Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definitions: Hardening |
HardeningNoun1. Abnormal hardening or thickening of tissue. 2. The process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization; "the hardening of concrete"; "he tested the set of the glue". 3. The act of making something harder (firmer or tighter or more compact). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "hardening" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1588. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Building & Civil Engineering | The process that commences at the end of the initial set and indicates the growth in strength of the mortar or concrete. Under good curing conditions, the strength increases rapidly, and one of the properties of concrete is that it will continue to harden for years. Ordinary Portland cement hardens slowly, but rapidhardening cement hardens quickly and its strength in two or three days is as high as that of the former at seven days. Source: European Union. (references) |
European Union | Carburizing : the introduction of carbon into the surface by heating to and holding at a suitable temperature usually above the transformation range in contact with a suitable source of carbon. Carburizing is usually followed by direct quenching or by other suitable heat treatment. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The term hardening used without qualification denotes hardening due to the formation of martensitic constituents. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Food & Agriculture | Cooling down the product from the ice cream freezer in order to freeze most of the water which had not been solidified in the freezer. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | Metallurgical process in which iron or suitable alloy is quenched by abrupt cooling from or through a critical temperature range.See also:precipitation hardening. (references) |
Nuclear Energy & Physics | The increase in the average energy of particles because of preferential loss at lower energies by absorption, leakage, or scattering. Source: European Union. (references) |
Physics | . . increase in strength of an aluminium allow or a concrete with age, or the brittleness and tensile strength acquired by steel in cold drawing or of a copper pipe or sheet during cold working. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonyms: HardeningSynonyms: set (n), solidification (n), solidifying (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Disease | Ague, angina pectoris, appendicitis; Asiatic cholera, spasmodic cholera; biliary calculus, kidney stone, black death, bubonic plague, pneumonic plague; blennorrhagia, blennorrhoea; blood poisoning, bloodstroke, bloody flux, brash; breakbone fever, dengue fever, malarial fever, Q-fever; heart attack, cardiac arrest, cardiomyopathy; hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis; bronchocele, canker rash, cardialgia, carditis, endocarditis; cholera, asphyxia; chlorosis, chorea, cynanche, dartre; enanthem, enanthema; erysipelas; exanthem, exanthema; gallstone, goiter, gonorrhea, green sickness; grip, grippe, influenza, flu; hay fever, heartburn, heaves, rupture, hernia, hemorrhoids, piles, herpes, itch, king's evil, lockjaw; measles, mumps, polio; necrosis, pertussis, phthisis, pneumonia, psora, pyaemia, pyrosis, quinsy, rachitis, ringworm, rubeola, St. Vitus's dance, scabies, scarlatina, scarlet fever, scrofula, seasickness, struma, syntexis, tetanus, tetter, tonsillitis, tonsilitis, tracheocele, trachoma, trismus, varicella, varicosis, variola, water qualm, whooping cough; yellow fever, yellow jack. |
Impiety | Hardening, backsliding, declension, perversion, reprobation. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | There came over him, at times, a strange relenting which he struggled with, and to which he opposed the hardening of his past twenty years. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Scleroderma--a thickening and hardening of the skin and other body tissues. (references) | |
These include inflammation and hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). (references) | ||
Glomerulosclerosis (gloh-MAIR-yoo-loh-skleh-ROH-sis) describes the scarring or hardening of the tiny blood vessels within the kidney. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Hardening" is generally used as a lexical verb (-ing form) -- approximately 59.02% of the time. "Hardening" is used about 122 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 59.02% | 72 | 39,377 |
| Noun (singular) | 35.25% | 43 | 52,181 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 5.74% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Total | 100.00% | 122 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "hardening": age hardening ♦ air hardening ♦ case hardening ♦ cyanide hardening ♦ Hammer hardening ♦ hardening agent ♦ Hardening of the Arteries ♦ hardening of the body ♦ isothermal hardening ♦ peen hardening ♦ spectral hardening ♦ strain hardening. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "hardening": hardening-off. | |
Ending with "hardening": frost-hardening. | |
Containing "hardening": case-hardening steel. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
hardening of the artery | 111 |
induction hardening | 36 |
case hardening | 30 |
hardening | 20 |
work hardening | 15 |
color case hardening | 7 |
hardening strain | 7 |
steel hardening | 6 |
hardening lung | 6 |
hardening metal | 6 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "hardening"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | forcim i trupit (hardening of the body). (various references) | |
Chinese | 硬化 (harden, hardened, sclerosis). (various references) | |
Danish | hδrdning, haerdning (curing, setting, tempering, toughening), hærdning (curing, endurance training, quenching), hærdelse (endurance training), spektral hærdning (spectral hardening), sklerose, bindevævsforøgelse i væv, hvorved konsistensen bliver fastere (sclerosis), indsaetningshaerdning (carburizing, case hardening). (various references) | |
Dutch | harding, harden (abide, curing, endurance training, endure, harden, setting, temper, tempering, toughening), verharding (curing, pavement, sclerosis), verharden (curing), spectrumverharding (spectral hardening), cementeren (carbon cementation, carburizing, case hardening), carbonering (carburizing, case hardening). (various references) | |
Finnish | hiiletyskarkaisu (carburizing, case hardening, cementation), kovettuminen (induration, sclerosis), karkaisu (curing, quenching, tempering, toughening), jäätelön karkaisu. (various references) | |
French | durcissement. (various references) | |
German | härten (baking, curing, harden, harden up, hardnesses, indurate, quenching, severities, temper, to cure, to indurate, toughen), härtend (indurating), erhärten (corroborate, harden, petrify, prove, substantiate), Aushärtung (age hardening, ageing, cure, curing). (various references) | |
Greek | σκληρωτικόσ (sclerotic), σκλήρυνσις (endurance training), σκλήρυνση φάσματος (spectral hardening), σκλήρυνση (carburizing, case hardening, curing, induration, setting, tempering, toughening), βαφή μέταλλου, βαφή (carburizing, case hardening, coloration, colouring, dye, dyeing, dying, painting, pigment, pigmentation, polishing, quenching, stain, staining, tincture), ενανθράκωση (carbon cementation, carbonating, carbonation, carburising, carburization, carburizing, case hardening), εναποθετική σκλήρυνση (carburizing, case hardening), εναποθετική βαφή (carburizing, case hardening). (various references) | |
Hebrew | "תקשות (difficulty, obduracy, ossification, sclerosis), "קשח" (stiffening), "קשא" (solidifying, stiffening). (various references) | |
Hungarian | hideg megmunkálás (strain hardening), lángedzés (torch hardening). (various references) | |
Italian | tempra (anneal, constitution, quenching, temper, temperament, tempering, toughening), indurire (case harden, endurance training, harden, stiffen, toughen). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 鍛錬 (disciplining, forging, tempering, training), 硬化 (sclerosis, vulcanization). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | た"れ" (disciplining, forging, tempering, training), し"り (stiffness, swelling), かため (defense, fortifying, one eye, pledge), "うか (chrysanthemum, coin, depression, descent, effect, effectiveness, efficacy, engineering course, evaluation, fall, furlough, gelatinization, high price, landing, leave of absence, loud singing, marriage of an Imperial princess to a subject, merits and demerits, mineralize, overhead structure, public imposts, rating, result, school song, sclerosis, taxes, toilet, vulcanization, Yellow Peril), "り (foxes and badgers, purification, sly fellow, stiffness, swelling), やきいれ (tempering). (various references) | |
Korean | 강하게 함. (various references) | |
Manx | lhejagh (congealable, numb, setting, shivery, trembling), creoiaghey (anneal, harden, stiffen). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ardeninghay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | têmpera após cementação (carburizing, case hardening), têmpera (anneal, chill, hard on, internal chill, quenching, soaking, steeping, temper, tempering, toughening), rigidificação, endurecimento (curing, endurance training, furnishings, induration, set, setting, staling), cementação e têmpera (carburizing, case hardening), /endurecimento ou dureza (sclerosis). (various references) | |
Romanian | cãlire (burning, induration), întãrire (bracing, concretion, induration, intensification, intension, munition, protection, recruitment, reinforcement, strengthening), înãsprire, împietrire (callousness, obduracy, palsy). (various references) | |
Russian | упрочнение поверхности (skin hardening), воздушная закалка (air hardening), артериосклероз (arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries). (various references) | |
Spanish | endurecimiento (cruelty, curing, endurance training, hardness, induration, inurement, ossification, seasoning, set, setting). (various references) | |
Swedish | härdning (ageing, cure, curing, setting, tempering, toughening). (various references) | |
Turkish | sertleştirme (induration), sertleştirici (hardener, stiffener), sertleşme (consolidation, induration, setting, stiffening), sertleşen, sert (acrid, adamant, astringent, austere, bad, bitter, boisterous, bossy, brisk, brutal, cast iron, crusty, cutting, drastic, exact, exacting, fierce, firm, flinty, forbidding, get-tough, granitic, grim, gruff, gusty, hard, hard and fast, hard bitten, hard line, hard set, hard-hitting, harsh, heady, heavy, heavy-handed, hot, ill natured, inclement, incompressible, inelastic, intemperate, iron, ironclad, keen, nappy, pointed, pungent, rigid, rigorous, rough, round, sclerous, severe, sharp, sharp-set, short, short-spoken, shrewd, smart, solid, sound, spanking, spartan, spiky, stand up, starched, starchy, stark, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, strong, surly, tart, tough, unbending, ungentle, unkind, unrelenting, unshaded, unyielding, vehement, violent), katılaştırma (case-hardening, concretion, solidification), katılaşma (concretion, fixation, induration, rigor, rigour, solidification), donma (congealment, congelation, freeze, freezing, frostbite). (various references) | |
Ukranian | гартування (quenching), затвердіння (calcification, callosity, callus, congelation, consolidation, induration, solidification). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | sklerosis. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "hardening": hardenings. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "hardening": rehardening, superhardening. (additional references) | |
| |
"Hardening" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: haldanian, Hardouin, hartening, Hodening. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "hardening" (pronounced hÄ"rduning or hÄ"rdning) |
| 7 | -Ä" r d u n i ng | gardening, pardoning. |
| 5 | -d u n i ng | abandoning, broadening, burdening, deadening, maddening, saddening, widening. |
| 4 | -u n i ng | apportioning, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, bargaining, battening, beckoning, blackening, bludgeoning, brightening, burgeoning, captioning, cautioning, championing, cheapening, christening, coarsening, commissioning, conditioning, cushioning, dampening, darkening, deafening, decommissioning, deepening, determining, disciplining, disheartening, disillusioning, enlightening, envisioning, examining, fashioning, fastening, fattening, flattening, freshening, frightening, functioning, glistening, happening, hastening, heartening, heightening, imagining, imprisoning, jettisoning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, likening, listening, loosening, malfunctioning, margining, mentioning, motioning, opening, orphaning, partitioning, petitioning, poisoning, positioning, provisioning, questioning, quickening, rationing, reasoning, reawakening, reckoning, reconditioning, reexamining, reopening, repositioning, ripening, ruining, sanctioning, seasoning, sectioning, sharpening, shortening, sickening, siphoning, slackening, softening, stationing, stiffening, straightening, strengthening, summoning, sweetening, thickening, threatening, tightening, toughening, unquestioning, vacationing, weakening, whitening, worsening. |
| 3 | -n i ng | abstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, awning, ballooning, banning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, boning, branning, brining, Browning, burning, campaigning, caning, Canning, careening, cartooning, chaining, chaperoning, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, cocooning, coining, combining, complaining, concerning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, dawning, declining, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disdaining, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, entertaining, evening, explaining, fanning, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, frowning, gaining, ginning, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, headlining, honing, Horning, housecleaning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, lightning, lining, loaning, machining, maintaining, Manning, meaning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, mourning, obtaining, opining, ordaining, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, penning, pertaining, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, postponing, preening, preplanning, pruning, quarantining, raining, realigning, reassigning, reclining, redefining, redesigning, redlining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, running, scanning, screening, shining, shunning, signing, sinning, spanning, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stoning, straining, streamlining, stunning, sunning, sustaining, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thinning, toning, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unreasoning, Vining, waning, warning, weaning, whining, wining, winning, yawning, yearning, zoning. |
| 3 | -n i ng | abandoning, abstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, apportioning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, awning, ballooning, banning, bargaining, battening, beckoning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, blackening, bludgeoning, boning, branning, brightening, brining, broadening, Browning, burdening, burgeoning, burning, campaigning, caning, Canning, captioning, careening, cartooning, cautioning, chaining, championing, chaperoning, cheapening, christening, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, coarsening, cocooning, coining, combining, commissioning, complaining, concerning, conditioning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, cushioning, dampening, darkening, dawning, deadening, deafening, declining, decommissioning, deepening, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, determining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disciplining, disdaining, disheartening, disillusioning, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, enlightening, entertaining, envisioning, evening, examining, explaining, fanning, fashioning, fastening, fattening, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, flattening, freshening, frightening, frowning, functioning, gaining, gardening, ginning, glistening, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, happening, hastening, headlining, heartening, heightening, honing, Horning, housecleaning, imagining, imprisoning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, jettisoning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, lightning, likening, lining, listening, loaning, loosening, machining, maddening, maintaining, malfunctioning, Manning, margining, meaning, mentioning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, motioning, mourning, obtaining, opening, opining, ordaining, orphaning, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, pardoning, partitioning, penning, pertaining, petitioning, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, poisoning, positioning, postponing, preening, preplanning, provisioning, pruning, quarantining, questioning, quickening, raining, rationing, realigning, reasoning, reassigning, reawakening, reckoning, reclining, reconditioning, redefining, redesigning, redlining, reexamining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, reopening, repositioning, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, ripening, ruining, running, saddening, sanctioning, scanning, screening, seasoning, sectioning, sharpening, shining, shortening, shunning, sickening, signing, sinning, siphoning, slackening, softening, spanning, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stationing, stiffening, stoning, straightening, straining, streamlining, strengthening, stunning, summoning, sunning, sustaining, sweetening, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thickening, thinning, threatening, tightening, toning, toughening, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unquestioning, unreasoning, vacationing, Vining, waning, warning, weakening, weaning, whining, whitening, widening, wining, winning, worsening, yawning, yearning, zoning. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-e-g-h-i-n-n-r" | |
-1 letter: adhering. | |
-2 letters: aginner, darning, deaning, deraign, earning, engrain, gradine, grained, grannie, grinned, hagride, handier, handing, heading, hearing, herding, nardine, nearing, reading, rending. | |
-3 letters: danger, daring, denari, dinger, dinner, dreigh, driegh, earing, ending, endrin, engird, gained, gainer, gander, garden, ginned, ginner, girned, gradin, hading, haeing, haired, hanged, hanger, harden, haring, hegari, hegira, hernia, hinder, hinged, hinger, inaner, narine, nighed, nigher, rained, ranged, reagin, reding, regain, regina, rehang, ringed. | |
-4 letters: aider, aired, anger, deair, deign, denar, dinar, diner, dinge, dirge, drain, garni, gerah, grade, grain, grand, gride, grind, hared, heard, henna, hider, hinge, hired, inane, inned, inner, irade, nadir, neigh, raged, range, ranid, redan, redia, regna, reign, renig, renin, ridge. | |
-5 letters: aged, ager, agin, aide, airn, arid, dang, dare, darn, dean, dear, deni, dine, ding, dire, drag, dreg, earn, egad, gadi, gaed, gaen, gain, gane, gear, gied, gien, gird, girn, gnar, grad, gran, grid, grin, hade, haed, haen, hair, hand, hang, hard, hare, head, hear, heir, herd, hern, hide, hied, hind, hire, idea, ired, nard, near, nerd, nide, nigh, nine, rage, ragi, raid, rain, rand, rang, rani, read, rein, rend, rhea, ride, rind, ring. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-e-g-h-i-n-n-r" | |
+1 letter: chagrinned, hardenings, rehandling. | |
+2 letters: handwringer, overhanding, rehardening, ungarnished, unthreading. | |
+3 letters: apprehending, handwringers, heartrending, interchanged, overhandling, philandering. | |
+4 letters: disheartening, grandchildren, hydrogenating, hydrogenation, merchandising, merchandizing, undercharging. | |
+5 letters: countershading, dechlorinating, disenthralling, grandfathering, heartrendingly, hydrogenations, merchandisings, merchandizings, superhardening, underachieving. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)48 61 72 64 65 6E 69 6E 67 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).... .- .-. -.. . -. .. -. --. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001000 01100001 01110010 01100100 01100101 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)H a r d e n i n g |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0048 0061 0072 0064 0065 006E 0069 006E 0067 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)426784707180758073 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Quotations: Fiction 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Translations: Ancient | 13. Derivations 14. Rhymes 15. Anagrams 16. Orthography | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
