Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Hysteresis |
HysteresisNoun1. The lagging of an effect behind its cause; especially the phenomenon in which the magnetic induction of a ferromagnetic material lags behind the changing magnetic field. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Etymology: Hysteresis \Hys`te*re"sis\, noun. [New Latin expression, from the Greek expression to be behind, to lag.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Aerospace | 1. Any of several effects resembling a kind of internal friction, accompanied by the generation of heat within the substance affected. Magnetic hystersis occurs when a ferromagnetic substance is subjected to a varying magnetic intensity; electric hysteresis occurs when a dielectric is subjected to a varying electric intensity. Elastic hysteresis is the internal friction in an elastic solid subjected to varying stress. 2. The delay of an indicator in registering a change in a parameter being measured.Back to Table of Contents. (references) |
Electrical Engineering | A phenomenon represented by a characteristic curve which has a branch, called ascending branch, for increasing values of the input variable, and a different branch, called descending branch, for decreasing values of the input variable. Source: European Union. (references) |
| An effect observed in ferromagnetic materials, particularly ferrites, in which a cyclic variation in the applied magnetising field results in values of magnetic induction which are different in the positive-going and negative-going parts of the cycle, so that a graph of magnetising field(H)and magnetic induction(B)takes the form of a closed loop. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| The property exhibited by a body or system whose response to a given change in the force or forces acting upon it depends on its past reaction to such changes. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Geography | In hydrology, the difference between the values of pF for a given value of the soil moisture as the soil becomes wetter or dryer. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Lag of the effect on the cause particularly in elastic and magnetic behaviour. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Industry | Measure of energy loss expressed in degree of temperature build up. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mechanical Engineering | The difference in the valve input signals required to produce the same valve output during a single cycle of valve input signal when cycled at a rate below that a which dynamic effects are important; it is expressed as a percentage of the rated signal. Maximum hysteresis is normally indicated and is the maximum difference in input signal occuring in a cycle shown as a percentage of rated signal. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. A lag in the return of an elastically deformed body to its original shape after the load has been removed b. The property that a rock is said to exhibit when its magnetization is nonreversible. Syn:magnetic hysteresis c. A phase lag of dielectric displacement behind electric-field intensity,due to energy dissipation in polarization processes. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Hysteresis is a physics term that means, literally, to be late. It describes systems that do not directly follow the forces applied to them, but react slowly, or don't return completely to their original state: that is, systems whose states depend on their immediate history. For instance if you push on a piece of putty it will assume a new shape, and when you remove your hand it will not return to its original shape, or at least not entirely.
Hysteresis phenomena does not only show up in magnetical and ferromagnetical materials, but are present in the elastic and electromagnetic behavior of materials, in which a lag occurs between the application and the removal of a force or field and its subsequent effect. Electric hysteresis occurs when applying a varying electric field, and elastic hysteresis occurs in response to a varying force. Although the hysteresis loop depends on the material property behaviours, there is no complete theoretical description that explains the physical phenomenon.
The family of hysteresis loops, from the results of different applied varying voltages or forces, form a closed space in three dimensions, called the hysteroid.
Hysteresis was initially considered to be a dirty, unwanted, phenomena of materials. But its behaviour is now considered to be of very great importance in technology, and the property is for example used when constructing permanent memory.
A hysteresis loop occurs when an alternating magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material. As the magnetic field increases, the magnetization also increases, but it has a lower value than the equilibrium magnetization. The magnetic field then reverses direction and starts to decrease - again the magnetization lags, this time staying above the equilibrium value. If the field is plotted against magnetization during this cycle, it will appear as a loop.
We sorely need a diagram here. Even a freehand sketch would be better than nothing.
This is a very important effect in many situations, notably magnetic tape and other related storage media like hard disks. In these materials it would seem obvious to have one polarity represent a bit, say north for 1 and south for 0. However if you want to change the storage from one to the other, the hysteresis effect requires you to know what was already there because the needed field will be different in every case.In order to avoid this problem, recording systems first overdrive the entire system into a known state, a process known as bias. Different materials require different biasing, which is why there is a selector for this on the front of most cassette recorders.
The term "hysteresis" is sometimes used in other fields, for example economics. In such cases it describes some sort of memory or lagging effect.
The hysteresis effect can be used when wiring circuits with passive matrix addressing, used in nanoelectronics or electrochrome displays . In this scheme adjacent neighbouring components gets short-cutted and the hysteresis helps keeping the components into a particular state when changing the other components states, i.e. one can address all rows at the same time instead of do it individually.Magnetism
The term is actually used almost entirely to describe an effect seen in magnetism, specifically in ferromagnetic materials. When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnet, the ferromagnet "takes up" some of the external field. Even when the external field is removed, the magnet will retain some field, it has become magnetized.Liquid-solid phase transitions
Hysteresis is also a known phenomen in thermodynamics. Here the molecules change properties during heat transfer (via a potential field or a higher temperature increase) and it is this change that cause hysteresis.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hysteresis."
Crosswords: Hysteresis |
| Specialty definitions using "hysteresis": combined error ♦ ferroelectric ♦ hysteresis loop ♦ magnetic hysteresis, magnetic induction, magnetically latched crosspoint ♦ null bias. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Hysteresis" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Hysteresis" is used about 32 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 32 | 61,292 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "hysteresis": hysteresis error. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
hysteresis | 48 |
clutch hysteresis | 5 |
hysteresis loop | 5 |
hysteresis motor | 5 |
hysteresis strain stress | 4 |
elastic hysteresis loop | 4 |
curve hysteresis iron magnetic properties shape | 4 |
definition hysteresis | 3 |
hysteresis motor synchronous | 2 |
brake hysteresis | 2 |
curve hysteresis | 2 |
brake hysteresis magnetic | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "hysteresis"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | التخلفية نزعة المادة الممغنطة إلي البقاء في حالة مغناطيسية. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | хистерезис. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | hystereze. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | hysterese (magnetic lag). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | hysteresis (magnetic lag), hysterese. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | hystereesi, hitaus (inertia, sloth, slowness, sluggishness), välys, magneettinen hystereesi (magnetic lag). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | hystérèse. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Hysterese. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | σιδηρομαγνητικού υλικού, υστέριση, υστέρηση (lag), Υστέρηση. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | hiszterézis. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | isteresi magnetica (magnetic lag), isteresi, istaeresi. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 히스테리시스. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ysteresishay histeresis, histerese (hysteria), histerectomia (hysterectomy), histérese (magnetic lag). (various references) гистерезис. (various references) histereza. (various references) histéresis (magnetic lag). (various references) hysteresis (magnetic lag), hysteres (magnetic lag). (various references) kesiklik (discontinuity, interruption, lassitude), gecikme (delay, detention, hold up, lag, lateness, leeway, retardation, tardiness). (various references) гістерезис. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Words rhyming with "hysteresis" (pronounced 'Hys`te*re"sis'): Absis, Actinomycosis, Adenosclerosis, AEsthesis, Agennesis, Albuminosis, Amanuensis, Amaurosis, Amitosis, Ampelopsis, Amphiarthrosis, Anacoenosis, Anacrusis, Anadiplosis, Anaesthesis, Anamnesis, Anastomosis, Anemosis, Angioneurosis, Antanaclasis, Anthesis, Anthracosis, Antiptosis, Antipyresis, Antisepsis, Aponeurosis, Aposiopesis, apsis, Archebiosis, Arsis, Arteriosclerosis, Arthrosis, Asepsis, Athetosis, Autokinesis, Auxesis, Basis, Biognosis, Calliopsis, Cardiosclerosis, Cariopsis, Caryopsis, Catachresis, Chemosis, Chlorosis, Chromidrosis, Cillosis, Cirrhosis, Classis, Coenesthesis. (additional references) |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-e-h-i-r-s-s-s-t-y" | |
-2 letters: esthesis, heisters, hessites, shysters. | |
-3 letters: heiress, heister, hessite, hissers, resists, resites, seisers, shyster, sisters, thyrses, tresses. | |
-4 letters: either, esters, ethers, eyries, heists, heresy, hisser, hisses, reests, resets, reshes, resist, resite, reties, seiser, seises, serest, series, sheers, sheets, shiers, shiest, shires, shirts, shirty, shists, shyers, shyest, sirees, sister, steers, steres, stress, theirs, theres, theses. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-e-h-i-r-s-s-s-t-y" | |
+1 letter: resynthesis. | |
+2 letters: synthesizers. | |
+3 letters: resynthesizes. | |
+4 letters: hyperesthesias, secretaryships. | |
+5 letters: hyperaesthesias, hypersensitizes. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)48 79 73 74 65 72 65 73 69 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).... -.--. ... - . .-. . ... .. ... |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001000 01111001 01110011 01110100 01100101 01110010 01100101 01110011 01101001 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)H y s t e r e s i s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0048 0079 0073 0074 0065 0072 0065 0073 0069 0073 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)42918586718471857585 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Expressions 6. Expressions: Internet 7. Translations: Modern 8. Rhymes | 9. Anagrams 10. Orthography 11. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Arabies, arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic; Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian; Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; 乌克兰, for Ukranian; |
