Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Iconoclasm |
IconoclasmNoun1. The orientation of an iconoclast. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "iconoclasm" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1903. (references) |
Etymology: Iconoclasm \I*con"o*clasm\, noun. [Compare to the French expression iconoclasme. See Iconoclast.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Heterodoxy | Bigotry; (obstinacy); fanaticism, iconoclasm; |
Orthodoxy | Christianity, Christianism; Catholicism, Catholicity; "the faith once delivered to the saints"; hyperorthodoxy; iconoclasm. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Literally, Iconoclasm is religious and political destruction of the sacred images or monuments, usually (though not always) of another religious group. People who destroy such images are called iconoclasts, while people who revere or venerate such images are called iconodules.
The term iconoclast has come to have a more general meaning
Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (reigned 717-741) banned the use of icons of Jesus, Mary, and the Saints and commanded the destruction of these images in 730. The Iconoclastic Controversy was fueled by the refusal of many Christians resident outside the Byzantine Empire, including many Christians living in the Islamic Caliphate to accept the emperor's theological arguments. St. John of Damascus was one of the most prominent of these. Ironically, Christians living under Muslim rule at this time had more freedom to write in defense of icons than did those living in the Byzantine Empire. Leo was able to promulgate his policy because of his personal popularity and military success - he was credited with saving Constantinople from an Arab siege in 717-718 and then sustaining the Empire through annual warfare.
Leo III's son, Constantine V (reigned 741-775) was challenged at once by a general who used Iconophile ("Icon-favoring") propaganda, but his military success against this threat cemented his own position.
The first Iconoclastic period came to an end at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, when the veneration of icons was affirmed, although the worship of icons was expressly forbidden. Among the reasons were the doctrine of the Incarnation: because God the Son (Jesus Christ) took on flesh, having a physical appearance, it is now possible to use physical matter to depict God the Son, and to depict the saints. Icon veneration lasted through the reign of Empress Irene's successor, Nicephorus I (reigned 802-811), and the two brief reigns after his.
Emperor Leo V (reigned 813-820) instituted a second period of Iconoclasm in 813, which seems to have been less rigorously enforced, since there were fewer martyrdoms and public destructions of icons. Leo was succeeded by Michael II, who was succeeded by his son, Theophilus II. Theophilus died leaving his wife Theodora regent for his minor heir, Michael III. Like Irene 50 years before her, Theodora mobilized the iconodules and proclaimed the restoration of icons in 843. Since that time the first Sunday of Lent is celebrated in the churches of the Orthodox tradition as the feast of the "Triumph of Orthodoxy".Byzantine Iconoclasm
The First Iconoclastic Period: 730-787
The Second Iconoclastic Period: 813-843
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Iconoclasm."
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Oliver Wendell Holmes | Rough work, iconoclasm, but the only way to get at truth. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| "Iconoclasm" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Iconoclasm" is used about 30 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 30 | 63,341 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
iconoclasm | 10 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "iconoclasm"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaan | beeldstorm, beeldestorm. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | иконоборство. (various references) | |
Czech | obrazoborectví. (various references) | |
Dutch | beeldenstorm. (various references) | |
Esperanto | ikonrompado, bildodetruo. (various references) | |
French | iconoclasme. (various references) | |
German | bilderstürmerei (iconoclast). (various references) | |
Italian | iconoclasma. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 偶像 壊 (image breaking). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ぐうぞうはかい (image breaking). (various references) | |
Manx | jalloo-vrishey. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | iconoclasmay.(various references) | |
Russian | иконоборство (iconoclast). (various references) | |
Swedish | ikonoklasm, bildstormeri. (various references) | |
Turkish | ikon düşmanlığı, geleneklere karşı çıkma. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự b i trừ thánh tượng. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "iconoclasm": iconoclasms. (additional references) | |
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"Iconoclasm" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: icinoclasm, iconcoclasm, iconoclas, iconoclasim, iconoclasme, iconoclass, iconoclasy, inconoclasm, ironoclasm. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "iconoclasm" (pronounced ī'kÄ"nukla'zum) |
| 5 | -l a' z u m | cytoplasm, neoplasm. |
| 4 | -a' z u m | enthusiasm, sarcasm. |
| 3 | -z u m | abolitionism, absenteeism, absolutism, activism, adventurism, agrarianism, alcoholism, altruism, amateurism, anachronism, aneurism, animism, antagonism, aphorism, astigmatism, atavism, atheism, authoritarianism, autism, baptism, barbarism, bilingualism, bolshevism, boosterism, bosom, botulism, cannibalism, capitalism, careerism, catechism, centralism, chasm, chauvinism, classicism, collectivism, colonialism, commercialism, communism, conservatism, consumerism, corporatism, counterterrorism, creationism, criticism, cronyism, cubism, cynicism, dandyism, defeatism, deism, despotism, determinism, diamagnetism, diastrophism, dimorphism, dogmatism, Druidism, dualism, dwarfism, dynamism, egalitarianism, egoism, egotism, electromagnetism, elitism, embolism, emotionalism, empiricism, entrepreneurialism, environmentalism, ergotism, eroticism, escapism, ethnocentrism, euphemism, evangelism, expansionism, expressionism, extremism, factionalism, fanaticism, fascism, fatalism, favoritism, federalism, feminism, ferromagnetism, fetishism, feudalism, formalism, fundamentalism, futurism, geotropism, gnosticism, gradualism, hedonism, helotism, heroism, hooliganism, humanism, hypnotism, idealism, illusionism, imperialism, impressionism, incrementalism, individualism, intellectualism, internationalism, interventionism, Irredentism, ism, isolationism, isomorphism, jingoism, journalism, leftism, legalism, lesbianism, liberalism, lyricism, magnetism, mannerism, masochism, materialism, mechanism, mercantilism, mesmerism, metabolism, methodism, microcosm, microorganism, militarism, minimalism, modernism, monasticism, monetarism, monism, monotheism, moralism, multiculturalism, multilateralism, mutualism, mysticism, narcissism, nationalism, nativism, naturalism, negativism, nepotism, neutralism, nihilism, obstructionism, opportunism, optimism, organism, orgasm, ostracism, overoptimism, pacifism, paganism, parallelism, parkinsonism, parochialism, pastoralism, paternalism, patriotism, perfectionism, pessimism, phantasm, pharisaism, pietism, plagiarism, pluralism, polymorphism, polytheism, populism, positivism, pragmatism, prism, professionalism, protectionism, provincialism, puritanism, racialism, racism, radicalism, realism, recidivism, relativism, republicanism, revisionism, rheumatism, romanticism, sadism, satanism, schism, sectarianism, secularism, sensationalism, separatism, sexism, skepticism, socialism, spasm, statism, stoicism, supernaturalism, surrealism, symbolism, synergism, territorialism, terrorism, theism, tokenism, totalitarianism, tourism, truism, unionism, vandalism, vegetarianism, vigilantism, voluntarism, volunteerism, voyeurism. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-i-l-m-n-o-o-s" | |
-2 letters: colonics, cosmical, laconism, limacons, moccasin, moonsail, occasion, scolioma. | |
-3 letters: alnicos, anosmic, calicos, camions, clonism, cocains, colonic, comical, conical, laconic, limacon, locoism, malison, maniocs, masonic, oilcans, oomiacs. | |
-4 letters: alnico, aloins, amnios, anomic, calico, camion, casino, claims, clonic, cocain, cocoas, colics, colins, coloni, colons, comics, conics, consol, cosmic, limans, linacs, macons, manics, manioc, mascon, moolas, mosaic, nicols, oilcan, oilman, oomiac, salmon, saloon, siccan, simoon, social, socman, solano, solion. | |
-5 letters: acmic, aloin, amino, amins, amnic, amnio, anils, cains, calms, calos, canso, cions, cisco, claim, clams, clans, clons, coals, cocas, cocoa, cocos, coils, coins, colas, colic, colin, colon, comal, comas, comic, conic, cools, coons, icons, laics, liman, limas, limns, limos, linac, linos, lions, loams, loans, locos, loins, looms, loons, macon, mails, mains, malic, manic, manos, mason, micas, milos, minas, moans, moils, molas, monas, monos, moola, mools, moons, nails, nicol, noils, nolos, nomas, nomoi, nomos, olios, osmic, osmol, salic, salmi, salon, scion, slain, snail, snool, solan, solon, sonic. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-c-i-l-m-n-o-o-s" | |
+1 letter: iconoclasms. | |
+2 letters: cosmogonical, malocclusion. | |
+3 letters: complications, malocclusions. | |
+4 letters: commonsensical, contumaciously, machicolations, noncommercials, noncompliances. | |
+5 letters: cyanocobalamins, overcompliances. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)49 63 6F 6E 6F 63 6C 61 73 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).. -.-. --- -. --- -.-. .-.. .- ... -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001001 01100011 01101111 01101110 01101111 01100011 01101100 01100001 01110011 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)I c o n o c l a s m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0049 0063 006F 006E 006F 0063 006C 0061 0073 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)43698180816978678579 |
| 1. Definition 2. Usage: Commercial 3. Quotations: Familiar 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Expressions: Internet 6. Translations: Modern 7. Derivations 8. Rhymes | 9. Anagrams 10. Orthography 11. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
