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Definition: Hard |
HardAdjective1. Not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure; "a difficult task"; "nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access"; "difficult times"; "a difficult child"; "found himself in a difficult situation"; "why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?". 2. Metaphorically hard; "a hard fate"; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer"; "a hard climb". 3. Not yielding to pressure or easily penetrated; "hard as rock". 4. Very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow". 5. Characterized by toilsome effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort; "worked their arduous way up the mining valley"; "a grueling campaign"; "hard labor"; "heavy work"; "heavy going"; "spent many laborious hours on the project"; "set a punishing pace". 6. Of speech sounds. 7. Of a drinker or drinking; indulging intemperately; "does a lot of hard drinking"; "a heavy drinker". 8. Having undergone fermentation; "hard cider". 9. Having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor". 10. : unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break". 11. : dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before". Adverb1. With effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard". 2. With firmness; "held hard to the railing". 3. Earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused". 4. Causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the bank's failure". 5. Slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard". 6. Indulging excessively; "he drank heavily". 7. Into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours". 8. Very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plant's opening". 9. With pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard". 10. : to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "hard" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Note: Hard \Hard\, adjective. [Comparative Harder; superlative Hardest.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Fine Arts | The paper grades are usually classified by each maker according to his own ideas. . . no 3: --, hard, contrasty. Source: European Union. (references) |
Food & Agriculture | Term applied to wine which is poorly balanced and in which acidity predominates. Source: European Union. (references) |
Literature | Hard meaning difficult, is like the French dur; as, "hard of hearing," "qui a l'oreille dure; " "a hard word," "un terme dur; " "'tis a hard case," "c'est une chose bien dure; " "hard times," "les temps sont durs; " so also "hardly earned," "qu'on gagne bien durement; " "hard-featured," "dont les traits sont durs; " "hard-hearted," "qui a le coeur dur, " and many other phrases. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Mining | A. Containing certain mineral salts in solution, esp. calcium carbonate; said of water having more than 8 to 10 grains/gal (137 to 171 mg/L) of such matter to the gallon b. Solid; compact; difficult to break or scratch.See also:hardness scale. (references) |
Physics | Of radiation, having a relatively high penetrating power, i. e. energy. Source: European Union. (references) |
Slang in 1811 | HARD. Stale beer, nearly sour, is said to be hard. Hard also means severe: as, hard fate, a hard master. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Hard science fiction, or hard SF, is a subgenre of science fiction characterized by an interest in scientific detail or accuracy. Many hard SF stories focus on the natural sciences and technological developments, although many others leave the technology in the background. Some authors scrupulously eschew such implausibilities as faster-than-light travel, while others accept such plot devices but nonetheless show a concern with a realistic depiction of the worlds that such a technology might make accessible.Character development is sometimes secondary to explorations of astronomical or physical phenomena, but other times authors make the human condition forefront in the story. However a common theme of hard SF has the resolution of the plot often hinging upon a technological point. Writers attempt to have their stories consistent with known science at the time of publication. Interestingly, some hard science fiction stories are set in an alternate universe where different physical laws apply; however, in such cases the author makes use of current physics to design a universe that is at least potentially realistic.
Hard science fiction is largely a literary genre, as the complexities of physics rarely translate well to the screen. One of the notable exceptions is 2001: A Space Odyssey, however the movie still leaves out much of the examination of the physics, computer science, and other scientific analyses present in the novel version.
Well known authors often said to be practitioners of hard SF, include
See the article on Hal Clement for a description of how one hard science fiction author viewed his craft.
- Poul Anderson
- Isaac Asimov
- Iain M. Banks
- Stephen Baxter
- Greg Bear
- Gregory Benford
- David Brin
- Arthur C. Clarke
- Hal Clement
- Greg Egan
- Robert Forward
- Robert Heinlein
- Nancy Kress
- Julian May
- Larry Niven
- Paul Preuss
- Kim Stanley Robinson
- Jules Verne
One science-fiction television show which has consciously attempted to portray physics correctly is J. Michael Straczynski's Babylon 5, albeit inconsistently especially in later seasons of its half-decade run. The sequel series, Crusade, went so far as to formally enter into a working partnership with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to ensure scientific accuracy. Certain dramatic elements such as sounds in space, visible lasers in a vacuum, etc., are probably to be expected or even demanded by the casual viewer not deeply familiar with the real science involved, and any television or film SF producer must tread a gray line between pleasing the lowest and highest common denominators in his auudience.
An example of a web-based hard science fiction project (where many people contribute different pieces of what becomes a coherent story) is Orion's Arm.
A fan organization that has grown up around Hard Science Fiction is General Technics, populated by scientists, technical folks, and others with a specific interest in this area. General Technics' name is taken from the organization that created a global-scale computer in John Brunner's novel, Stand on Zanzibar. General Technics, though concentrated in the American Midwest, has a global membership.
See also: Soft science fiction
External Link
- Orion's Arm on the Internet
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hard science fiction."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to penetration, and by extension its power of penetration in softer materials. An object made of a hard material will scratch an object made of a softer material.
Hardness is usually measured on various scales, such as the Rockwell scale or the Mohs scale.
Pure diamond is the hardest known substance (on every scale), so it will scratch any other material. Diamond, being the hardest material, is the substance used to cut diamond. Higher-grade diamonds are used to cut lower-grade diamonds.
See also:
- Brinell hardness test
- Rockwell hardness test
- Vickers hardness test
- Knoop hardness test
External links
- An introduction to materials hardness
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hardness."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Rockwell scale is used to measure relative hardness of different solids. It is the measure of the depth of penetration of a hard indenter pushed by a weight in the tested material compared to the penetration of the same indenter in some reference material.The B scale for softer materials (such as aluminum, brass, and softer steels) uses a hardened steel ball as the indenter and a 100kg weight while the C scale for harder materials use a diamond cone as the indenter and a 150kg weight.
For purposes of reference, very hard steel (e.g. a good knife blade) might have a hardness of HRC 55 to HRC 62 or so. Axes, chisels, etc. would be more in the range HRC 40 - 45. (N.B. Readings below HRC 20 are considered invalid, as are readings much above HRB 100.)
Special correction factors are used for the effect of test-piece curvature ("round work correction factor"); other special scales test the hardness of surface layers (case hardening). The test method is based on precise measurement of the indenter's displacement, therefor paint, rust or other materials on the top or bottom of the test surface can cause erroneous (low hardness) readings.
Another scale for expressing hardness is the Mohs scale of mineral hardness but as this is not really convenient and hard to measure, the Rockwell scale is widely used in engineering.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rockwell scale."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| HAL | English | Hard Array Logic | Computer - Computer - (IBM, RS/6000, Bull) |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: HardSynonyms: arduous (adj), backbreaking (adj), difficult (adj), fermented (adj), grueling (adj), gruelling (adj), hard(a) (adj), heavy (adj), knockout (adj), laborious (adj), labourious (adj), punishing (adj), severe (adj), strong (adj), toilsome (adj), tough (adj), firmly (adv), heavily (adv), intemperately (adv), severely (adv). (additional references) |
| Synonyms by domain: contrasty (fine arts). |
| Antonyms: easy (adj), soft (adj), lightly (adv). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Difficulty | Adjective: difficult, not easy, hard, tough; troublesome, toilsome, irksome; operose, laborious, onerous, arduous, Herculean, formidable; sooner said than done; more easily said than done, easier said than done. |
Impenitence | Adjective: impenitent, uncontrite, obdurate; hard, hardened; seared, recusant; unrepentant; relentless, remorseless, graceless, |
Pain | Sharp, acute, sore, severe, grave, hard, harsh, cruel, biting, caustic; cutting, corroding, consuming, racking, excruciating, searching, grinding, grating, agonizing; envenomed; catheretic, pyrotic. |
Physical Insensibility | Adjective: insensible, unfeeling, senseless, impercipient, callous, thick-skinned, pachydermatous; hard, hardened; case hardened; proof, obtuse, dull; anaesthetic; comatose, paralytic, palsied, numb, dead. |
Severity | Adjective: severe; strict, hard, harsh, dour, rigid, stiff, stern, rigorous, uncompromising, exacting, exigent, exigeant, inexorable, inflexible, obdurate, austere, hard-headed, hard-nosed, hard-shell, relentless, Spartan, Draconian, stringent, strait-laced, searching, unsparing, iron-handed, peremptory, absolute, positive, arbitrary, imperative; coercive; tyrannical, extortionate, grinding, withering, oppressive, inquisitorial; inclement; (ruthless) a; cruel; (malevolent); haughty, arrogant; precisian. |
Strength | Adjective: strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard, adamantine, stout, robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant, valid. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Hard |
| English words defined with "hard": hard beech, hard candy, hard coal, hard copy, Hard finish, hard lead, hard line, Hard lines, Hard pan, hard put, hard roll, hard rubber, Hard soap, hard tick, hard time, hard to please, hard up, hard water, hard wheat, Hard wood, hard worker, Helm hard alee ♦ To bear one hard, To lie hard, To run hard. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "hard": ENGRAVER, HAND, HARD METALS ♦ First-class Hard Labour ♦ Hard as a Stone, HARD AT HIS A-SE, hard boot, hard disk drive, hard dry, hard heading, hard link, Hard Loan, hard rock minerals, hard sector, hard vector, Hold Hard ♦ Life is hard ♦ ultra hard. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "hard": strenuous. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Hard" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Afrikaan (loud), Dutch (bleak, fast, hard, implacable, loud, quickly, relentless, severe, strict, swiftly), French (hard porn), Norwegian (callous, hard, harsh). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Welcome to hard times, Daddy (The Sweet Hereafter; writing credit: Atom Egoyan) If we bring a little joy into your humdrum lives, it makes us feel as if our hard work ain't been in vain for nothing (Singin' in the Rain; writing credit: Betty Comden; Adolph Green) It must be hard living your life off a couple of scraps of paper (Memento; writing credit: Bo Goldman; Lawrence Hauben) I'd like to have your advice on how to live comfortably without working hard. (Rebecca; writing credit: Daphne Du Maurier; Philip MacDonald) No, I don't think so. This is my life, I worked hard for it and I want it back (Enemy of the State; writing credit: David Marconi) | |
Lyrics | Hard Core biloozy (Rock In A Hard Place (Cheshire Cat); performing artist: Aerosmith) It's hard for me to say I'm sorry (Hard to Say I'm Sorry; performing artist: Az Yet) It's so hard to say goodbye to yesterday (It's So Hard To Say Goodbye To Yesterday; performing artist: Boyz II Men) You're a hard habit to break (Hard Habit to Break; performing artist: Chicago) She works hard for the money ("She Works Hard for the Money"; performing artist: Donna Summer) | |
Clever | History is strewn thick with evidence that a truth is not hard to kill, but a lie, well told, is immortal. (references; author: Mark Twain) I'm astounded by people who want to 'know' the universe when it's hard enough to find your way around Chinatown. (references; author: Woody Allen) It is hard to read a cartoon aloud. (references; author: unknown) Life is hard, no one makes it out alive. (references; author: unknown) A rumor is as hard to unspread as butter. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Hard As Nails (2001) Three the Hard Way (1974) Drive Fast Drive Hard (1973) Detective Harry Hard (1973) Hard Riders (1973) | |
Song Titles | She's Playing Hard To Get (performing artist: Hi-Five) Love's Been A Little Bit Hard On Me (performing artist: Juice Newton) Breaking Up Is Hard To Do (performing artist: Neil Sedaka) Hard Times of Old England (performing artist: Steeleye Span) A Hard Day's Night (performing artist: The Beatles) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
This patient with congenital syphilis has developed a perforation of hard palate due to gummatous destruction. These destructive tumors can also attack the skin, long bones, eyes, mucous membranes, throat, liver, or stomach lining. Credit: CDC. | ![]() | Philip C. Doran Taking it easy after a hard field season. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. | |
![]() | William M. Scaife Getting there the hard way No helicopters in 1924. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. | ![]() | The "Hard Conch" restaurant displays shell art. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
![]() | A really giant conch on the roof of the "Hard Conch" restaurant. Credit: America's Coastlines. | ![]() | Look hard and you will find a baby giant petrel camouflaged in the rocks. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
![]() | Science is hard work!. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. | ![]() | Another hard day of fishing. Credit: Fisheries. |
![]() | Pheww!!! This buoy launching stuff is hard work. Crewman takes a break during Gulf Stream eddy studies while proceeding to another mooring site. Credit: Fisheries. | ![]() | Catching a little nap after a long hard mission. Credit: Flying With NOAA. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Hard Disk" by Alexsandro Pereira Commentary: "Maked by Olympus C-4000 Zoom." | "A rock and a hard place" by Mike Ambrose Commentary: "A delicate landing at a Positano, Italy hotel." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
| An electric jazz band playing an uptempo hard bop style piece. | Slap-bass and techno drums playing in a hard Detroit-style funk. | ||
| Coin change slowly dropped onto a hard surface. | |||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Benjamin Disraeli | Nowadays, manners are easy and life is hard. |
Benjamin Franklin | It is hard for an empty bag to stand upright. |
David Livingstone | Fear God and work hard. |
John Heywood | A hard beginning maketh a good ending. |
Richard Brinsley Sheridan | Easy writings curse is hard reading. |
Robert Browning | How very hard it is to be a Christian! |
Seneca | What was hard to suffer is sweet to remember. |
Theodore Roosevelt | Don't foul, don't flinch. Hit the line hard. |
Thomas Fuller | Soft words are hard arguments. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | This being usually brought about by such in the commonwealth who misuse the power they have; it is hard to consider it aright, and know at whose door to lay it, without knowing the form of government in which it happens. (Second Treatise of Government) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961 | Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans--born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | It rained dreadfully hard for half an hour while we were at breakfast |
A Grief Observed | C.S. Lewis | It is hard to have patience with people who say "There is no death" or "Death doesn't matter. |
Hunting of the Snark | Carroll, Lewis | This also seems a fitting occasion to notice the other hard words in that poem |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | To see the dingy cloud come drooping down, obscuring everything, one might have thought that Nature lived hard by, and was brewing on a large scale |
Life, the Universe and Everything | Douglas Adams | In the end, it was the Sunday afternoons he couldn't cope with, and that terrible listlessness which starts to set in at about 2:55, when you know that you've had all the baths you can usefully have that day, that however hard you stare at any given paragraph in the papers you will never actually read it, or use the revolutionary new pruning technique it describes, and that as you stare at the clock the hands will move relentlessly on to four o'clock, and you will enter the long dark teatime of the soul |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | By dint of hard work, courage, perseverance, and will, he had succeeded in earning by his labour about seven hundred francs a year |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | Mr Dedalus screwed his glass into his eye and stared hard at both his sons |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | And the hard little pears take shape, and the beginning of the fuzz comes out on the peaches |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | Another farmer who lived hard by, and was a particular friend of my master, came on a visit on purpose to inquire into the truth of this story |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | Nature is hard to be overcome, but she must be overcome |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Middle age. It’s hard to believe. (references) | |
This can be hard for many to accept. (references) | ||
Avoid hard back-and-forth scrubbing. (references) | ||
Business | Japanese consumers are hard to please. (references) | |
It says that Japanese consumers are hard to please. (references) | ||
Small and medium size agribusiness are fighting hard to stay afloat. (references) | ||
Children | Switzerland | The production, possession, distribution, or showing of hard pornography are crimes punishable with fines or prison sentences. (references) |
Chad | Sexual relations, even with consent, before the age of 13 years are considered to be rape and the prescribed sentence is for hard labor in perpetuity; the age of consent is 14. Rape of children and child abuse were problems. (references) | |
Turkey | In the past, the migration--forced or voluntary--of many families, past terrorism against teachers, and school closings in the southeast uprooted children and moved them to cities that were hard pressed to find the resources to provide basic, mandatory services such as schooling. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Egypt | The court sentenced Shayboub to 15 years in prison at hard labor. (references) |
Cuba | The Government encourages the cultural community to attain the highest international standards in order to sell its work overseas for hard currency. (references) | |
Cuba | Citizens do not have the right to receive publications from abroad, although news stands in hotels for foreigners and certain hard currency stores sell foreign newspapers and magazines. (references) | |
Economic History | Nicaragua | LEGENDS HOTEL & HARD ROCK CAFE, U.S. capital. (references) |
Iceland | During the 1970s the oil shocks hit Iceland hard. (references) | |
Moldova | Moldovan enterprises that export for hard currency. (references) | |
Human Rights | Mauritius | In March two men were sentenced to 6 months of hard labor for their roles in the 1999 riots. (references) |
Egypt | Arrest without due cause, threatening death, or using physical torture is punishable by temporary hard labor. (references) | |
Egypt | If the defendant dies under torture, the crime is one of intentional murder punishable by a life sentence at hard labor. (references) | |
Political Economy | HUNGARY | Foreigners and Hungarians can maintain both hard currency and forint accounts. (references) |
BANGLADESH | Unless major overhauls within the NBR are approved by the new government, future revenue growth targets will be hard to meet. (references) | |
BRAZIL | In March 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture lifted the ban on U.S. Soft Red Winter, Hard Red Spring, and Hard Red Winter wheat. (references) | |
Trade | Armenia | There is no limit on hard currency imports to Armenia. (references) |
Russia | Exim also developed financing structures based on hard currency revenues. (references) | |
Russia | Customs duties are payable in hard currency or rubles at the current exchange rate. (references) | |
Travel | Azerbaijan | Beer, soft drinks and hard alcohol are widely sold. (references) |
Hong Kong | Above all, it is a society that emphasizes hard work and success. (references) | |
Kenya | Interruptions in service do occur and simple local calls often are hard to complete. (references) | |
Women | Zambia | The courts normally sentence defendants convicted of rape to hard labor. (references) |
Kuwait | The entire family admitted to regularly beating her with hard objects for several months. (references) | |
China | According to legal experts, it is very hard to litigate a sex discrimination suit because the vague legal definition makes it difficult to quantify damages. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Iran | By law women and minors may not be employed in hard labor or, in general, night work. (references) |
Turkmenistan | The Penal Code prohibits prostitution, which is punishable by 2 years' imprisonment or hard labor. (references) | |
Mali | Penalties for violations of the law prohibiting forced contractual labor include a fine or hard labor. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | STORY, n. A narrative, commonly untrue. The truth of the stories here following has, however, not been successfully impeached. One evening Mr. Rudolph Block, of New York, found himself seated at dinner alongside Mr. Percival Pollard, the distinguished critic. "Mr. Pollard," said he, "my book, The Biography of a Dead Cow, is published anonymously, but you can hardly be ignorant of its authorship. Yet in reviewing it you speak of it as the work of the Idiot of the Century. Do you think that fair criticism?" "I am very sorry, sir," replied the critic, amiably, "but it did not occur to me that you really might not wish the public to know who wrote it." Mr. W.C. Morrow, who used to live in San Jose, California, was addicted to writing ghost stories which made the reader feel as if a stream of lizards, fresh from the ice, were streaking it up his back and hiding in his hair. San Jose was at that time believed to be haunted by the visible spirit of a noted bandit named Vasquez, who had been hanged there. The town was not very well lighted, and it is putting it mildly to say that San Jose was reluctant to be out o' nights. One particularly dark night two gentlemen were abroad in the loneliest spot within the city limits, talking loudly to keep up their courage, when they came upon Mr. J.J. Owen, a well-known journalist. "Why, Owen," said one, "what brings you here on such a night as this? You told me that this is one of Vasquez' favorite haunts! And you are a believer. Aren't you afraid to be out?" "My dear fellow," the journalist replied with a drear autumnal cadence in his speech, like the moan of a leaf-laden wind, "I am afraid to be in. I have one of Will Morrow's stories in my pocket and I don't dare to go where there is light enough to read it." Rear-Admiral Schley and Representative Charles F. Joy were standing near the Peace Monument, in Washington, discussing the question, Is success a failure? Mr. Joy suddenly broke off in the middle of an eloquent sentence, exclaiming: "Hello! I've heard that band before. Santlemann's, I think." "I don't hear any band," said Schley. "Come to think, I don't either," said Joy; "but I see General Miles coming down the avenue, and that pageant always affects me in the same way as a brass band. One has to scrutinize one's impressions pretty closely, or one will mistake their origin." While the Admiral was digesting this hasty meal of philosophy General Miles passed in review, a spectacle of impressive dignity. When the tail of the seeming procession had passed and the two observers had recovered from the transient blindness caused by its effulgence -- "He seems to be enjoying himself," said the Admiral. "There is nothing," assented Joy, thoughtfully, "that he enjoys one-half so well." The illustrious statesman, Champ Clark, once lived about a mile from the village of Jebigue, in Missouri. One day he rode into town on a favorite mule, and, hitching the beast on the sunny side of a street, in front of a saloon, he went inside in his character of teetotaler, to apprise the barkeeper that wine is a mocker. It was a dreadfully hot day. Pretty soon a neighbor came in and seeing Clark, said: "Champ, it is not right to leave that mule out there in the sun. He'll roast, sure! -- he was smoking as I passed him." "O, he's all right," said Clark, lightly; "he's an inveterate smoker." The neighbor took a lemonade, but shook his head and repeated that it was not right. He was a conspirator. There had been a fire the night before: a stable just around the corner had burned and a number of horses had put on their immortality, among them a young colt, which was roasted to a rich nut-brown. Some of the boys had turned Mr. Clark's mule loose and substituted the mortal part of the colt. Presently another man entered the saloon. "For mercy's sake!" he said, taking it with sugar, "do remove that mule, barkeeper: it smells." "Yes," interposed Clark, "that animal has the best nose in Missouri. But if he doesn't mind, you shouldn't." In the course of human events Mr. Clark went out, and there, apparently, lay the incinerated and shrunken remains of his charger. The boys idd not have any fun out of Mr. Clarke, who looked at the body and, with the non-committal expression to which he owes so much of his political preferment, went away. But walking home late that night he saw his mule standing silent and solemn by the wayside in the misty moonlight. Mentioning the name of Helen Blazes with uncommon emphasis, Mr. Clark took the back track as hard as ever he could hook it, and passed the night in town. General H.H. Wotherspoon, president of the Army War College, has a pet rib-nosed baboon, an animal of uncommon intelligence but imperfectly beautiful. Returning to his apartment one evening, the General was surprised and pained to find Adam (for so the creature is named, the general being a Darwinian) sitting up for him and wearing his master's best uniform coat, epaulettes and all. "You confounded remote ancestor!" thundered the great strategist, "what do you mean by being out of bed after naps? -- and with my coat on!" Adam rose and with a reproachful look got down on all fours in the manner of his kind and, scuffling across the room to a table, returned with a visiting-card: General Barry had called and, judging by an empty champagne bottle and several cigar-stumps, had been hospitably entertained while waiting. The general apologized to his faithful progenitor and retired. The next day he met General Barry, who said: "Spoon, old man, when leaving you last evening I forgot to ask you about those excellent cigars. Where did you get them?" General Wotherspoon did not deign to reply, but walked away. "Pardon me, please," said Barry, moving after him; "I was joking of course. Why, I knew it was not you before I had been in the room fifteen minutes." |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Cast of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" | Well then you're in for a little surprise, because if you push me, then I just might have to push back. Hard. |
Celine Dion | The whole thing. And it was hard, it was hard for him, it was hard for the whole family, but we went through with it. |
Dennis Miller | For every guy from a poor neighborhood who grows up into a criminal, there are a thousand who work hard and build a decent life for themselves. |
Dennis Quaid | Then they get to the point where they're actually an adult and it is hard to make that transition from being a child actor to being an adult. |
Liza Minnelli | What I'm saying is that I tried very hard to give them my reality and my reality is kind of interesting. |
Lynda Carter | That's kind of hard to say because I would either not drink for long periods of time and then I would drink. |
Marlo Thomas | Really. It would be very hard to do in a series, I think, week after week if you didn't like each other. I think that would be quite difficult. |
Rush Limbaugh | During the S&L scandal, many accounting firms got hit hard when they were the only solvent parties left to sue after the S&Ls went bankrupt. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | A black after hard labor through the day, will be induced by the slightest amusements to sit up till midnight, or later, though knowing he must be out with the first dawn of the morning. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Prices throughout the entire economy have been pressing hard against the price ceilings. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Nevertheless it is hard for any nation to focus on an external or subversive threat to its independence when its energies are drained in daily combat with the forces of poverty and despair. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | Where there have been mistakes, we will try very hard to correct them. |
Richard Nixon | 1969-1974 | His dream for peace after World War I was shattered on the hard realities of great power politics and Woodrow Wilson died a broken man. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | Hard drugs, we all know, degrade the spirit as they destroy the body of their users. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Low-income families face steep tax barriers that make hard lives even harder. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | Do the hard work of freedom. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | We've got four more hard years of work to do to do that. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Double taxation falls especially hard on retired people. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Hard" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 59.76% of the time. "Hard" is used about 16,531 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 59.76% | 9,880 | 950 |
| Adverb (general) | 40.2% | 6,645 | 1,457 |
| Unclassified Items | 0.02% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.02% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 16,531 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "hard" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Hard | Last name | 1,000 | 12,415 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "hard". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Kish | N/A | Biblical | Hard |
| Kishon | N/A | Biblical | Hard |
| Magpiash | N/A | Biblical | A body thrust hard together |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expressions using "hard": A hard case ♦ a hard nut to crack ♦ a hard task ♦ as hard as nails ♦ be a glutton for hard work ♦ be as hard as nails ♦ be between a rock and a hard place ♦ be hard ♦ be hard done by ♦ be hard of hearing ♦ be hard on ♦ be hard on smb. ♦ be hard on smb.'s heels ♦ be hard pressed ♦ be hard put to do smth. ♦ be hard to please ♦ be hard up ♦ be hard upon ♦ bear hard on ♦ become hard ♦ blow hard and long ♦ die hard ♦ don't ride him too hard ♦ drink hard ♦ drive a hard bargain ♦ drive hard ♦ drive oneself hard ♦ fallen on hard times ♦ find it hard ♦ for hard wear ♦ get a hard on ♦ get hard ♦ go hard with ♦ hard a lee ♦ hard a port ♦ hard a starboard ♦ hard a weather ♦ hard air temper ♦ Hard alee ♦ hard alloy ♦ Hard and fast ♦ hard and fast rule ♦ hard aport ♦ hard as a bone ♦ hard as bone ♦ hard as nails ♦ hard as steel ♦ hard astarboard ♦ hard at work ♦ hard back ♦ hard bargain ♦ hard bark ♦ hard beech ♦ hard behind ♦ hard biscuit ♦ hard bitten ♦ hard boiled ♦ hard boot ♦ hard breathing ♦ Hard by ♦ hard by it ♦ Hard cancer ♦ hard candy ♦ Hard case ♦ hard cash ♦ hard chancre ♦ hard chaparral ♦ hard character ♦ hard cheese! ♦ hard chromium ♦ hard cider ♦ hard clam ♦ hard climb ♦ hard coal ♦ hard component of cosmic rays ♦ hard copy ♦ hard core ♦ hard core pinch ♦ hard court ♦ hard cover book ♦ hard currency ♦ hard cyder ♦ hard dick ♦ hard disc ♦ hard disk ♦ hard disk drive ♦ hard done by ♦ hard drink ♦ hard drinker ♦ hard drive ♦ hard drug ♦ hard drugs ♦ hard dry ♦ hard ecu ♦ hard error ♦ hard evidence ♦ hard fact ♦ hard facts ♦ hard fate ♦ hard features ♦ hard fern. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "hard": hard-act-to-follow, hard-and-fast, hard-arsed, hard-as-a-board, hard-as-flint, hard-as-nails, hard-assed, hard-back, hard-backed, hard-baked, hard-beaten, hard-bitten, hard-blown, hard-blue, hard-board, hard-bodied, hard-boiled, hard-boiled egg, hard-boiling, hard-boned, hard-bound, hard-breathing, hard-burnt, hard-but-fair, hard-cash, hard-chasing, hard-chested, hard-class, hard-climbing, hard-coded, hard-copy, hard-core, hard-core area, hard-court, hard-covered, hard-currency, hard-currency-earning, hard-cuts, hard-dealing, hard-discount, hard-disk, hard-disks, hard-done-by, hard-drinking, hard-drive, hard-driven, hard-driving, hard-earned, hard-ecu, hard-edge, hard-edged, hard-eyed, hard-faced, Hard-favored, Hard-favoredness, hard-favoured, Hard-featured, hard-fighting, hard-filled, Hard-fisted, hard-fletched, hard-fought, hard-fought-for, hard-fruit, hard-going, hard-grafting, hard-grained, Hard-handed, hard-hat, Hard-headed, hard-headedly, Hard-headedness, hard-heading, Hard-hearted, hard-heartedly, Hard-heartedness, hard-held, hard-hewn, hard-hit, hard-hitting, hard-hitting high-pressure, hard-knocks, hard-knotted, hard-knuckled, Hard-labored, hard-labour, hard-laboured, hard-learned, hard-learnt, hard-left, hard-limbed, hard-line, hard-liner, hard-liner person, hard-liners, hard-living, hard-lobbied, hard-looking, hard-lost, hard-luck, hard-luck story, hard-made, hard-man, hard-men, Hard-mouthed, hard-muscled, hard-nosed, hard-nut, hard-of-hearing, hard-on, hard-ons, hard-pack, hard-packed, hard-paved, hard-playing, hard-porn, hard-power, hard-pressed, hard-programme, hard-programmed, hard-punching, hard-pushed, hard-put, hard-reined, hard-ridden, hard-riding, hard-right, hard-rock, hard-rocking, hard-running, hard-saved, hard-saving, hard-science, hard-sell, hard-selling, Hard-shell, hard-shell clam, hard-shell crab, hard-shelled, Hard-shelled clam, hard-sided, hard-skin, hard-skinned, hard-skinned puffball, hard-sliding, hard-slog, hard-smoking, hard-soft, hard-solder, hard-soled, hard-standing, hard-stretched, hard-stuff, hard-surfaced, hard-swearing, Hard-tack, hard-tackling, hard-tail, hard-tailing, hard-taxing, hard-tempered, hard-thinking, hard-to, hard-to-achieve, hard-to-build, hard-to-come-by, hard-to-defeat, hard-to-define, hard-to-employ, hard-to-enumerate, hard-to-find, hard-to-get, hard-to-get-along-with, hard-to-handle, hard-to-heat, hard-to-judge, hard-to-let, hard-top, hard-to-place, hard-to-please, hard-to-pronounce, hard-to-prove, hard-to-reach, hard-to-read, hard-to-replace, hard-to-reverse, hard-to-sell, hard-up, Hard-visaged, hard-walled, hard-ware, hard-water, hard-wearing, hard-wearingness, hard-winter, hard-wire, hard-wired, hard-wiring, hard-won, hard-wood, hard-work, hard-worked, hard-worker, hard-working, hard-working person, hard-yellow. | |
Ending with "hard": diamond-hard, iron-hard, semi-hard. | |
Containing "hard": do-dum-dum-waking-up-is-hard-to-do, Ni-hard iron, non-hard-wearing, run-down-at-the-end-of-a-long-hard-term, sail-it-on-its-ear-and-hard-luck-if-you're-seasick, semi-hard-on, very-hard-to-please. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
hard drive | 5,166 | hard hat | 445 |
hard | 2,055 | hard dick | 423 |
hard rock cafe | 1,954 | hard candy | 408 |
hard rock | 1,320 | hard rock casino | 368 |
hard rock hotel | 1,237 | hard disk utility | 367 |
hard sex | 1,229 | reformat hard drive | 364 |
external hard drive | 1,065 | die hard | 362 |
free internet hard drive | 1,049 | hard rock hotel casino | 359 |
format hard drive | 936 | maxtor hard drive | 346 |
hard disk | 791 | usb hard drive | 337 |
hard nipples | 786 | las vegas hard rock | 316 |
hard drive recovery | 649 | hard money lender | 303 |
hard porn | 647 | hard on | 296 |
hard drive data recovery | 638 | hard boiled eggs | 293 |
laptop hard drive | 574 | formatting hard drive | 286 |
dannis hard drive | 572 | computer hard drive | 281 |
hard body | 526 | hard rock hotel orlando | 279 |
hard rock hotel las vegas | 492 | quantum hard drive | 278 |
hard lemonade mikes | 278 | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "hard"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | moeilik (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Albanian | i fortë (able bodied, adamant, adamantine, brawny, cast iron, cogent, decuman, Doughty, durable, endurable, enduring, fast, fierce, firm, flinty, forceful, Hale, Hardy, heavy duty, high pitched, intense, intensive, keen, lancinating, nervous, oaky, potent, powerful, red blooded, refractory, resistant, robust, rocky, rough, rugged, screamy, serviceable, sharp, smart, solid, sound, spanking, stable, staunch, steely, stentorian, stiff, stout, strong, sturdy, swashing, swingeing, tenable, tenacious, tough, two-fisted, vehement, vigorous, violent, virile, virulent, well-built, well-set), ashpër (astringent, harshly, roughly, severely, sharply, sternly, violently), i rëndë (arduous, artless, awkward, bad, bulky, burdensome, cubbish, cumbersome, cumbrous, dead, difficile, elephantine, grave, grievous, grinding, heavy, hefty, incondite, knock about, leaden, lumping, massive, oafish, onerous, peremptory, plodding, ponderous, portly, serious, set up, severe, solemn, stertorous, stodgy, tricky, unwieldy, wakeless, weighty), i pashpirt (callous, hard-hearted, harsh, heartless, heavy-handed, insensate, soulless), i pamohueshëm (incontestable, indefeasible, undeniable), i palodhur (indefatigable, unremitting, unspent, unwearying, weariless), i sertë (dour, hard boiled, hard-fisted, harsh, iron-bound, ornery, rigid, rigorous, rough, severe, steely, stern, stiff, wayward), i fuqishëm (able bodied, forcible, full-blooded, green, hearty, heavy, hefty, husky, lusty, marrowy, mighty, orotund, potent, potential, powerful, racy, red blooded, robust, sound, spanking, stalwart, strenuous, strong, sturdy, trenchant, vigorous, violent), i vështirë (awkward, convoluted, deep, difficult, exacting, formidable, hairy, intractable, Kittle, labored, laborious, laboured, onerous, painful, parlous, recondite, rough, scabrous, stiff, ticklish, toilful, trying), i ashpër (argute, austere, biting, bluff, bluffy, Brant, bristly, brusque, churlish, coarse, crude, ding-dong, dour, draconian, draconic, gravelly, grim, gruff, harsh, ill, ill natured, inclement, keen, malevolent, pipy, raucous, rigid, rigorous, rough, rough and ready, rude, savage, scabrous, scathing, scratchy, severe, shaggy, slashing, smart, stern, strict, tough, truculent, uncharitable, unkind, unmerciful, violent, wiry), gjer në fund (whole-hog), fort (aloud, deeply, greatly, loud, strong, strongly, tight, tightly, too, very, very much, violently, well), energjikisht (vigorously), ekstrem (extreme, fringe), e fortë (high), i pakëndshëm (awkward, bad, disgustful, disgusting, distasteful, dreary, grating, ill-favored, ill-favoured, nasty, objectionable, repellent, ugly, unattractive, uncongenial, ungrateful, unlovable, unpalatable, unpleasant, unpresentable, unsightly, warm), me forcë (by force, emphatically, forcedly, forcible, forcibly), real (absolute, actual, concrete, effective, flesh and blood, historic, historical, objective, real, realistic, substantial, true, veritable), rëndë (fatally, heavily, mortally, onerously, plump, sorely, soundly), me zor (onerously), me vështirësi, me qëllim (advisedly, by design, deliberately, designedly, expressly, intentional, intently, knowingly, meaningly, objective, on purpose, purposefully, purposely, with an eye to, wittingly), i rreptë (austere, hard and fast, iron-handed, raucous, rigorous, severe, slashing, strict, stringent, tough, unkind, unmerciful, unrelenting), me këmbëngulje (clamant, ding-dong, importunately, perseveringly), seriozisht (earnestly, fatally, in earnest, reliably, seriously), me dhunë (constrainedly, violent, violently), krejtësisht (all, altogether, cap-a-pie, completely, entirely, fundamentally, hollow, perfectly, purely, quite, through and through, to a frazzle, utterly), jo i pallatalizuar, i zorshëm (difficult), i zellshëm (diligent, industrious, laborious, sedulous, strenuous, studious, unsparing, zealous), i vrazhdë (abrupt, austere, bad tempered, boeotian, boorish, brutal, brutish, churlish, clownish, coarse, crude, discordant, dissonant, earthy, fretful, grave, gross, hard-fisted, harsh, heavy-handed, ill natured, low-bred, morose, murky, robustious, rough, rough spoken, rude, scurrilous, severe, stern, sullen, surly, truculent, uncivil, unfinished, unhandsome, unmannerly), me kripëra (saline). (various references) | |
Arabic | صارم (astringent, austere, disciplinary, dour, driving, exact, extreme, fast, firm, hard and fast, hardheaded, inclement, puritan, ramrod, rigid, rigorous, rugged, searching, severe, sharp, stark, stern, stiff, strait, strict, stringent, swingeing, tight, tough, unrelenting, violent), بإمعان (carefully), بإفراط (beastly, deadly, exceedingly, excessively, extremely, overmuch, passing, unduly), باهظ (burdensome, exorbitant, extortionate, fulsome, steep), بعناد (tenaciously), بكل قوته, شديد القدرة على الاحتمال (hardy), شاق (arduous, laborious, malaise, onerous, painful, robust, stiff, strenuous, terrible, toilsome, troublesome, trying, uphill), أوى (accommodate, harbor, harbour, lodge, nestle, quarter, shelter), إحتمل (resist, support, tolerate), بإجتهاد, خال من الضعف, صعب (difficult, difficulty), عاثر, عامل بصورة سيئة, عسير (complicated, difficult, intractable, knotty, malaise, precipitous, severe, strait, strenuous, stubborn, terrible, troublesome, uphill), غزير (abundant, bumper, copious, exuberant, flush, massive, opulent, overmanned, plenteous, plenty, profluent, profuse, rampant, redundant, superabundant, torrential, voluminous), واقعي (actual, concrete, de facto, down to earth, factual, hardheaded, literal, naturalistic, pragmatic, pragmatist, prose, real, realistic, sober, tangible, true, virtual), قاس (austere, callous, concrete, cruel, cutthroat, drastic, firm, gauge, hard-hearted, harsh, inclement, inflexible, measure, merciless, pitiless, relentless, rigid, rigorous, rough, rugged, ruthless, scale, severe, solid, standardize, stark, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, tape, tough, try on, unfeeling, unkind, unyielding), قاس صلب (callous, concrete, firm, harsh, inflexible, relentless, rigid, rough, ruthless, severe, solid, stiff, strict, tough), قاسي (austere, drastic, hard and fast, hard bitten, harsh, rough, rugged, severe, sharp, slashing, stern, stony, strait, strict, stringent, tough, unyielding), متشدد (severe, stern, strict, stringent, tough), منح حق اللجوء, جامد (immobile, inactive, indeclinable, inert, inflexible, insensible, motionless, muscle bound, rigid, solid, standstill, static, stationary, stiff). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | твърдо (firm, firmly, fixedly, stably), бавно разлагащ се, безмилостен (cutthroat, flinty, merciless, relentless, remorseless, unmerciful, unpitying, unsparing), здрав (blooming, durable, entire, fast, fit, flourishing, flush, good, healthful, healthy, hearty, hefty, invulnerable, lasting, laudable, lusty, nervous, nervy, reliable, right, robust, rubbery, rude, rugged, safe, salubrious, seaworthy, secure, serviceable, sinewy, sleek, sober, sound, stalwart, stanch, staunch, steady, stout, strapping, strong, sturdy, substantial, sure footed, taintless, tenacious, thickset, uncorrupted, up to the mark, vigorous, well, well-conditioned, without scathe), мъчително (heavily, sore), наблизо (around, by, close, hereabout, in the offing, near, near by, nigh, within easy reach), втвърден (consolidated, hard set, indurate, sclerotic, sclerous), корав (firm, iron-bound, rocky, severe, stiff), кораво, с все сила (amain, hammer and tongs, smash, with might and main), проникващ (penetrating, penetrative, pervasive), твърд (adamant, adamantine, constant, crusty, decided, determined, dogged, fast, firm, flat, flinty, forceful, gritty, hardhearted, immovable, obstinate, persistent, proof, rigid, rock-ribbed, rocky, sclerotic, sclerous, set, solid, stable, staunch, steadfast, steady, steely, stiff, stout, stringy, strong, sturdy, swerveless, tenacious, tinny, unfaltering, unflinching, unshakable, unshrinking, unswerving, unwavering), суров (austere, coarse, crude, dour, draconian, flinty, green, grim, harsh, iron, iron-bound, raw, rigorous, rough, rude, rugged, severe, smart, stiff, uncharitable, uncooked, uncouth, unpitying, unseasoned), трудно (hardily, ill), рязко очертан за сенки, рязък (abrupt, acid, bitter, brief, brusque, curt, gravelly, incisive, jarring, jerky, metallic, offhand, pipy, point blank, rapid, rude, sharp, short, short-spoken, shrill, snappish, snappy, snippy, stark, straight out, strident, trenchant), силен (acute, athletic, beefy, emphatic, energetic, flush, forceful, forcible, foul-mouthed, full, generous, heavy, high, intense, invulnerable, iron, loud, lusty, main, male, mighty, muscled, muscular, nappy, nervous, nervy, perishing, pithy, potent, powerful, rattling, robust, short, shrewd, smacking, smart, sounding, stark, stiff, strong, sturdy, swingeing, telling, tenacious, thumping, thundering, torrid, two-fisted, vehement, vigorous), силно (audibly, fast, heavily, high, highly, loud, loudly, mightily, slap, slap bang, sorely, strongly, thick, vigorously), як (brawny, chopping, fast, fit, flourishing, grunting ox, husky, iron, lusty, robust, rude, rugged, stalwart, stocky, stout, sturdy, thickset, tough, two-fisted, vigorous, yak), усилено, усърден (assiduous, diligent, industrious, mettled, mettlesome, painstaking, patient, sedulous, strenuous, studious, thorough, warm), строг (astringent, austere, censorious, close, firm, grim, hard and fast, hard-grained, hardhanded, ironclad, narrow, religious, rigid, rigorous, rugged, severe, sinewy, stern, straitlaced, strict, stringent, taut, unaffable, uncharitable), строго (closely, firmly, severely, sternly, strictly), тежък (cumbrous, dense, difficult, distressing, faint, grave, grievous, grinding, hammering, heavy, hefty, high, hulking, labored, laborious, laboured, leaden, lumping, lumpish, lumpy, massive, massy, muggy, onerous, painful, plodding, ponderous, robust, rugged, sad, severe, shrewd, sledgehammer, slow, smart, smashing, soggy, solemn, sore, stiff, stodgy, taxing, thorny, tight, tough, traumatic, trying, unwieldy, uphill, weighty). (various references) | |
Catalan | dur, dificil (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Chinese | 辛苦 (exhausting, with much toil), 艰苦, 艱苦 (arduous, difficult), 艱 (difficult, hardship), 監 (firm, jail, prison, solid, strong, supervisor, to inspect, to supervise), 硬 (firm, stiff, strong), 沉重 (critical, heavy, serious), 剛 (barely, exactly, firm, just, strong), 固 (solid, strong, sure), 堅硬 (solid), 堅固 (firm, firmly, stable). (various references) | |
Czech | holý (bald, bare, bleak, naked, stark, undiluted, utter), perný, krušný (grim, uphill), krutý (atrocious, bitter, brutal, cruel, dispiteous, extreme, fierce, gory, grim, harsh, heartless, heathenish, rigid, ruthless, savage, severe, torsion, unkind, unrelenting, vicious, wolfish), nároèný (arduous, challenging, demanding, discerning, discriminating, exacting, serious, severe, sophisticated, stiff), namáhavý (arduous, gruelling, labor intensive, laborious, labour intensive, painful, strenuous, toilsome, troublesome, trying, wearing), nelaskavý (uncharitable, unkind), neoblomný (adamant, inflexible, obdurate, relentless), nepoddajný (intractable, obdurate, unruly, unwieldy, unyielding), nesnadný (difficult, tough, uphill), obtížný (difficile, difficult, dodgy, heavy, nagging, onerous, painful, tricky, troublesome), ostrý (abrupt, acrid, acute, biting, crisp, ferocious, fierce, glib, harsh, high pitched, hot, incisive, intense, keen, piercing, poignant, pointed, rigorous, sharp, shrill, smart, snappy, spicy, strident, tart, tough, trenchant), přísný (austere, exacting, firm, harsh, heavy, nice, rigid, rigorous, severe, sharp, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, strong, tough, uncharitable), usilovnì (forcedly), pilnì (diligently), pracnì, s potížemi, silnì (heavily, painfully, strongly, thickly, violently), silný (bad, big, boisterous, good, heady, heavy, hefty, high, large, lusty, mighty, muscular, potent, powerful, red blooded, robust, rude, rugged, stalwart, stiff, stocky, stout, strong, sturdy, thick, tough, valid, vigorous, violent), tìžce (gravelly, heavily, nastily, sorely, weightily), tìžký (bad, chunky, dangerous, difficult, grave, grievous, heady, heavy, labored, laboured, man-sized, ponderous, severe, stodgy, thick, uphill, weighty), třeskutý (bitter), tuhý (grim, rigid, solid, stiff, tenacious, tough), tvrdý (big, brazen, callous, crackdown, cruel, deep, harsh, heavy, relentless, rigorous, sound, steely, stiff, stone-dead, stony, tough, unkind), přísnì (harshly, sternly, strictly). (various references) | |
Danish | hård (indurated, inflexible, rigid, stiff), vanskelig (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Dutch | hard (bleak, fast, implacable, loud, quickly, relentless, severe, strict, swiftly). (various references) | |
Esperanto | streĉanta, malmola, malfacila (difficult, inconvenient), dura. (various references) | |
Faeroese | harður (cruel, rigourous, severe, strict, stringent, tight), torførur (complicated, difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Farsi | مشکل (Difficult, Ill, Knot, Problem, Uphill), نامطبوع (Nasty, Rancid, Ungraceful, Ungracious, Unhandsome, Unpleasant), قوی (Boisterous, Drastic, Fort, Hefty, Intense, Irresistible, Lusty, Mighty, Overtone, Potent, Stalwart, Stark, Stocky, Strong, Swith, Valid, Vigorous), سفت (Astringent, Callous, Concrete, Fast, Inelastic, Ironclad, Stark, Stiff, Taut, Tenacious, Tense, Thick, Tight, Tough, Wiry), سخت گیر (Astringent, Difficult, Intransigent, Priggish, Severe, Squeamish, Stern, Stickler, Strict, Unrelenting), زمخت (Blowsy, Blowzy, Churlish, Clumsy, Coarse, Crass, Crude, Gross, Impolite, Raucous, Rough, Rude, Rugged, Tough), خسیس (Hidebound, Miserly, Penurious, Scotchman, Scrimpy, Skimpy, Skinflint, Sordid, Stingy, Stringent, Tight, Ungenerous), شدید (Boisterous, Chronic, Diametrical, Drastic, Exquisite, Grievous, Inclement, Intense, Intensive, Keen, Rigorous, Rugged, Severe, Sopping, Stalwart, Strenuous, Tough, Vehement, Vigorous, Violent), درمضیقه (Strait, Underprivileged), دشوار (Arduous, Difficult, Inexplicable, Intolerable, Laborious, Onerous, Slippery, Sore, Spiny, Sticky, Strait, Tough, Uphill). (various references) | |
Finnish | kova (harsh, loud, severe, stern, strict, unfeeling). (various references) | |
French | dur (hardheaded, harsh), difficile (hard and fast), vigoureux (Hale, Hardy). (various references) | |
Frisian | hurd, huord. (various references) | |
German | hart (astringent, callous, callously, cruel, firm, grim, hard boiled, hard core, hardly, harsh, harshly, punishing, rigorous, rigorously, robust, rough, roughly, rude, severe, severely, sharp, sharply, stable, steely, stiff, strong, tough, unsympathetically, unyielding, violent), schwer (bad, badly, big, burdensome, critically, deeply, difficult, full, grave, gravely, grievous, heavenly, heavily, heavy, hefty, inconvenient, labored, laborious, laboured, lumbering, onerous, powerful, rich, serious, seriously, severe, slow, solid, sorely, strong, tough, weighty), fest (abiding, attached, banquet, buoyant, buoyantly, carnival, celebration, closely, compact, consistent, constant, continual, continuous, crisp, definite, faithfully, fast, feast, festival, festivity, fete, fexed, firm, firmly, fix, fixated, fixed, gaiety, heavy, immovable, ingrained, junket, lasting, moored, non-varying, party, permanent, permanently, proof, regular, robust, safely, secure, securely, set, settled, solid, solidly, sound, squarely, stable, steadfast, steadily, steady, stiff, stout, stoutly, strong, sturdy, sustained, tight, tighten, tightly, tough, unfaltering, unhesitating, unshrinking, unwavering, unwaveringly). (various references) | |
Greek | σκληρός (cruel, grim, gruelling, harsh, rough, tough). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מוקשה (hardened, stiffened), מוצק (cast, cast iron, compact, firm, massive, solid, substantial), קשיח (rigid, starchy, stiff), קשה (adamant, crusty, difficult, formidable, harsh, heavy, severe, stern, stiff, Strait, tough), חזק (cast iron, firm, forceful, forcible, forte, intense, intensive, mighty, potent, powerful, stiff, strong, tough), כבד (burdensome, difficult, dull, heavy, leaden, massive, weighty), נוקשה (coarse, dour, frigid, hardliner, horny, inflexible, intractable, rigid, rough, severe, starchy, stiff). (various references) | |
Hungarian | nehéz (burdensome, complicated, cumbersome, cumbrous, damper, difficult, grave, grueling, gruelling, hard case, heavy, hefty, herculean, inconvenient, it's a bad job!, knotty, laborious, onerous, ponderous, stiff, stodgy, teaser, thorny, to be bunkered, to be hard to please, tough, trying), keményen (austerely, firmly, severely, shrewdly, to pull hard), kemény (adamantine, austere, berserk, firm, flinty, gritty, harsh, horny, rugged, sharp, shrewd, steely, stiff, to play hardball, tough, warm). (various references) | |
Icelandic | harður, vandur (difficult, inconvenient), þungur (burdensome, difficult, heavy, inconvenient, onerous). (various references) | |
Indonesian | susah (difficult, doleful), sukar (ardous, difficult, hardly), keras (crusty, heady, keen, killing, loud, rigorous, severe, strict, stringent, tang, wicked), keberatsebelahan (serious, strong, weight), atos. (various references) | |
Inuktitut | tisijuq (to be hard). (various references) | |
Irish | deacair (difficult). (various references) | |
Italian | pesante (burdensome, difficult, dull, grave, heavy, inconvenient, lumpy, muggy, ponderous, serious, slow, stodgy, trying, weightily, weighty), duro (adamant, bitter, dull, flinty, grueling, gruelling, hard part, hard-hearted, harsh, rough, rugged, severe, sharp, something hard, steely, stiff, swingeing, testing, tight, tough, trying), faticoso (arduous, arduously, difficult, grindingly, grueling, gruelling, killing, labored, laborious, laboured, stiff, strenuous, tiresome, tiring, toilsome, uphill, wearisome), difficile (arduous, awkward, catchy, difficult, difficult to please, fastidious, inconvenient, problem, rough, severe, stiff, strained, stressful, tight, tough, tricky, trying, uneasy). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 硬い (solid, unpolished writing), 堅い (honorable, steadfast, stuffy writing). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ぎゅっと (tight), ハード , したたか (severely, soundly), そぼう (rude, violent, wild), べったり (closely, thickly), にくい (abominable, detestable, difficult, hateful, poor-looking), せちがらい (tough), かたい (carelessness, certain, difficult, firm, honorable, lower leg, lower limbs, lower part of the body, mistake, negligence, solemn, solid, steadfast, stubborn, stuffy writing, unpolished writing), こちこち (dry, frightened, puritanical), ていたい (accumulation, congestion, falling into arrears, retention, severe, stagnation, tie-up), えいえい (forever, heaving, pulling, unceasing). (various references) | |
Korean | 열심히 (Harder, Hardest). (various references) | |
Manx | trome (bold, burdensome, close, close oppressive, crippling, crippling burden, deep, deep-drawn, dense, dense of smoke, difficult, emphatic, expectant, expecting, grave, grievous, gruelling, harsh, heavy, heavyweight, high pressure, intense, laborious, onerous, ponderous, pregnant, rough of sea, severe, sledge-hammer, steep, stodgy, substantial, sweated, wearying, weighty, with child), reen (dogged, hard-and-fast, hard-boiled, hardy, rigid, sinewy, stark, stiff, stringy, thick-skinned, thick-skinned of person), lajer (able-bodied, cogent, forcible, forte, heady, heavy, high-power, high-powered, lusty, potent, powerful, pronounced, rich, sound, stark, stout, strong, vigorous, vigorous as plant), geyre (abrupt, acrid, acute, austere, bitter, bold, bold promintary, censorious, cutting, discerning, edged, high-pitched, incisive, knifelike, penetrating, piercing, poignant, pointed, pungent, quick of sight, sharp, sour, stiff, strict, stringent, twinging), dy trome (deeply, heavily, with a vengeance), dy lajer (forte, strong), dy creoi, doillee (difficult, stiff, ticklish), doccaragh (arduous, inconvenient, laborious), creoi (adamant, bitter, bitter of frost, blistering, blistering as language, difficult, distressing, dry, hard-boiled, hard-set, hardy, heartless, near, near with money, neat, obdurate, solid, steely, stiff, stiffen, stubborn, tough). (various references) | |
Norwegian | vanskelig (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Papiamen | fregá (difficult, inconvenient), duru (strong, vigorous), difísil (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ardhay.(various references) | |
Polish | trudny (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Portuguese | duro (adamant, callous, cornered, crapy, crusty, die-hard, flinty, grueling, gruelling, gruff, hard-boiled, hard-up, heartless, iron, iron-bound, jarring, marble, non-ductile, racking, rocky, rough, rugged, set, severe, shrewd, sinewy, solid, stand-up, stern, stiff, toilsome, tough, unfeeling, unkind, unrelenting, unyielding, wiry), rijo (cornered, robust, stalwart, stiff, strong, sturdy, tough, wiry), duramente (hardly), difícil (arduous, cornered, cramped, difficile, difficult, fussy, go-ahead, inconvenient, kid-glove, knotty, labored, laboured, nice, painful, pernickety, ponderous, puzzling, rugged, thankless, thorny, ticklish, tough, tricky, trying, well-made). (various references) | |
Romanian | greu (annoying, arduous, awkward, burden, burdensome, busy, clumsy, dangerously, difficult, difficulty, fatiguing, gravely, grievous, hardly, heavily, heavy, inconvenient, labored, laborious, laboured, leaden, lot, massive, massy, near, onerous, oppressive, painful, parlous, precarious, punitive, reluctantly, scarcely, seriously, severe, solid, stiff, stodgy, stolid, strenuous, stuffy, ticklish, toilful, tough, troublesome, trying, uneasy, uphill, wearisome, weary, weight, weighty). (various references) | |
Russian | трудный (arduous, baffling, difficult, formidable, labored, laborious, laboured, man-sized, narrow, painful, toilful, toilsome, trying, unmanageable), постоянный (abiding, changeless, chronic, constant, continuous, direct, eternal, hourly, immanent, in ordinary, invariable, invariant, perdurable, perm, permanent, perpetual, persistent, regular, settled, stationary, uniform, unvarying), больно (badly), жесткий (bristly, chewy, get-tough, hard and fast, harsh, ironclad, leathery, rigid, stiff, tough), несчастный (desolate, disconsolate, hapless, infelicitous, lack-all, lorn, miserable, pitiable, poor, sorry, star-crossed, unblessed, unfortunate, unhappy, woeful, wretch, wretched), контрастный, крепкий (able bodied, beefy, burly, copper-bottomed, fast, firm, generous, hearty, knitted, lusty, oaky, rocky, rugged, solid, stiff, strong, sturdy, tenacious, trig, unbeaten, wakeless, well-built, well-set), плотный (burly, close, compact, dense, massive, solid, thick, tight, tough), трудно жесткий, суровый (austere, dour, Draconian, draconic, hard-faced, hard-grained, inclement, inhospitable, rigorous, severe), тяжелый (clunky, difficile, grave, grievous, grinding, hammerblow, hammer-blow, heartrending, heart-rending, heavy, leaden, lumping, ponderous, rough, rugged, severe, sopor, stodgy, weighty, wrenching), черствый (cold-hearted, obdurate, stale), сильно (anxiously, badly, forcibly, heavily, powerfully, severely, smashingly, strong, strongly, vigorously), сильный (bad, big, brawny, closely-coupled, exquisite, forceful, forcible, intense, iron, keen, lively, lusty, marrowy, muscular, pithy, potent, powerful, racy, rugged, strenuous, strong, sturdy, swashing, swingeing, two-fisted, upstanding, vehement, vigorous, violent), скупой (cheese paring, churlish, close, close-fisted, curmudgeonly, griping, grudging, hardfisted, mean, mingy, miserly, narrow, near, parsimonious, penny-pinching, penurious, scrimp, scrimpy, skimpy, stingy, tight-fisted, ungenerous), упорно (persistently), строгий (astringent, austere, censorious, chaste, dour, harsh, rigorous, severe, stern, straitlaced, strict, stringent, taut, unaffable), твердый (adamant, cast iron, coriaceous, deep-seated, fast, firm, gritty, hard and fast, resolute, resolved, rigid, rocky, set, solid, steadfast, stern, stiff, stony, unflinching, unshaken, unshrinking, unyielding). (various references) | |
Scottish | doirbh (difficult, inconvenient), cruaidh (difficult, severe, steel). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | tvrdokoran (obdurate), tvrd (adamant, firm, solid, steely, tight-fisted), tegobno, težak (bulky, crushing, difficile, difficult, formidable, grave, heavy, hefty, kittle, labored, laborious, laboured, leaden, lumbering, ponderous, punishing, rough, swingeing, trying, uneasy, weighty), surov (brutal, cruel, inclement, oppressive, stern), marljiv (assiduous, diligent, hard working, hardworking, industrious, sedulous), istrajno (ding-dong), blizu (by, close, close to, near, near to, nearby, nearly, vicinity: in the vicinity), čvrsto (fast, firmly, sound, soundly, staunchly, steadily, steady, substantially, tightly), čvrst (firm, hard and fast, solid, sound, stalwart, staunch, steadfast, steady, strong, sturdy, tenacious, tight, trim, unwavering, wiry), železan (iron). (various references) | |
Spanish | duro (adamant, bad, bumpy, die hard, difficult, hard boiled, hard liner, hardcore, hard-hearted, harsh, intensive, leather, old, ole, rough, severe, stale, stern, stiff, stony, strong, stubborn, tough, unkind), dificil (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Swahili | -gumu, gumu. (various references) | |
Swedish | hård (adamant, austere, backbreaking, concrete, grim, grueling, gruelling, gruff, harsh, inclement, intemperate, ironbound, keen, obdurate, robust, severe, stern, tenacious, tight, tough, unkind), svår (arduous, bad, catchy, difficult, excessive, grievous, heavy, inconvenient, parlous, rough, rugged, severe, sore, strong, taxing, testing, tough), tung (burdensome, cumbersome, cumbrous, grievous, heavy, hefty, onerous, ponderous, stodgy, weighty). (various references) | |
Tagalog | matigás. (various references) | |
Thai | แข็งกระด้าง (flinty), แข็ง, เต็มไปด้วยปัญหา, เป็นจริง (down-to-earth), โดยใช้สมาธิ, โดยแรง, ที่ต้องใช้ความพยายามมาก, อย่างใช้ความพยายามมาก, ยาก (difficult, tight). (various references) | |
Turkish | nasırlı (callous, corny), ağır (arduous, back breaking, badly, bovine, burdensome, contemptuous, cumbersome, cumbrous, deep, deliberate, dignified, drudging, dull, fabian, foul, grave, grievous, harsh, heavily, heavy, hefty, indigestible, languid, lazy, lumbering, massive, measured, muzzy, not fast, onerous, oppressive, plodding, ponderous, repressive, rich, scorching, scornful, serious, serious minded, seriously, severe, severely, sharp, slack, slashing, slow, slow moving, slowly, sluggish, smashing, stodgy, strenuous, strong, swingeing, toilful, toilsome, unwholesome, unwieldy, weighty), aşırı (acute, beastly, beyond, breakneck, camp, confoundedly, cruelly, crusted, damned, dead, deep, desperate, desperately, devilish, disproportionate, every other day, exaggerated, exceeding, excessive, excessively, exorbitant, exquisite, extortionate, extravagant, extreme, extremely, fancy, ferocious, filthy, fond, fulsome, heavy, hell, hell of, high, horrendous, horrific, hyper-, immoderate, inordinate, intense, intensive, like hell, like sin, outrageous, over, overweening, precious, shocking, splitting, steep, super, terribly, thick, ultra, unbounded, unco, unconscionable, undue, unmeasured, unreasonable, violent), şiddetli (acute, astringent, bitter, brutal, burning, cast iron, consuming, deep, drastic, exquisite, extreme, ferocious, flaming, flash, forceful, frenetic, frenzied, fulminant, furious, gusty, harsh, heavy, high, hot, impetuous, intemperate, intense, intensive, ironclad, keen, profound, rigorous, round, severe, sharp, slashing, sledgehammer, smacking, smart, smashing, spanking, splitting, stand up, stern, stinging, stormy, strenuous, strong, sweeping, tempestuous, torrential, vehement, vicious, vigorous, violent, virulent), dayanıklı (cast iron, consolidated, durable, enduring, fast, firm, for hard wear, gritty, Hardy, heavy duty, impervious, impregnable, indestructible, invulnerable, keeping, lasting, long lasting, nonperishable, patient, proof, refractory, resistant, resistant to, resolute, runproof, sedulous, serviceable, sturdy, substantial, substantive, supportable, tough, unfading, wiry), ekşi (sharp, sour, sourish, tart), ekşimiş (rancid, sour, went bad), çetin (arduous, difficult, dingdong, robust, rugged, stiff, tough), katı (callous, emphatic, emphatical, firm, fold, hard and fast, hard boiled, hard line, insensitive, ironclad, rigid, sclerous, solid, Square, steel, steely, stern, stiff, strict), zorla (at the point of the bayonet, by force, by violence, constrainedly, forcibly, hardly, ill, only just, perforce, under compulsion), sıkı (clinging, close, close fitting, close-bodied, compact, fast, firm, foursquare, gross, iron, rigorous, searching, serried, Strait, strict, stringent, sure, tight), sağlam (able bodied, bankable, bouncing, calculable, cast iron, consolidated, dyed in grain, fast, firm, flat-footed, foolproof, foursquare, gilt-edged, good, granitic, Hale, healthy, hearty, indissoluble, invulnerable, lusty, responsible, rugged, runproof, safe, scatheless, secure, secured, solid, sound, stable, stalwart, stanch, staunch, steady, steely, stout, strong, sturdy, substantial, substantive, sure, tough, unfaltering, unshakable, unshaken, valid, whole), sert (acrid, adamant, astringent, austere, bad, bitter, boisterous, bossy, brisk, brutal, cast iron, crusty, cutting, drastic, exact, exacting, fierce, firm, flinty, forbidding, get-tough, granitic, grim, gruff, gusty, hard and fast, hard bitten, hard line, hard set, hardening, hard-hitting, harsh, heady, heavy, heavy-handed, hot, ill natured, inclement, incompressible, inelastic, intemperate, iron, ironclad, keen, nappy, pointed, pungent, rigid, rigorous, rough, round, sclerous, severe, sharp, sharp-set, short, short-spoken, shrewd, smart, solid, sound, spanking, spartan, spiky, stand up, starched, starchy, stark, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, strong, surly, tart, tough, unbending, ungentle, unkind, unrelenting, unshaded, unyielding, vehement, violent), sert penis, yakın (adjacent, akin, akin to, approximate, at hand, by, close, close to, close-rage, connate, connected, connection, connexion, contiguous, convenient, familiar, handy, hard by, immediate, imminent, inseparable, intimate, near, near at hand, nigh, not far, pending, proximate, relative, thick, within reach, within walking distance), yanında (alongside, at the side of, beside, by, by the side of, close by, in one's hearing, nearby), zor (arduous, baffling, constraint, crucial, cruel, difficult, exacting, force, formidable, hairy, inconvenient, knotty, main, mean, might, rough, sticky, stiff, strain, tight, trickish, uneasy), güç (ability, arduous, arm, baffling, capability, capacity, clout, clutch, clutches, command, control, difficult, dominance, energy, force, forcefulness, intensity, iron, might, pep, pith, potency, potential, power, punch, rod, sinew, spirit, stamina, steam, sting, strength, stuffing, sword, tone, tricksy, vigor, vigour, vim, vis, vitality, zing). (various references) | |
Turkmen | юatlama (frozen, ringing), яowuz, mьзgil (difficult), gaty (stale). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | суворий (arctic, astringent, austere, censorious, dour, grueling, gruelling, hard-faced, inclement, iron, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern, straitlaced, stringent, surly), сильно (aloud, amain, bitterly, deep, deeply, high, loud, nervously, powerfully, severely, sound, strongly, sturdily, violently, widely), твердо (firm, firmly, sturdily), твердий (callous, choky, consistent, coriaceous, crisp, crusty, deep-seated, firm, hard and fast, resolute, settled, solid, staunch, steadfast, stern, strong, tough), важко (arduously, awkwardly, grievously, weightily), важкий (arduous, awkward, baffling, chargeable, complex, difficult, heavy, heavyweight, laborious, leaden, muggy, near, opulent, ponderous, robust, sweaty, toilful, toilsome, trying, wall eyed, walloping, weighty), наполегливо (aggressively, emphatically, insistently, obstinately, stout, stubbornly), надмірно (exorbitantly, felly, immensely, lavishly, outrageously, overly, overmuch, profusely, unduly), жорсткий (callous, flinty, harsh, horny, leathery, procrustean, rigid, wiry), дуже (anxiously, awfully, bang, bitter, bloody, clinking, curiously, deep, enormously, exceedingly, frightfully, full, gey, greatly, heaps, highly, hugely, immensely, in great measure, jolly, mightily, mighty, miles, much, nervously, notably, particularly, passing, precious, purely, real, really, shocking, some, strong, super, thumping, too, very, very much, violently, well, widely), дужий (beefy, bouncing, hefty, iron, lusty, nervous, nervy, pretty, robust, strapping, stubbed). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | hắc búa không thể chối câi được, hết sức cố gắng, hết tiền bí không bới đâu ra, không thương xót (dispiteous, pitiless, unmerciful), cứng (stiff, unbending, unsupple, unyielding), cứng cỏi; hắc, cháy túi, chật vật, chi li nặng, gần (by, closely, inch, near, near-by, nearly, next, proximate, verge, well-nigh), gian khổ (arduous, arduously, rugged), gian khổ sát, keo cú (close-fisted, grasping, graspingly, penurious), đường dốc xuống bâi, không có tính cứng rắn, xấp xỉ rất là khó khăn bất lợi cho anh ta, khó chịu hà khắc, khó khăn (arduous, arduously, difficult, kittle, thick, thorny, uneasy), khắc nghiệt (devil-like, draconian, draconic, hard-handed, hardly, harsh, uncharitable), mạnh (intense, intensive, marrowy, mighty, rough, smart, telling, thundering), nặng nề gay go, nghiêm khắc (astringent, austere, hardly, rigorous, slashing), nghiêm khắc; cứng rắn; hắc gay go, nhiều khắc nghiệt, phải va chạm với những khó khăn gần sát, rõ rành rành cao, rắn rắn chắc, tích cực chắc, không bác bỏ được. (various references) | |
Welsh | caled (arduous, austere, dry, harsh, severe), anodd (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
Yucatec | yah (ache, difficult, inconvenient, pain). (various references) | |
Zulu | -nzima (difficult, inconvenient). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | durus. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | forheard, heard. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Proverbs Chapter 29, Verse 1 |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Viro qui corripientem dura cervice contemnit repentinus superveniet interitus et eum sanitas non sequitur |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | To the man, that the chastisere with hard noll dispisith, feerli deth shal come vp on to hym; and hym helthe shal not folewe. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | A man hating sharp words and making his heart hard, will suddenly be broken and will not be made well again. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Proverbs Chapter 29, Verse 1 |
| Cebuano | ¶ Kadtong sa masubsob ginabadlong nagapatikig sa iyang liog Sa hinanali pagalaglagon, ug kana wala nay kaayohan. |
| Croatian | Èovjek koji, po opomeni, ostaje tvrdoglav, u tren æe se slomiti, i neæe mu biti spasa. |
| Danish | Hvo Nakken gør stiv, skønt revset tit, han knuses brat uden Lægedom. |
| Dutch | Een man, die, dikwijls bestraft zijnde, den nek verhardt, zal schielijk verbroken worden, zodat er geen genezen aan is. |
| Finnish | Kuritusta saanut mies, joka niskurina pysyy, rusennetaan äkisti, eikä apua ole. |
| French | Un homme qui mérite d`être repris, et qui raidit le cou, Sera brisé subitement et sans remède. |
| German | Wer wider die Strafe halsstarrig ist, der wird plötzlich verderben ohne alle Hilfe. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Siapa terus membangkang kalau dinasihati, suatu waktu akan hancur dan tak dapat diperbaiki lagi. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Orang yang ditegurkan kerap kali maka ditegarkannya juga tengkuknya, ia itu akan binasa dengan segeranya, sehingga tiada dapat ditolong lagi. |
| Italian | L'uomo che, rimproverato, resta di dura cervice sarà spezzato all'improvviso e senza rimedio. |
| Maori | ¶ Ko te tangata he maha nei nga riringa i tona he, a ka whakapakeke i tona kaki, ka whatiia ohoreretia ia; te taea te rongoa. |
| Norwegian | En mann som er ofte straffet og allikevel gjør sin nakke stiv, vil i et øieblikk bli sønderbrutt, og der er ingen lægedom. |
| Portuguese | Aquele que, sendo muitas vezes repreendido, endurece a cerviz, será quebrantado de repente sem que haja cura. |
| Rumanian | Un om care se kmpotrivewte tuturor mustrqrilor, va fi zdrobit deodatq wi fqrq leac. - |
| Spanish | El hombre que al ser reprendido endurece la cerviz, de repente será quebrantado, y para él no habrá remedio. |
| Swedish | Slutet av Hiskias mäns samling. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "hard": hardback, hardbacks, hardball, hardballs, hardboard, hardboards, hardboot, hardboots, hardbound, hardcase, hardcore, hardcores, hardcover, hardcovers, hardedge, hardedges, harden, hardened, hardener, hardeners, hardening, hardenings, hardens, harder, hardest, hardfisted, hardhack, hardhacks, hardhanded, hardhandedness, hardhandednesses, hardhat, hardhats, hardhead, hardheaded, hardheadedly, hardheadedness, hardheadednesses, hardheads, hardhearted, hardheartedly, hardheartedness, hardheartednesses, hardier, hardies, hardiest, hardihood, hardihoods, hardily, hardiment, hardiments. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "hard": blowhard, chard, clochard, diehard, echard, orchard, overhard, pilchard, pochard, potshard, semihard, shard. (additional references) | |
Words containing "hard": blowhards, chardonnay, chardonnays, chards, clochards, diehards, echards, foolhardier, foolhardiest, foolhardily, foolhardiness, foolhardinesses, foolhardy, nonhardy, orchardist, orchardists, orchards, pilchards, pochards, potshards, reharden, rehardened, rehardening, rehardens, shards, superharden, superhardened, superhardening, superhardens. (additional references) | |
| |
"Hard" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aard, ahr, Bhadra, haad, haart, hadd, hadg, hafde, Hafr, haid, Haird, Hajdu, Hamda, Hamdu, har, hara, Harb, harc, Hardd, hardl, Hardt, harf, harg, harid, Harn, haro, harr, haru, harv, harx, harz, haud, Hawd, Hazri, hedra, herdg, herod, higd, hird, Hord, horf, hra, hrad, hrat, hrd, hrdd, hrx, htar, hurd, hvar, hwar, iard, jard, kard, Qadr, rard, vard, whard, zard. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "hard" (pronounced hÄ"rd) |
| 3 | -Ä" r d | bard, barred, bombard, canard, card, Chard, charred, disbarred, discard, jarred, lard, disregard, Gabbard, guard, marred, nard, regard, retard, scarred, shard, sparred, starred, sward, tarred, yard. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-h-r" | |
-1 letter: dah, had, rad, rah. | |
-2 letters: ad, ah, ar, ha. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-h-r" | |
+1 letter: chard, hards, hardy, hared, heard, hoard, hydra, shard. | |
+2 letters: adhere, arched, chadar, chador, chadri, chards, chared, dasher, dearth, dharma, dharna, dhoora, dhurna, dirham, dourah, drachm, echard, hadron, hairdo, haired, harden, harder, hardly, harked, harmed, harped, hatred, hazard, header, herald, hoards, holard, hydrae, hydras, hydria, pardah, purdah, radish, shader, shaird, shards, shared, sradha, thread. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Fiction | 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 14. Quotations: Spoken 15. Quotations: Speeches 16. Usage Frequency | 17. Names: Frequency 18. Names: Derived from 19. Expressions 20. Expressions: Internet | 21. Translations: Modern 22. Translations: Ancient 23. Bible Trace 24. Abbreviations | 25. Acronyms 26. Derivations 27. Rhymes 28. Anagrams | 29. Bibliography |
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