closures.

Preservation of nullary unions: The closure of the empty set is empty.

• Limit point. A point x in X is a limit point of a subset S if every open set containing x also contains a point of S other than x itself. This is equivalent to requiring that every neighbourhood of x contains a point of S other than x itself.

• Lindelöf. A space is Lindelöf if every open cover has a countable subcover.

• Local base. A set B of neighbourhoods of a point x of a topological space X is a local base (or local basis, neighbourhood base, neighbourhood basis) at x if every neighbourhood of x contains some member of B.

• Local basis. See Local base.

• Locally compact. A space is locally compact if every point has a local base consisting of compact neighbourhoods. Locally compact Hausdorff spaces are always Tychonoff.

• Locally connected. A space is locally connected if every point has a local base consisting of connected sets.

• Locally finite. A collection of subsets of a space is locally finite if every point has a neighbourhood which meets only finitely many of the subsets.

• Locally metrizable/Locally metrisable. A space is locally metrizable if every point has a metrizable neighbourhood.

• Locally path-connected. A space is locally path-connected if every point has a local base consisting of path-connected sets. A locally path-connected space is connected if and only if it is path-connected.

• Meagre. If X is a space and A is a subset of X, then A is meagre in X (or of first category in X) if it is the countable union of nowhere dense sets. If A is not meagre in X, A is sometimes said to be of second category in X.

• Metric. See Metric space.

• Metric space. A metric space is a set M equipped with a function d : M × M → R satisfying the following conditions for all x, y, and z in M:

d(x, y) ≥ 0

d(x, x) = 0

if   d(x, y) = 0   then   x = y     (identity of indiscernibles)

d(x, y) = d(y, x)     (symmetry)

d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z)     (triangle inequality)

The function d is called a metric on M.

• Metrizable/Metrisable. A space is metrizable if it is homeomorphic to a metric space. Metrizable spaces are always Hausdorff and paracompact (and hence normal and Tychonoff), and first-countable.

• Neighbourhood/Neighborhood. A neighbourhood of a set S is a set containing an open set which in turn contains the set S. (Note that the neighbourhood itself need not be open.) A neighbourhood of a point p is a neighbourhood of the singleton set {p}.

• Neighbourhood base. See Local base.

• Neighbourhood basis. See Local base.

• Net. A net in a space X is a map from a directed set A to X. A net from A to X is usually denoted (x_α), where α is in an index variable ranging over A. Every sequence is a net, taking A to be the directed set of natural numbers with the usual ordering.

• Normal. A space is normal if any two disjoint closed sets have disjoint neighbourhoods. Normal spaces admit partitions of unity.

• Normal Hausdorff. A normal Hausdorff space (or T₄ space) is a normal T₁ space. (A normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T₁, so the terminology is consistent.) Normal Hausdorff spaces are always Tychonoff.

• Nowhere dense. A nowhere dense set is a set whose closure has empty interior.

• Open cover. See Cover.

• Open set. A set is open if it is a member of the topology.

• Open function. A function from one space to another is open if the image of every open set is open.

• Paracompact. A space is paracompact if every open cover has an open locally finite refinement. Paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal.

• Partition of unity. A partition of unity of a space X is a set of continuous functions from X to [0,1] such that any point has a neighbourhood where all but a finite number of the functions are identically zero, and the sum of all the functions on the entire space is identically 1.

• Path-connected. A space X is path-connected if for every two points x, y in X, there is a path p from x to y, i.e., a continuous map p: [0,1] → X with p(0) = x and p(1) = y. Path-connected spaces are always connected.

• Point. This term is often used to refer to elements of the topological space.

• Polish. A space is called Polish if it is metrizable with a separable and complete metric.

• Product topology. If {X_i} is a collection of spaces and X is the (set-theoretic) product of {X_i}, then the product topology on X is the weakest topology for which all the projection maps are continuous.

• Punctured neighbourhood/Punctured neighborhood. A punctured neighbourhood of a point p is a neighbourhood of p, minus {p}. For instance, the interval (-1,1) = {x : -1 < x < 1} is a neighbourhood of 0 in the real line, so the set (-1,0) ∪ (0,1) = (-1,1) - {0} is a punctured neighbourhood of 0.

• Quotient space. If X and Y are spaces and f : X → Y is any function, then the quotient space on Y induced by f is the weakest topology for which f is continuous. The most common example of this is to consider an equivalence relation on X, with Y the set of equivalence classes and f the natural projection map.

• Refinement. A cover K is a refinement of a cover L if every member of K is a subset of some member of L.

• Regular. A space is regular if whenever C is a closed set and p is a point not in C, then C and p have disjoint neighbourhoods.

• Regular Hausdorff. A space is regular Hausdorff (or T₃) if it is a regular T₀ space. (A regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T₀, so the terminology is consistent.)

• Residual. If X is a space and A is a subset of X, then A is residual in X if the complement of A is meagre in X.

• Second category. See Meagre.

• Second-countable. A space is second-countable if it has a countable base for its topology. Second-countable spaces are always separable, first-countable and Lindelöf.

• Separable. A space is separable if it has a countable dense subset.

• Separated. Two sets A and B are separated if each is disjoint from the other's closure.

• Sierpinski space. Let S = {0,1}. Then T = is a topology on S, and the resulting space is called Sierpinski space. The Sierpinski space is the simplest example of a space that does not satisfy the T₁ axiom.

• Simply connected. A space X is simply connected if it is path-connected and every continuous map f: S¹ → X is homotopic to a constant map.

• Subbase. A set of open sets is a subbase (or subbasis) for a topology if every open set in the topology is a union of finite intersections of sets in the subbase. The topology generated by a subbase is the smallest topology containing the subbase elements; this topology consists of all finite intersections of unions of elements of the subbase.

• Subbasis. See Subbase.

• Subcover. A cover K is a subcover (or subcovering) of a cover L if every member of K is a member of L.

• Subcovering. See Subcover.

• Subspace. If X is a space and A is a subset of X, then the subspace topology on A induced by X consists of all intersections of open sets in X with A.

• T₀. A space is T₀ (or Kolmogorov) if for every pair of distinct points x and y in the space, either there is an open set containing x but not y, or there is an open set containing y but not x.

• T₁. A space is T₁ (or accessible) if for every pair of distinct points x and y in the space, there is an open set containing x but not y. (Compare with T₀; here, we are allowed to specify which point will be contained in the open set.) Equivalently, a space is T₁ if all its singletons are closed. T₁ spaces are always T₀.

• T₂. See Hausdorff.

• T₃. See Regular Hausdorff.

• T_3½. See Tychonoff.

• T₄. See Normal Hausdorff.

• T₅. See Completely normal Hausdorff.

• Topological space. A topological space is a set X equipped with a collection T of subsets of X satisfying the following conditions:

The empty set and X are in T.

The union of any collection of sets in T is also in T.

The intersection of any pair of sets in T is also in T.

The collection T is called a topology on X.

• Topologically complete. A space is topologically complete if it is homeomorphic to a complete metric space.

• Topology. See Topological space.

• Totally disconnected. A space is totally disconnected if it has no connected subset with more than one point.

• Trivial topology. The trivial topology on a set X consists of precisely the empty set and the entire space X.

• Tychonoff. A Tychonoff space (or completely regular Hausdorff space, completely T₃ space, T_3½ space) is a completely regular T₀ space. (A completely regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T₀, so the terminology is consistent.) Tychonoff spaces are always regular Hausdorff.

• Uniform space. A uniform space is a set U equipped with a nonempty system Φ of subsets of the Cartesian product X × ''X'\' satisfying the following:

if U is in Φ, then U contains { (x, x) : x in X }.

if U is in Φ, then { (y, x) : (x, y) in U } is also in Φ

if U is in Φ and V is a subset of X × X which contains U, then V is in Φ

if U and V are in Φ, then U ∩ V is in Φ

if U is in Φ, then there exists V in Φ such that, whenever (x, y) and (y, z) are in V, then (x, z) is in U.

The elements of Φ are called entourages, and Φ itself is called a uniform structure on U.

• Uniform structure. See Uniform space.

• Weak topology. The weak topology on a set, with respect to a collection of functions from that set into topological spaces, is the weakest topology on the set which makes all the functions continuous.

• Weakly hereditary. A property of spaces is said to be weakly hereditary if whenever a space has that property, then so does every closed subspace of it. For example, compactness and the Lindelöf property are both weakly hereditary properties, although neither is hereditary.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Topology glossary."

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United States Department of the Interior

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Dept. of the Interior Larger version Established: March 3, 1849 Activated: March 8, 1849 Secretary: Gale Norton Deputy Secretary: James Steven Griles Budget: $10.4 billion (2003) Employees: 70,037 (2003)

The United States Department of the Interior is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most Federally owned land. These responsibilities are quite different than Interior Departments of other nations, which tend to focus on police or security.

It is administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior, who by convention generally comes from a Western state.

History

A department for domestic concerns was first considered by the First Congress in 1789, but those duties were placed in the Department of State. Its proposal continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James K. Polk.

The 1846-1848 Mexican-American War, gave the proposal new steam as the responsibilities of the federal government grew. President Polk's Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker became a vocal champion of creating the new department.

In 1848, Walker stated in his annual report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. He noted that General Land Office had little to do with the Department of the Treasury. He also highlighted the Indian Affairs office in the Department of War and the Patent Office in the State Department. He argued that all should be brought together in a new Department of the Interior. A bill to authorizing its creation passed the House of Representatives on February 15, 1849, and spent just over two weeks in the Senate.

The Department was established on March 3, 1849, the eve of President Zachary Taylor's inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was delayed by Congressional Democrats who were reluctant to create more patronage opportunities for the incoming Whig administration.

In contrast to similarly named Departments in other countries, the United States Department of the Interior is not responsible for local government or for civil administration except in the cases of Indian reservations.

As of March 2003, the Department managed 507 million acres of surface land, or about one-fifth of the land in the United States. Through its various bureaus, it manages 457 dams and 348 reservoirs, 387 national parks, 540 national wildlife refuges, 69 national fish hatcheries. Energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28 percent of the nation's energy production.

Operating Units

• National Park Service
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
• Bureau of Indian Affairs
• Bureau of Land Management
• Minerals Management Service
• Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement
• U.S. Geological Survey
• Bureau of Reclamation

External Links

• United States Department of the Interior website

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "United States Department of the Interior."

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Synonyms within Context: Interior

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Modern Usage: Interior

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Commercial Usage: Interior

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Image Slideshow: Interior

Photos: Interior More pictures...

Illustrations: Interior More pictures...

Computer Images: Interior More pictures...

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Photo Album: Interior

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Photo shows interior hallway of NCI new building in 1939. Dr. Leonard A. Scheele stands at end of hallway door. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.		Shows interior wide shot of Central Cancer Research Lab library. A woman sits at the table with a book. (1931). Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.
	This patient developed streptococcal endocarditis after the bacteria had spread throughout his body by way of his blood stream, thereby, infecting the interior of his heart. Credit: CDC.		HAZMAT Vehicle Interior. Credit: NASA.
	Interior View of Drafting Room in ERB. Credit: NASA.		Apollo 11 LM Interior. Credit: NASA.
	The MacDonnell Ranges are a band of mountains spanning Australia's arid interior. Only a portion of the Ranges can be seen in this image. Credit: NASA.		William M. Scaife With wife in interior of Alaska. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Food cache - packing in to the interior of Alaska Triangulation party of William M. Scaife. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Aerial view of interior Mississippi Delta marshes. Credit: America's Coastlines.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Interior
 

"Interior of Guggenheim" by Justin Bird Commentary: "Interior shot of the Guggenheim Museum in New York City."	"Antique Car interior" by Persist Persist Commentary: "An antique car interior with fan. Taken on Route 66 in Illinois, October 2002."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Interior

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Use in Literature: Interior

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Non-Fiction Usage: Interior

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Speeches: Interior

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Usage Frequency: Interior

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Interior

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Interior

INDEX

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