Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Fermentation |
FermentationNoun1. A process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol. 2. A state of agitation or turbulent change or development: "the political ferment produced a new leadership"; "social unrest". 3. A chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "fermentation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1380. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Chemistry | Anaerobic biodegredation by which an organic substance is acting as a nutrient as well as an oxidation agent. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | The decomposition of organic material to alcohol, methane, etc., by organisms, such as yeast or bacteria, usually in the absence of oxygen. (references) |
Food & Agriculture | Decomposition of organic substances by enzymes, often with release of carbon dioxide and production of alcohols, acids or other complex products. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. (references) |
Medicine | The slow, non-putrefactive decomposition of complex organic substances into simpler forms. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | The process of decomposition of carbohydrates with the evolution of carbondioxide or the formation of acid, or both. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Fermentation is popularly taken to refer to the fermentation of sugar in solution to alcohol using yeast, but other fermentation processes include the making of yogurt. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
In the process, the organism metabolises one or more substances to produce the energy and chemicals it needs to live and re-produce. This process of chemical reactions will produce some form of by-product. In the case of yeast used for brewing, these by-products are carbon dioxide, and ethanol.
The 1811 Household Cyclopedia adds:
'Alcoholic Beverages'
May be divided into fermented drinks including beer and wines, and distilled drinks or spirits which are obtained from the former by distillation. Spirits usually contain about fifty per cent. of alcohol, beer and wines from one to twenty per cent. The alcohol in all cases results from the breaking up of the sugar in the fermenting liquid.
'Sugars'
Ordinary sugar, or cane sugar, uncrystallizable, or fruit sugar; and grape sugar, or glucose, are the three most important varieties. Fruit sugar exists in all the sub-acid fruits as grapes, currants, apples, peaches, etc. When these are dried, it changes to grape sugar forming the whitish grains which are seen on the outside of prunes, raisins, etc. Grape sugar is found to a limited extent in fruits associated with fruit sugar. Cane sugar is readily changed by the action of acids or ferments into fruit sugar, and the latter into grape sugar, but the process cannot be reversed. Grape sugar is the only fermentable variety, the others becoming changed into it before fermentation.
'Transformation of Starch, etc.'
Under the influence of acids, or diastare, a principle existing in germinating grains, starch is changed first into gum (dextrine) and afterwards into grape sugar. Hence one of our most important sources of alcohol is to be found in the starch of barley, corn, wheat, potatoes, etc. Wood may be converted into grape sugar by the action of strong sulphuric acid which is afterwards neutralized. An attempt to produce alcohol in this way on a commercial scale was made in France, but was not successful.
'Ferment'
A solution of pure sugar will remain unchanged for an indefinite period of time. To induce fermentation, a portion of some nitrogenous body, itself undergoing decomposition, must be added. Such ferments are albumen (white of egg), fibrin (fibre of flesh), casein (basis of cheese), gluten (the pasty matter of flour). Yeast consists of vegetable egg-shaped cells, which is increased during its action as a ferment.
'Circumstances influencing Fermentation'
In order that fermentation shall begin we require, besides the contact of the ferment, the presence of air. The most easily decomposed articles of food may be preserved for an indefinite period by hermetically sealing them in jars, after drawing out the air. When once begun, however, fermentation will go on, if the air be excluded. Temperature is important. The most favorable temperature is between 68¡ and 77¡ Fahr. At a low temperature fermentation is exceedingly slow. Bavarian or lager beer is brewed between 32¡ and 46 1/2¡ Fahr. A boiling heat instantly stops fermentation, by killing the ferment.
To check fermentation we may remove the yeast by filtration. Hops, oil of mustard, sulphurous acid (from burning sulphur), the sulphites, sulphuric acid, check the process by killing the ferment.
Too much sugar is unfavorable to fermentation, the best strength for the syrup is ten parts of water to one of sugar.
'Changes during Fermentation, etc.'
The grape-sugar breaks up into carbonic acid which escapes as gas, alcohol and water which remain. In malting the grain is allowed to germinate, during which process the starch of the grain is changed into gum and sugar: the rootlets make their appearance at one end and the stalk or acrospire at the other. The germination is then checked by heating in a kiln; if allowed to proceed a certain portion of the sugar would be converted into woody matter, and lost.
In brewing the sacharine matter is extracted from the malt during the mashing. Yeast is added to cause fermentation; an infusion of hops afterwards, to add to the flavor and to check fermentation. In wine making there is sufficient albuminous matter in the grape to cause fermentation without the use of yeast.
Distillation separates the alcohol in great part from the water. Alcohol boils at 179¡ Fahr., and water at 212¡. It is not possible, however, to separate entirely alcohol and water by distillation.
'Acetic Fermentation'
Weak fermented liquors will become sour on exposure to the air. This is owing to the conversion of their alcohol into acetic acid (see Vinegar). This change is due to the absorption of the oxygen of the air and is much promoted by the presence of a peculiar plant, the mother of vinegar. It is sometimes called the acetous fermentation.
'Viscous Fermentation'
By the action of yeast on beet-sugar a peculiar fermentation is set up; but little alcohol is formed. The same gives ropiness to wines and beer. It is checked by vegetable astringents.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Fermentation."
Synonyms: FermentationSynonyms: agitation (n), ferment (n), fermenting (n), unrest (n), zymolysis (n), zymosis (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Agitation | Ferment, fermentation; ebullition, effervescence, hurly-burly, cahotage; tempest, storm, ground swell, heavy sea, whirlpool, vortex; whirlwind; (wind). |
Bubble | Effervescence, fermentation; bubbling. Verb: |
Physical Energy | Activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, fermentation; ebullition, splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle; voluntary energy; quicksilver. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I cannot taste neither the fermentation of grape, nor of wheat (The 13th Warrior; writing credit: William Wisher Jr.) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Shown is a mixer containing fermentation broth of soil microorganisms that make adriamycin. NCI plays an important role in the development of these anticancer drugs. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |  | Pictured is a fermentation laboratory at the Frederick Cancer Research Facility (FCRF). Only the vast rooms of equipment are seen. This equipment is used to produce biologics, e.g. Interferon or antibiotics such as adriamycin. This equipment is used when large quantities must be produced for clinical trials. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |
 | An ARS scientist clanged the way that fermented meats like pepperoni and Genoa salami are made. He found that a bacterial starter stimulates faster, more consistent fermentation than traditional methods and guarantees a better product. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |  | Microbiologist Rodney Bothast adjusts a laboratory fermenter that uses glycerol from vegetable oil. After fermentation and a couple of intermediate steps, the glycerol becomes acrylic acid that can be used to make plastic goods. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Keith Weller.. |
 | [Diabetes: Fermentation apparatus]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Production of butylene glycol. Corn for which new industrial uses are sought is milled at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Peoria, Illinois. A fermentation process for converting grain into butylene glycol. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Matthew Arnold | Unquiet souls. In the dark fermentation of earth, in the never idle workshop of nature, in the eternal movement, yea shall find yourselves again. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | To the democratic fermentation, the philosophic fermentation responded |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Educating Alaska natives about proper fermentation techniques. (references) | |
But they are still used in some foods and are made naturally during the fermentation of wine, for example. (references) | ||
If food lingers too long in the stomach, it can cause problems like bacterial overgrowth from the fermentation of food. Also, the food can harden into solid masses called bezoars that may cause nausea, vomiting, and obstruction in the stomach. (references) | ||
Business | In the Australian market, premium beer is classified by the high quality (e.g. ingredients and fermentation process) of the beer itself, its price and design, and the quality of the packaging. (references) | |
Economic History | Netherlands | Studies are also made into the development of fermentation technology and new conversion techniques like pyrolisis and liquefaction. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | LAUGHTER, n. An interior convulsion, producing a distortion of the features and accompanied by inarticulate noises. It is infectious and, though intermittent, incurable. Liability to attacks of laughter is one of the characteristics distinguishing man from the animals -- these being not only inaccessible to the provocation of his example, but impregnable to the microbes having original jurisdiction in bestowal of the disease. Whether laughter could be imparted to animals by inoculation from the human patient is a question that has not been answered by experimentation. Dr. Meir Witchell holds that the infection character of laughter is due to the instantaneous fermentation of sputa diffused in a spray. From this peculiarity he names the disorder Convulsio spargens. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | Among our Indian neighbors in the northwestern quarter some fermentation was observed soon after the late occurrences, threatening the continuance of our peace. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Fermentation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Fermentation" is used about 194 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 194 | 22,014 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "fermentation": acetic acid fermentation ♦ acetic fermentation ♦ Acetous fermentation ♦ alcohol fermentation ♦ Alcoholic fermentation ♦ Ammoniacal fermentation ♦ Amylic fermentation ♦ Bottom fermentation ♦ bottom fermentation beer ♦ Butyric fermentation ♦ enzymatic fermentation ♦ fermentation alcohol ♦ Fermentation by an ♦ Fermentation by an unorganized ferment ♦ fermentation cellar ♦ fermentation of skins ♦ fermentation on skins ♦ fermentation process ♦ Fermentation tank ♦ Fermentation theory ♦ Fermentation theory of disease ♦ fermentation vessel ♦ Glycerin fermentation ♦ grape must with fermentation arrested by the addition of alcohol ♦ high fermentation beer ♦ lactic acid fermentation ♦ Lactic fermentation ♦ low fermentation beer ♦ Putrefactive fermentation ♦ Top fermentation ♦ top fermentation beer ♦ tumultuous fermentation. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "fermentation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | fermentim (zymosis), tharmëtim, tharbëtim. (various references) | |
Arabic | تخمير (leavening), إهتياج (access, ado, agitation, bother, bustling, commotion, delirium, dither, ebullience, effervescence, excitation, exciting, ferment, flurry, fuss, great rage, in a state, ramp, rampage, sensation, stir, willies), إختمار. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | спарване (heating), ферментация (ferment, working, zymosis), кипеж (ebullience, ebulliency, ferment, storm). (various references) | |
Chinese | 发酵 (Ferment, Fermentative, Fermented, Fermenting, leavened, leavening). (various references) | |
Czech | fermentace (ferment, zymosis), vření (upheaval), rozruch (agitation, backwash, excitement, flap, flurry, fuss, hullabaloo, kick up, stir), kvašení (leavening, rankness). (various references) | |
Danish | forrådnelse (decay, putrefaction, rot), fermentering (anaerobic biodegredation by which an organic substance is acting as a nutrient as well as an oxidation agent, sweating), fermentation, gaering, gæring (anaerobic biodegredation by which an organic substance is acting as a nutrient as well as an oxidation agent, fermentation on skins). (various references) | |
Dutch | fermentatie (sweating). (various references) | |
Farsi | تخمیر (Zymosis). (various references) | |
Finnish | käyminen. (various references) | |
French | fermentation (ferment, fermenting). (various references) | |
German | gärung (agitation, alarm, ferment, turmoil), Fermentierung, fermentation (sweating). (various references) | |
Greek | ζύμωση (zymosis). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תסיס" (agitation, effervescence, excitement, ferment, fizz, turbulence, zymosis), "תסס" (fermenting), סור (banished, evil ways, leaven, removed, separated). (various references) | |
Hungarian | erjesztés, erjedés (ferment, yeast, zymosis), izgatás (incitement, irritation, stimulation), forrongás (ebullience, ebulliency, effervescence, ferment, outbreak, riot), forrás (boil, boiling, ebullience, ebulliency, ebullition, font, fount, fountain, fountain-head, headspring, parent, resource, seethe, source, spring, spring-head, well), felizgatás (provocation). (various references) | |
Indonesian | fermentasi. (various references) | |
Italian | fermentazione (ferment). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 発酵. (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | はっ"う (coming into effect, corona, departure for a specified destination, departure of a ship, faint light, issue, luminescence, misfortune, pale light, radiation, sad fate, the eight directions, the national boundaries, the whole land, the whole world, unhappiness, white light, white rainbow, zymosis). (various references) | |
Korean | 발효작용. (various references) | |
Manx | gyle (ferment). (various references) | |
Norwegian | gjæring. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ermentationfay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | fermentação (brew, ferment, zymosis). (various references) | |
Romanian | frãmântare (agitation, anxiety, discomposure, fluster, flutter, fret, fretfulness, kneading, torture, trepidation, unrest, worry), fierbere (agitation, boil, boiling, brewage, commotion, ebullition, effervescence, effervescency, emotion, fever, fizz, gurgitation, tumult), fermentaţie (commotion, ebullition, effervescence, effervescency, ferment), dospire, agitaţie (ado, agitation, bustle, clutter, commotion, dusty, emotion, excitement, ferment, fever, flurry, flutter, fret, go, haste, inquietude, nervousness, perturbation, restlessness, riotousness, roughness, squirm, stir, trepidation, unrest, vexation, working). (various references) | |
Russian | брожение (effervescence, effervescency, zymosis). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | fermentacija, vrenje (boiling, ebullition, zymosis). (various references) | |
Spanish | fermentación (ferment). (various references) | |
Swedish | jäsning (ferment, fermenting, unrest). (various references) | |
Turkish | fermantasyon (zymosis), mayalanma (ferment, leavening, working, zymosis), karışıklık (bedlam, bungle, cataclysm, chaos, clamor, clamour, clutter, commotion, complexity, complication, confusion, disarrangement, disorder, disorderliness, disorganization, disturbance, dogs dinner, embroilment, ferment, fray, frenzy, fuss, fuss and kerfufle, grab bag, havoc, helter-skelter, higgledy-piggledy, huddle, hugger mugger, huggermugger, hurly burly, imbroglio, indiscrimination, intricacy, involution, jungle, kerfufle, maziness, mess, mishmash, misrule, mix, mix up, muddle, muss, perturbation, pie, pother, pretty kettle of fish, promiscuity, Ravel, riot, rough and tumble, ruckus, ruction, snafu, snarl, snarl up, stir, swirl, tangle, topsyturvy, topsyturvydom, tumble, turbidity, turbulence, unrest, upheaval, upset, wooliness, woolliness), huzursuzluk (discomfort, disquiet, disquietude, fidget, hump, inquietude, qualm, restiveness, restlessness, sleeplessness, trouble, uneasiness, unrest), heyecan (affect, agitation, animation, Ardor, ardour, bang, commotion, dither, drama, emotion, enthusiasm, exaltation, excitement, ferment, fever, fire, flap, flurry, flush, flutter, furor, furore, glow, kick, pucker, razzle-dazzle, rhapsody, ruffle, sensation, shiver, spice, spring tide, stir, taking, tension, the shivers, thrill, tingle, twitter, vibes, vibration, wallop, warmth, yeast), ekşime (acidity, rancidity, rancidness, souring). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | хвилювання (agitation, boil, bubble, care, disturbance, excitation, feeze, fizzle, heartbeat, perturbation, pother, pucker, stirring, swell, throb, uproar), ферментація, бродіння (zymosis). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự xúi giục sự xôn xao, sự vận động (locomotion, motion, movement), sự sôi sục (fervency), sự náo động (excitement, ferment, flurry, fluster, riot, tumultuousness, turmoil), sự lên men sự khích động. (various references) | |
Welsh | eplesiad. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | fermenti, fermento, fermentum. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "fermentation": fermentations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Fermentation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: fermenation, fermientation, fermintation, fermmentation, ferrmentation, firmentation, foementation, formastation, formentation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "fermentation" (pronounced fer'muntā"shun) |
| 8 | -m u n t ā" sh u n | experimentation, fragmentation, pigmentation, sedimentation, segmentation. |
| 7 | -u n t ā" sh u n | confrontation, disorientation, incantation, presentation, recantation. |
| 6 | -n t ā" sh u n | argumentation, augmentation, documentation, implantation, implementation, indentation, instrumentation, misrepresentation, orientation, ornamentation, ostentation, plantation, regimentation, representation, transplantation. |
| 5 | -t ā" sh u n | facilitation, accreditation, adaptation, affectation, agitation, amputation, annotation, cetacean, citation, cogitation, cohabitation, computation, connotation, consultation, crustacean, decapitation, deforestation, deportation, devastation, dictation, dilatation, disputation, dissertation, equitation, excitation, exhortation, expectation, exploitation, flirtation, flotation, gestation, gravitation, habitation, hesitation, imitation, importation, imputation, incapacitation, incrustation, infestation, inhabitation, interpretation, invitation, irritation, lactation, levitation, limitation, manifestation, meditation, misinterpretation, molestation, mutation, notation, palpitation, permutation, precipitation, premeditation, protestation, quotation, recitation, reforestation, refutation, rehabilitation, reinterpretation, reputation, resuscitation, rotation, sanitation, solicitation, station, superstation, temptation, transportation, vegetation, visitation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | falsification, fascination, federation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, animation, annexation, annihilation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, characterization, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, deviation, differentiation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, dispensation, disqualification, dissemination, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gyration, hallucination, harmonization, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implication, impregnation, improvisation, inactivation, inauguration, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incubation, indemnification, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, legalization, legislation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, origination, oscillation, ossification, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, predestination, prefabrication, preoccupation, preparation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recapitalization, recertification, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reformation, refrigeration, regeneration, registration, regulation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, repudiation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | faction, fashion, fiction, fission, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, abduction, abolition, abortion, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-e-f-i-m-n-n-o-r-t-t" | |
-2 letters: enantiomer, marionette, renominate. | |
-3 letters: aftertime, atonement, entertain, informant, interment, intermont, mentation, mentioner, nanometer, orientate, retention, terminate. | |
-4 letters: amoretti, anointer, antimere, fattener, fetation, feterita, fomenter, forename, foretime, intonate, intranet, martinet, nominate, ointment, ornament, reanoint, remanent, renitent, tenorite, trainmen. | |
-5 letters: amniote, anemone, arenite, ariette, emerita, eminent, emirate, emitter, enamine, enation, enframe, enteron, entrain, entrant, entreat, etamine. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-e-f-i-m-n-n-o-r-t-t" | |
+1 letter: fermentations. | |
+3 letters: antiferromagnet. | |
+4 letters: antiferromagnets. | |
+5 letters: antiferromagnetic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Speeches 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
