Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Frivolous |
FrivolousAdjective1. Not serious in content or attitude or behavior; "a frivolous novel"; "a frivolous remark"; "a frivolous young woman". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "frivolous" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Etymology: Frivolous \Friv"o*lous\, adjective. [Latin expression frivolus; probably akin to friare to rub, crumble, English friable: compare to the French expression frivole.]. (Websters 1913) |
Synonyms: FrivolousSynonyms: slight, trivial, worthless. (additional references) |
| Antonym: serious (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Caprice | Adjective: capricious; erratic, eccentric, fitful, hysterical; full of whims; Noun: maggoty; inconsistent, fanciful, fantastic, whimsical, crotchety, kinky, particular, humorsome, freakish, skittish, wanton, wayward; contrary; captious; arbitrary; unconformable; penny wise and pound foolish; fickle; (irresolute); frivolous, sleeveless, giddy, volatile. |
Imbecility Folly | Foolish, unwise, injudicious, improper, unreasonable, without reason, ridiculous, absurd, idiotic, silly, stupid, asinine; ill-imagined, ill-advised, ill-judged, ill-devised; mal entendu; inconsistent, irrational, unphilosophical; extravagant; (nonsensical); sleeveless, idle; pointless, useless; inexpedient; frivolous; (trivial). |
Reasoning, | Foolish; (imbecile); frivolous, pettifogging, quibbling; finespun, overrefined. |
Unimportance | Trifling, trivial; slight, slender, light, flimsy, frothy, idle; puerile; (foolish); airy, shallow; weak; powerless; frivolous, petty, niggling; piddling, peddling; fribble, inane, ridiculous, farcical; finical, finikin; fiddle-faddle, fingle-fangle, namby-pamby, wishy-washy, milk and water. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Frivolous |
| English words defined with "frivolous": badinage ♦ Cavillation, Chaffing ♦ dilettante, dilettanteish, dilettantish ♦ Exsufflicate ♦ Feather-brained/, Feather-head, Feather-headed, Feather-pated, flighty, flyaway, Fribble, Fribbling, Frible, frivolity, frivolously, frivolousness ♦ In idle ♦ lightheadedness, lightsomeness ♦ Overlight ♦ pettiness, Petty officer ♦ silly season, slightness ♦ triviality ♦ Unideaed ♦ vanity fair. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "frivolous": Clelia, Companion ♦ deboursification, Dogs ♦ Gad-about ♦ Hair-dresser, Holy Communion, Horse ♦ Parrot, Password, Physician, Poultry ♦ Sailor ♦ Tenpins, Tops. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "frivolous": Exsufflicate ♦ Feather-head, Feather-headed, Feather-pated. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | We try to keep frivolous lawsuits to a minimum, unless, of course, the customer is at fault. (The Good Girl; writing credit: Mike White) | |
Movie/TV Titles | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Play | Caption |
 | Spit; joke; childish; childlike; foolish; frivolous; infantile; infantine; juvenile; kid stuff; naive; pedomorphic; petty; prekindergarten; puerile; silly; unsophisticated; young; youthful; immature. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Iris Murdoch | No love is entirely without worth, even when the frivolous calls to the frivolous and the base to the base. |
Leo J. Muir | The vulgar story is Sin's frivolous comedy. For those whom this vile amusement enthralls he later stages his sad and dismal tragedies. |
Marcus Valerius Martial | Why do strong arms fatigue themselves with frivolous dumbbells? To dig a vineyard is worthier exercise for men. |
Marguerite Duras | It's only women who are not really quite women at all, frivolous women who have no idea, who neglect repairs. |
Seneca | When an author is too meticulous about his style, you may presume that his mind is frivolous and his content flimsy. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | He was of the eighteenth century, frivolous and great. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Civil Liberties | Sri Lanka | Journalists viewed these cases as frivolous and intended only to intimidate and harass the media. (references) |
Russia | Keston reported on May 11 that since the regional government lost a related case in the Supreme Court, the Muslim community has been subjected to financial investigations, which the community claims are frivolous. (references) | |
Russia | For example, the office of the Procurator General has harassed Krishna believers with a series of frivolous investigations, including examining literature in order to make an expert opinion of whether the beliefs are harmful to society. (references) | |
Economic History | Eq. Guinea | Under the current judicial system, it is difficult to enforce contract rights, protect property rights or defend oneself against frivolous lawsuits. (references) |
Taiwan | And while there is certainly some movement in the right direction, the GPL is proving to be a disappointment: contract terms and conditions are still often extremely one-sided; local companies sometimes make frivolous complaints under the GPL in order to be given a piece of the action; and the authorities have not yet organized a binding arbitration mechanism for government procurement disputes. (references) | |
Thailand | Amendments to the Civil Procedure Code on Execution of Judgements entered into force in May 1999 and limit appeal options available to debtors in an effort to quicken the foreclosure process . Under the old law, debtors were free to appeal each action taken with respect to the execution of a bankruptcy judgement . Such appeals, often frivolous in nature, were one of the tactics debtors used to delay the foreclosure process. (references) | |
Human Rights | Guatemala | Courts sometimes took months to resolve even patently frivolous appeals. (references) |
Tonga | The police, in cooperation with government prosecutors, allegedly use repeated postponement of court dates and the filing of frivolous charges as a means to intimidate government critics. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Guatemala | The labor courts do not dismiss frivolous appeals, nor are their decisions enforced. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Frivolous" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 99.10% of the time. "Frivolous" is used about 222 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 99.1% | 220 | 20,356 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.9% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 222 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "frivolous": frivolous-looking, frivolous-menacing. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "frivolous"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | mendjelehtë (airily, facile, featherbrain, featherbrained, featherheaded, giddy, harebrained, hoity toity, light minded, light-headed, lightsome, unreflecting, unthinking, vain), i pavlerë (bad, barren, base, catchpenny, chaffy, cheap, crummy, dud, expendable, fiddling, footling, futile, jejune, measly, nugatory, paltry, peddling, tawdry, threepenny, trashy, vain, valueless, worthless). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | لعوب (coltish, dallying, frisky, playful, prankish, skittish, sportive, wanton), تافه (banal, commonplace, contemptible, crummy, fade, fiddling, flat, foolish, footling, fractional, frothy, good for nothing, inane, inconsiderable, insignificant, junk, light, lilliputian, little, lowbrow, measly, minute, naught, negligible, niggling, nonsensical, nugatory, null, paltry, pedestrian, petty, piddling, pimping, piteous, pitiable, platitudinous, pointless, puny, ridiculous, run of the mill, silly, slight, slim, small time, smelly, stupid, trifle, trifling, trite, trivial, trumpery, two a penny, two bit, twopenny-halfpenny, unimportant, unsavory, unsavoury, unworthy, vain, valueless, vapid, vile, worthless), عابث (frolicsome, pixie, pixy, sporty, trifling), طائش (bad, careless, flighty, foolhardy, giddy, harebrained, hasty, heedless, impetuous, imprudent, inadvertent, inconsiderate, indiscreet, injudicious, libertine, light, light minded, light-headed, lunatic, mad, madcap, muddle-headed, popinjay, random, rash, rattle-brained, reckless, scatter-brain, scatter-brained, scatty, stray, stunned, thoughtless, unadvised, unwise). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | незначителен (cheap, dinky, fiddling, fractional, immaterial, imperceptible, inappreciable, inconsiderable, inessential, inglorious, insignificant, least, little, mean, minor, minute, negligible, niggling, nominal, noteless, nugatory, obscure, one horse, outside, paltry, peddling, pettifogging, petty, picayune, piddling, piffling, pimping, pokey, poky, poor, potty, puerile, pygmy, rabbity, scrubby, slight, small, small time, subfusc, tenuous, third class, tiddly, trifling, trivial, two-by-four, twopenny-halfpenny, unconsidered, unimportant), лекомислен (airy, airy fairy, dizzy, empty headed, fast, featherbrained, flip, flippant, foolish, giddy, harebrained, harum scarum, idle, inconstant, light, light minded, light-headed, scatter-brained, superficial, trivial, unreflecting, unthinking). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 轻佻 (Frivolities, frivolity), 薄 (belittle, despise, meagre, mean, peppermint, slight, small, thin, to approach, to go near, ungenerous, unkind), 恌 , 怭 (rude), 儇 (ingenious). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | triviální (banal, piddling, platitudinous, trifling, trivial), povrchní (airy, casual, cheap, desultory, dollish, facile, lip-deep, perfunctory, scrappy, shallow, sketchy, skin deep, superficial), lehkovážný (easygoing, happy go lucky), lehkomyslný (airy, featherbrained, featherheaded, heedless, light minded, reckless). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | forfængelig (conceited, vain). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | wuft (airy-fairy), lichtzinnig (airy-fairy), frivool. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | frivola, vanta (conceited, vain). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faeroese | fáfongdur (conceited, vain), lítilsverdur (conceited, vain), erpin (conceited, vain). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | kevytmielinen (fast, loose, wanton), kevytkenkäinen (fast, loose, wanton). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | frivole, vaniteux. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | frivol (flippant, irresponsible, risque, suggestive, trifling), leichtfertig (easygoing, flippant, flippantly, frivolously, giddily, giddy, light minded, light-headed, thoughtless), leichtsinnig (careless, carelessly, flippant, flippantly, foolish, giddily, heedless, improvident, lightheaded, reckless, thoughtless). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | κούφοσ, επιπόλαιοσ (cursory, flighty, flippant, perfunctory, sciolistic, shallow, skin deep, superficial, thoughtless), ελαφρόσ (buoyant, feathery, flippant, gentle, light, lightsome, resilient, skin deep, slight, yeasty), ελαφρόμυαλοσ (featherbrain, hare-brained, harum scarum, light-headed, scatterbrained). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | קל "עת (featherbrain, fickle, flighty, flippant, light minded, lightheaded), קל ראש, "תולי (comic, comical, facetious, humorous, mocking). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | frivol (corky, lascivious, volatile), léha (dissolute, flighty, lewd, light, loose fish, raffish, ribald, vacuous), komolytalan (airy, flippant, light minded, not serious). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | vanitoso (conceited, vain), frivolo (flimsy, flippant, light minded, nugatory, shallow, trifling). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 浮薄 (caprice, cold-heartedness, fickle, insincere), ' (futile, gang, party, set, transient, vain). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | しりがる (agility, fickleness, of loose morals), うわっちょうし (flippant, shallow), ふはく (caprice, cold-heartedness, fickle, insincere), かるがるしい (careless, indiscreet, thoughtless), あさはか (thoughtless), あ (enemy, enmity, evil, feud, foe, futile, grudge, harm, invasion, revenge, ruin, transient, vain), けいふ (fickle, genealogy, pedigree, second husband, stepfather), けいはく (superficial, Yours sincerely), へらへら , へ"ぺ"たる (fluttering), へ"ぽ"たる (fluttering). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 경망한. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | frittagh (banal, bird-witted, brainless, inconstant, trifling), fardailagh (empty, empty of words, fruitless, futile, trifling, trivial, unavailing, vain, vain of hope). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norwegian | fjollete, betydningsløs. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ivolousfray frívolo (baubling, conceited, Cork, Corky, flinch, footman, futile, giddy, impulsive, light, light-headed, lightweight, nugatory, rattle-brained, shallow, trifling, vain), fútil (conceited, coxcombical, feckless, frivolity, frothy, futile, nugatory, peddling, piddling, silliness, slight, trifling, vain). (various references) frivol (Corky, fast, feather-brained, flimsy, flippant, frail, giddy, shallow, unbecoming). (various references) фривольный (gossamer), пустой (addle, barren, blank, chaffy, do-nothing, empty, feather-brained, feckless, fiddling, foppish, frothy, gassy, gossipy, hollow, light, light-headed, null, sunken, vacant, vacuous, vapid). (various references) peileasach. (various references) frivolan (lightsome, skittish), neozbiljan (serious: not serious), lakomislen (devil may care, featherbrain, featherbrained, flippant, improvident, inconsiderate, light minded, light-headed, thoughtless). (various references) hueco (airy-fairy, alcove, cave, cavity, chimerical, concave, conceited, empty, fantastic, gap, hole, hollow, of fantasy, pocket, recess, vain, void, well), frívolo (airy, flighty, fribble, giddy, skittish, trifling, trivial, trumpery). (various references) obetydlig (baubling, dinky, fiddling, footling, fractional, fractionary, futile, inappreciable, inconsequent, inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, little, low, lowly, mean, minute, negligible, nobody, nugatory, one horse, peddling, picayune, piddling, slight, tenuous, trivial), lättsinnig (fickle, giddy, irresponsible, light, light minded, light-headed, lightsome, naughty, sporty, thoghtless, trifling, wanton). (various references) fingirdek (coquettish, flirtatious, kittenish, light, ludic), uçarı (abandoned, debauchee, dissolute, fast, flighty, flippant, giddy, rake, rip), hoppa (flighty, flippant, flyaway, fop, gay, giddy, hoity toity, perky, skittish, trifling), hafif (airy, blancmange, cushy, digestible, distant, dulcet, easy of digestion, feeble, feint, frail, lenient, light, lightly, lightweight, loose, mild, piano, slight, small, soft, subdued, tenuous, unsound, unsubstantial, weak, wishy washy), boş (airy, barren, blank, bootless, captious, chimerical, desert, disengaged, empty, expressionless, fallacious, flat, for hire, free, frothy, futile, gaseous, hollow, idle, inane, ineffective, ineffectual, invalid, leisure, meaningless, nugatory, null, pointless, puerile, punk, purposeless, spare, tenantless, thin, trumpery, unbuilt, unbuilt-on, unengaged, unfounded, unoccupied, unprofitable, unrecorded, unwritten-on, vacant, vacuous, vain, void, waste, windy, wishywashy, without any foundation, without foundation, yeasty), anlamsız (absurd, barren, blank, dead pan, empty, expressionless, for the birds, grotesque, inane, incoherent, inept, inexpressive, insane, insignificant, meaningless, nonsense, nonsensical, of no significance, pointless, purposeless, ridiculous, senseless, sodden, unmeaning, unreasonable, vacuous, vain, yeasty), adaleti yanıltıcı. (various references) kelpeс (flighty). (various references) фривольний (fribble, gossamer), легковажний (airy, careless, daft, featherbrained, flighty, giddy, gossipy, harum scarum, hoity toity, light-headed, lightsome, puerile, volatile), поверховий (cursory, facile, lip-deep, overly, perfunctory, shallow, sketchy, skin deep, superficial). (various references) phù phiếm (frothy, giddy), nhẹ dạ (credulous, ill-advised, light), nhỏ mọn; vô tích sự, bông lông không đáng kể. (various references) gwamal (fickle), gwacsaw (giddy, trivial). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | delicata, delicatae, delicate, delicati, delicatum, delicatus, frivolus, procaci, procacissimam, procaciter, procax. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "frivolous": frivolously, frivolousness, frivolousnesses. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "frivolous": nonfrivolous, unfrivolous. (additional references) | |
| |
"Frivolous" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: fivolous, frivalous, frivelous, frivilous, frivolos, frivolovs, frivolus, frivoulous, frivulous, frovolous, fruvolous, frvolous. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "frivolous" (pronounced fri"vulus) |
| 5 | -v u l u s | marvelous. |
| 4 | -u l u s | acropolis, anomalous, calculus, Carolus, fabulous, garrulous, incredulous, libelous, megalopolis, merciless, meticulous, metropolis, miraculous, nautilus, nebulous, necropolis, Oxalis, pendulous, perilous, populace, populous, querulous, ridiculous, scandalous, scrupulous, scurrilous, stimulus, syphilis, tantalus, tremulous, unscrupulous. |
| 3 | -l u s | accomplice, ageless, aimless, airless, Amaryllis, atlas, bacillus, backless, balas, baseless, blameless, bloodless, bolus, boneless, bottomless, boundless, brainless, breathless, callous, callus, careless, cashless, ceaseless, childless, classless, cloudless, clueless, Colas, colorless, cordless, countless, cutlass, defenseless, digitalis, directionless, doubtless, driverless, ductless, earless, effortless, endless, expressionless, eyeless, faceless, fatherless, fearless, featherless, featureless, feckless, fellas, fenceless, flawless, flightless, frictionless, fruitless, Gallus, gladiolus, godless, graceless, groundless, guileless, guiltless, hairless, hapless, harmless, headless, heartless, helpless, homeless, hopeless, hornless, humorless, irregardless, issueless, jealous, jobless, keyless, lactobacillus, landless, lawless, leaderless, leafless, legless, lifeless, limbless, limitless, listless, loveless, luckless, malice, meaningless, meatless, mindless, motherless, motionless, nameless, necklace, needless, odorless, overzealous, painless, palace, paperless, peerless, penniless, pilotless, pitiless, pointless, polis, powerless, priceless, prothallus, purposeless, reckless, regardless, relentless, remorseless, restless, riskless, rootless, rudderless, ruthless, scoreless, seamless, selfless, senseless, sexless, shameless, shapeless, shiftless, skinless, sleepless, sleeveless, smokeless, solace, soulless, speechless, spineless, spotless, stainless, stateless, stylus, surplus, tasteless, thankless, thoughtless, ticketless, tieless, timeless, tireless, toothless, topless, treeless, trellis, useless, valueless, victimless, voiceless, warrantless, weightless, windlass, windowless, wireless, witless, wordless, worthless, zealous, zipless. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "f-i-l-o-o-r-s-u-v" | |
-2 letters: folious, frivols, furioso. | |
-3 letters: floors, flours, fluors, folios, frivol. | |
-4 letters: filos, floor, flour, fluor, foils, folio, fools, fouls, fours, furls, fusil, loofs, loris, louis, lours, olios, ovoli, roils, rolfs, roofs, sulfo, viols, virls, virus, visor. | |
-5 letters: filo, fils, firs, flus, foil, fool, foul, four, furl, furs, loof, loos, lour, luvs, oils, olio, ours, rifs. | |
| Words containing the letters "f-i-l-o-o-r-s-u-v" | |
+2 letters: frivolously, unfrivolous. | |
+3 letters: nonfrivolous, vociferously. | |
+4 letters: frivolousness. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)46 72 69 76 6F 6C 6F 75 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)..-. .-. .. ...- --- .-.. --- ..- ... |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000110 01110010 01101001 01110110 01101111 01101100 01101111 01110101 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)F r i v o l o u s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0046 0072 0069 0076 006F 006C 006F 0075 0073 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)408475888178818785 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Sounds 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Orthography 19. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
