Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Farming |
FarmingAdjective1. "an agrarian (or agricultural) society"; "farming communities". Noun1. The practice of cultivating the land or raising stock. 2. Working the land as an occupation or way of life; "farming is a strenuous life"; "there's no work on the land any more". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "farming" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1776. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Farming n. [Adelaide University, Australia] What the heads of a disk drive are said to do when they plow little furrows in the magnetic media. Associated with a crash. Typically used as follows: "Oh no, the machine has just crashed; I hope the hard drive hasn't gone farming again." No longer common; modern drives automatically park their heads in a safe zone on power-down, so it takes a real mechanical problem to induce this. Source: Jargon File. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, and fiber by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals. Agriculture is also known as farming.
Overview
Agriculture includes both subsistence agriculture, which is producing enough food to meet the needs of the farmer and family, but no more) and also (almost universally in the "developed" nations and increasingly so in other areas) the production of financial income from cultivation of the land or commercial raising of animals (animal husbandry). Agriculture is the practice -- the study of these disciplines is called agricultural science.
Increasingly, besides food for humans and animal feeds, agriculture produces goods such as cut flowers, ornamental and nursery plants, fertilizers, animal hides, leather, industrial chemicals (starch, ethanol, and plastics), fibers (cotton, wool, hemp, and flax), fuels (methane, biodiesel, biomass), and both legal and illegal drugs (biopharmaceuticals, marijuana, opium, cocaine). Genetically engineered plants and animals produce specialty drugs.
In the Western world, use of improved genetics, better management of soil nutrients, and improved weed control have greatly increased yields per acre. At the same time, use of mechanization has decreased labor requirements, releasing most of the populace from intense agricultural labor. The developing world is behind by Western measures of productivity, because of unavailability of the education, capital and technology base needed to sustain these advances, and usually ecoregion with less optimal climates and soils.
Animal husbandry means breeding and raising animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis.
In recent years, some aspects of industrial intensive agriculture have been the subject of increasing discussion. The widening sphere of influence held by large seed and chemical companies and meat packers has been a source of concern both within the farming community and for the general public. The patent protection given to companies that develop new types of seed using genetic engineering has allowed seed to be licensed to farmers in much the same way that computer software is licensed to users. This has changed the balance of power in favor of the seed companies allowing them to dictate terms and conditions previously unheard of. Some argue these companies are guilty of biopiracy.
Soil conservation and nutrient management have been important concerns since the 1950s, with the best farmers taking a stewardship role with the land they operate.
Increasing consumer awareness of agricultural issues has led to the rise of community supported agriculture, local food movement, Slow food, and commercial organic farming, though these yet remain fledgling industries.
History
Determining the origin of agriculture is problematic since it pre-dates the invention of writing. Some authorities insist localized farming took place more than 10,000 years ago while others believe the earliest systematic plantings/harvestings took place no more than 7,000 years ago. The practice of agriculture is often used to distinguish the neolithic period from earlier parts of the stone age. The first crops that humans domesticated included wheat and barley. It is clear that farming was invented at least twice, probably more often: once in the Fertile Crescent (some say by the Natufian culture, others say by the Sumerians), once in East Asia, and probably once in Central America. Most likely, there was a gradual transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to an agricultural one, via a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted, and other foods were gathered from the wild. The reasons for the earliest introduction of farming may have included climate change. Farming allows a much greater density of population than can be supported by hunting and gathering.
Policy
Agricultural policy focuses on the goals and methods of agricultural production. At the policy level, common goals of agriculture include:
- Food safety: Ensuring that the food supply is free of contamination.
- Food security: Ensuring that the food supply meets the populations needs.
- Food quality: Ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality.
- Conservation
- Environmental impact
- Economic stability
Methods
- Hydroponic
- Tillage by plough
- Irrigation
- Fertilizers
- Crop rotation
- Weed removal
- Breeding
- Fencing
- Ranching
Crops
World production of major crops in 2002
In millions of metric tons, based on USDA estimates:
Note: There are two units of measure used for rice. Paddy rice is a measure of the tonnage of rice in its as-harvested state. Milled rice is a measure of the tonnage of rice after it is processed to remove the husk and, sometimes, polish the kernel.
- Maize 624
- Wheat 570
- Rice 381.1
- Cotton 96.5
Crop improvement
Domestication of plants is made in order to increase yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ease of harvest, and to improve the taste and nutritional value and many other characteristics. Centuries of careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Plant breeders use greenhouses and other techniques to get as many as three generations of plants per year, so that they can make improvements all the more quickly.
For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the USA have increased from around 40 bushels per acre (2.5 t/ha) in 1900 to about 150 bushels per acre (9.4 t/ha) in 2001, primarily due to improvements in genetics. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 10 q/ha (=1 t/ha) in 1900 to more than 25 in 1990. South American average wheat yields are around 20 q/ha, African under 10 q/ha, Egypt and Arabia up to 35 to 40 q/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 80 q/ha. Higher yields are due to improvements in genetics, as well as use of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, growth control to avoid lodging).
[Conversion note: 1 quintal (q) of wheat = 60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 quintal of corn = 56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg]
Very recently, genetic engineering has begun to be employed to speed up the selection and breeding process. The most widely used modification is a herbicide resistance gene that allows plants to tolerate exposure to glyphosate. A less frequently used but more controversial modification causes the plant to produce a toxin to reduce damage from insects (c.f. Starlink).
There are specialty producers who raise less common types of livestock or plants.
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, and algae, is closely associated with agriculture.
Apiculture, the culture of bees, traditionally for honey, increasingly for crop pollination.
See also : List of domesticated plants, List of vegetables, List of herbs, List of fruit, List of domesticated animals
Environmental problems
- Nitrogen surplus in rivers and lakes.
- Detrimental effects of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and other biocides.
- Conversion of natural ecosystems of all types into arable land.
- Erosion
- Weeds - Feral Plants and Animals
See also
- USA agriculture
- Agricultural science
- International agricultural research
- Timeline of agriculture and food technology.
- Agricultural sciences basic topics
- List of subsistence techniques
- List of sustainable agriculture topics
- Arid-zone agriculture
- Community Supported Agriculture
External links
- U.S. Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service : Current World Production, Market and Trade Reports
- Agriculture at the United States National Academies
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Agriculture."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Organic farming is the production of plant and animal food products using techniques that aim to develop biological diversity, improve soil fertility and without the use of synthetic persticides or fertilizers. Different legislated standards for organic status exist, but common themes include:
One early goal of the organic movement was to encourage consumption of locally grown food, which was promoted through slogans such as "Know Your Food, Know Your Farmer". With the promulgation of national (or regional) standards for production of organic food, this goal has been diverted to the sidelines, with the large percentage of certified organic food now coming from corporate farmers such as General Mills and Kraft Foods.
- Avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
- Avoiding depletion of natural resources.
- "Humane" treatment of animals.
There are a variety of reasons why organic farming is growing in popularity. One is public fear of foodstuffs with possibly harmful chemicals. Another is possible environmental damage. Yet another is the possibility of immediate side-effects, such as, for example, the destruction of beneficial soil organisms by the use of ammonium nitrate.
Many people consider organic foods to be superior to conventionally produced foods because they believe one or more of the following:
Studies to date have shown no significant differences regarding taste and nutritional content between organic and conventional foods. The research of Baker et al (Food Add Contam 19:427-446) found that organically grown produce had one-third the pesticide residue of conventionally grown produce. The potential harmfulness of these residues was not established.
- organic food tastes better
- organic food is more nutritious
- organic food is less likely to contain harmful chemicals
- the cultural methods used to produce them are worthy of promoting.
Because of growing consumer demand, organic farming in developed economies has, in recent years, been growing by about 20% per annum.
A current market trend is the availability of organic fiber for clothing, such as cotton. Proponents of organic fiber point to exceptionally high levels of the use of pesticides and other chemicals in conventional fiber production, and claim environmental abuse through conventional agriculture.
Many nations now offer organic certification for their farmers. In the USA, for example, there is now (2003) a national set of standards. To be certified organic, the land must have been used only for organic production for a certain number of years prior to certification, and only certain naturally-derived chemicals may be used on crops.
In the United Kingdom organic certification is handled by a number of organizations, of which the largest are the Soil Association and Organic Farmers and Growers. All the certifying bodies are subject to the regulations of the UK Register of Organic Food Standards, UKROFS, which itself is bound by European Union (EU) legislation.
In Sweden, organic certification is handled by the private corporation KRAV; and in Canada, by various provincial organisations.
Criticisms of Organic Farming
The environmental benefits of organic farming are a subject of some debate. Foremost in its favor, organic farming does not result in the release of chemical pesticides into the food supply or the environment, nor the leaching of artificial fertilizer. Critics claim that organic advocates ignore the fact that many synthetic pesticides are improvements on natural pesticides, with the goal of making them less dangerous to humans and more environmentally friendly. Organic advocates in turn respond that they use natural pesticides as a last resort, rather controlling pests through growing healthier, disease-resistant plants, using cover crops and crop rotation, and encouraging beneficial insects and birds. The most commonly used organic pesticides are Bt, petroleum oil, soybean oil, and pyrethrum.
In addition, proponents of conventional farming argue that organic farms are less productive, requiring more land to be used to produce the same amount of food. The research of Maeder et al (Science 296 1694-1697) which summarized a twenty-one year Swiss study into organic farming showed an average yield loss of 20%. These results have been contradicted by at least one editorial by Liebhardt (Get the facts straight: organic agriculture yields are good. OFRF Information Bulletin #10, Summer), based upon primarily unpublished data, which claims that over 154 growing seasons' worth of data on various crops, organic crops yielded 95% of crops grown under conventional conditions.
Some organic farming advocates believe that, even if yields are currently lower, these results are obtained without the huge subsidies paid to conventional farmers, and expect yields to be equivalent or higher if organic farming were subsidised to the same level.
Furthermore, some organic farming practices are claimed to do more damage than conventional practices – for instance, the practice of ploughing (see tillage) to prepare soil for planting is claimed to increase soil damage compared to using Roundup, a herbicide. Another argument against organic farming is that while it works acceptably at present because pests are kept under control in surrounding conventional farms and thus do not spread into organic farms, if it became universal the "islands" they operate on would disappear and pests would become a severe issue. (This also works in reverse, as organic farms can be islands of safety for predator insects and pollinators.) Furthermore, organic farms often use manure from livestock fed "non-organic" grain. This is a de facto movement of "chemical" fertilizer from non-organic farms to organic farms.
Some critics also point out organic food could be less safe than non-organic food : some people argue that organic food increases one's exposure to biological contaminants, with greater risk of food born diseases. In particular concerns are related to the use of manure, well known for carrying human pathogens and presence of mycotoxins from molds. In a large french study carried out by Inra, Coopagri Bretagne and ESMSA in 1999-2000, it has been shown for example that the patuline (produced by Penicillium expansum and some Aspergillus) in apples and DON in wheat had to be strongly watched for [1].
See Also
- organic gardening
- permaculture
- sustainable agriculture
- Genetically modified food
- List of organic gardening and farming topics
External Links
- Trashing organic foods
- Cyber-Help for Organic Farmers Portal and content site with a wide range of information and assistance for organic farmers
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Organic farming."
Synonyms: FarmingSynonyms: agrarian (adj), agricultural (adj), farming(a) (adj), husbandry (n), land (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Agriculture | Noun: agriculture, cultivation, husbandry, farming; georgics, geoponics; tillage, agronomy, gardening, spade husbandry, vintage; horticulture, arboriculture, floriculture; landscape gardening; viticulture. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | You two-toned, zebra headed, slime coated,pimple farming, parimicium brain, munching on your own mucus suffering from Peter Pan envy (Hook; writing credit: James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. Based on the play 'Peter Pan' by J.M. Barrie.) We do our hunting and farming here (20,000 Leagues Under the Sea; writing credit: Jules Verne; Earl Felton) You don't know the first thing about farming. (Field of Dreams; writing credit: Phil Alden Robinson) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Business of Farming (1961) Grassland Farming (1959) This Farming Business (1949) Farming Fools (1936) Pretzel Farming (1920) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Sheep farming at Hill Cove. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Apple trees such as this one are common in the reserve area and are reminders of the days when Prudence Island was used for tenant farming. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |
 | Landowner and James Burgess, NRCS District Conservationist, discuss farming and conservation issues on Burkes’ sheep farm, Armstrong County, PA, while farmer shows the quality of wool on her sheep. [Slide 97CS3099]. Credit: Bob Nichols. |  | Maintaining a viable farming enterprise is difficult in urban areas like Wake County can be difficult. Rick Bailey, Wake SWCD Administrator discusses soil conservation options with a local tobacco farmer. Credit: Bob Nichols. |
 | Closeup of no-till farming, the process of planting a crop without tilling the soil. Credit: Lynn Betts. |  | Contour buffer strips in Tama County changed the row pattern of the farming operation considerably, as the new contour pattern for the buffers contrasted with previous straighter farming lines. Credit: Tim McCabe. |
 | Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |  | Technician Jeff Nichols collects a water sample from the Walnut Creek watershed in Ames, Iowa. Samples are collected weekly form this area and surrounding watersheds to study the effects farming practices have on water quality. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Keith Weller.. |
 | This log one-room shcool house dates to the 1920s when several small farming and ranching communities were established in El MalPais National Conservation Area (NCA) area. Credit: Unknown. |  | Summer farming shelters near Khornemskaia village (Pinega Region) (19th century), reassembled at Malye Korely Architectural Preserve, Russia. Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Old farming machine 3" by Gerald Grainger Commentary: "Old, obsolete farming machinery." | "Kelong" by Michelle Ho Commentary: "A kelong for fish farming." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Cato The Elder | It is thus with farming, if you do one thing late, you will be late in all your work. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Now farming became industry, and the owners followed Rome, although they did not know it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Labor intensive farming is still the major farming method. (references) | |
The farming sector is relatively small and is heavily subsidized. (references) | ||
U.S. imports were mainly used for wheat farming, horticulture and floriculture. (references) | ||
Children | Tuvalu | Students compete for academic scholarships to attend university level education overseas; otherwise, they participate in vocational training focusing on subsistence farming and maritime training for men and computer or other business training for women. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Burkina Faso | Religious groups only are taxed if they carry on lucrative activities, such as farming. (references) |
Guinea | In past years, the Government has provided school buildings, access to local medical facilities, and land for farming to assist those designated as refugees. (references) | |
Economic History | Kenya | Ostrich farming presents the best investment opportunity. (references) |
Malawi | Nearly 90% of the population engages in subsistence farming. (references) | |
Italy | With much of the land unsuited for farming, it is a net food importer. (references) | |
Human Rights | Zimbabwe | The decree requires all farm owners who have received government acquisition notices to halt farming activities immediately and leave their homes within 90 days. (references) |
Indigenous People | Dominica | Most Carib Indians engage in farming, fishing, and handicraft. (references) |
Bolivia | Lack of education, inefficient farming and mining methods, indigenous cultural practices, and societal biases keep the indigenous people poor. (references) | |
Minorities | Niger | Limited security issues existed in the northern areas as a result of continued conflict over land use between farming and herding ethnic groups. (references) |
Nigeria | In many areas of the Middle Belt, Muslim Fulani tend to be pastoralists, while the Muslim Hausa and most Christian ethnic groups tend more toward farming or urban living. (references) | |
Togo | The Ewe and Mina are the largest ethnic groups in the southern region, where abundant rainfall and access to the sea have been conducive to farming and trade; the Kabye are the largest group in the drier, landlocked, less populous, and less prosperous northern region. (references) | |
Political Economy | Gambia | Much of the population is engaged in subsistence farming. (references) |
Niger | The economy is based mainly on subsistence farming, herding, small trading, and informal markets. (references) | |
Mali | Most of the work force is employed in the agricultural sector, particularly farming and animal husbandry. (references) | |
Trade | Turkey | Cigarettes can only be imported by TEKEL and cigarette producers who are permitted by the government under a special decree (such as Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, British Tobacco, etc.). A draft tobacco law, scheduled to be submitted to parliament in fall 2001, would prepare TEKEL for privatization and would end TEKEL's role over tobacco farming in Turkey. (references) |
Women | Burkina Faso | Women still do much of the subsistence farming work. (references) |
Rwanda | Women traditionally perform most of the subsistence farming. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Malawi | Wage earners tend to supplement their incomes through farming activities. (references) |
Benin | Many workers must supplement their wages by subsistence farming or informal sector trade. (references) | |
Senegal | Some farmers were organized into the National Farming Association, an advocacy organization. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Practically there would soon be but one taxing power, and that vested in a body of men far removed from the people, in which the farming and mechanic interests would scarcely be represented. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | We will place the matchless skill and the resources of our own great America, in farming and in fertilizers, at the service of those countries committed to develop a modern agriculture. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Farming" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 70.54% of the time. "Farming" is used about 1,282 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 70.54% | 904 | 7,916 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 17.61% | 226 | 20,021 |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 10.21% | 131 | 27,855 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.4% | 18 | 82,615 |
| Noun (common) | 0.23% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,282 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Hawaii Land & Farming Co Inc |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "farming": agricultural area utilized for farming ♦ Ash farming ♦ Baby farming ♦ chicken farming ♦ collective farming ♦ dairy farming ♦ dry farming ♦ farming activities ♦ farming area ♦ farming cost ♦ farming machinery ♦ farming population ♦ farming production ♦ farming utensils ♦ fish farming ♦ high farming ♦ mixed farming ♦ organic farming ♦ ostrich farming ♦ oyster farming ♦ poultry farming ♦ sheep farming ♦ subsistence farming ♦ tank farming ♦ tenant farming ♦ tree farming ♦ truck farming. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "farming": farming-out, farming-related. | |
Ending with "farming": factory-farming, non-farming, sheep-farming, strip-farming. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
farming | 1,143 | farming molecular | 32 |
organic farming | 256 | poultry farming | 32 |
worm farming | 163 | farming mussel | 31 |
fish farming | 141 | factory farming | 31 |
dairy farming | 71 | farming game | 28 |
agriculture farming | 70 | alpaca farming | 27 |
shrimp farming | 61 | farming sheep | 26 |
catfish farming | 59 | farming seller | 24 |
chicken farming | 54 | company farming list | 22 |
farming importer | 49 | tobacco farming | 22 |
farming picture | 48 | crawfish farming | 21 |
farming lancaster | 43 | cattle farming | 20 |
tree farming | 40 | real estate farming | 19 |
snail farming | 39 | salmon farming | 19 |
successful farming | 39 | sod farming | 19 |
goat farming | 39 | rabbit farming | 18 |
precision farming | 36 | trout farming | 18 |
mushroom farming | 35 | hog farming | 17 |
pig farming | 35 | potato farming | 17 |
farming equipment | 33 | farming history | 17 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "farming"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | landbou (agriculture, tillage), akkerbou (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Albanian | bujqësi (agriculture), blegtori, agrikulturë (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Arabic | زراعة (agriculture, cultivation, husbandry, seeding), العمل بالزراعة. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | селско стопанство (agronomy, husbandry), откупване на данъци, обработване на земята (tillage, tilth), земеделски (agrarian, agricultural), земеделие (agronomy). (various references) | |
Chinese | 農業 (agriculture), 耕作 , 种田 (Farmed). (various references) | |
Czech | zemìdìlství (agriculture). (various references) | |
Danish | landbrug (agricultural holding, agricultural undertaking, agriculture, DG VI, farm, farmstead), dyrkning (cultivation, management), drift (conation, cultivation, drift, drive, drove, impulse, instinct, management, Operation, revenue, urge). (various references) | |
Dutch | landbouw (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Esperanto | agrikulturo (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Finnish | maatalous (agriculture), maanviljelys (agriculture). (various references) | |
French | agriculture. (various references) | |
Frisian | lânbou (agriculture, tillage), bou (agriculture, construction, farmland, tillage). (various references) | |
German | landwirtschaft (agribusiness, agriculture, farm, husbandry), ackerbau (agriculture, husbandry, husbands, tillage, tilth). (various references) | |
Greek | καλλιέργεια (crop, cultivation, culture, tillage), γεωργία (agriculture, husbandry, tillage). (various references) | |
Hawaiian | agrikulturë (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Hebrew | עבודת אדמה (agriculture), חקלאי (agrarian, agricultural, agriculturist, farmer, husbandman, yeoman), חקלאות (agriculture, husbandry), אכרות (husbandry, peasantry). (various references) | |
Hungarian | gazdálkodás (husbanding, husbandry). (various references) | |
Indonesian | pertanian (agriculture, husbandry), lambau. (various references) | |
Italian | coltivazione (cultivation, culture, growing, tillage), agricoltura (agriculture, husbandry). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 農耕 (agriculture), 農事 (agriculture), 農作 , 農 (agriculture), 耕作 (cultivation), 耕作 (cultivation), 営農 (agriculture). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | のうさく, のうこう (agriculture, agriculture and industry, concentration, density, richness, tension), のうじ (agriculture, one's work), のう (agriculture, brain, function, gift, memory, Noh play, talent), こうさく (blending, cable, complication, construction, cultivation, handicraft, maneuvering, mixture, steel wire rope, work), えいのう (agriculture). (various references) | |
Korean | 경작 (Cultivating, Cultivation, Culturing, tilling). (various references) | |
Manx | eirinys (agriculture, farmwork). (various references) | |
Norwegian | jordbruk. (various references) | |
Papiamen | agrikultura (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | armingfay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | agricultura (agriculture, husbandry, tillage). (various references) | |
Romanian | creştere (accretion, accrual, addition, aggrandizement, augmentation, development, education, enlargement, fosterage, gain, growing, growth, heft, husbandry, increase, increment, jump, nurse, nurture, propagation, rise, rising, upbringing, upsurge), arendare (lease, leasing, tenancy), agriculturã (agriculture, husbandry, tillage), agricol (agricultural). (various references) | |
Russian | сельское хозяйство (agriculture, agronomy, husbandry), земледелие (agriculture, husbandry). (various references) | |
Scottish | tuathanachas. (various references) | |
Sepedi | bogami (dairy farming). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | ratarstvo (husbandry), poljoprivreda (agriculture, agronomy, husbandry). (various references) | |
Spanish | labranza (husbandry, tillage), cultivo (crop, cultivation, culture, planting). (various references) | |
Swedish | jordbruk (agriculture, farm, husbandry, tillage), lantbruk (agriculture, farm, husbandry, tillage). (various references) | |
Tagalog | pagsasaka (agriculture, tillage), agrikultura (agriculture, tillage). (various references) | |
Thai | การทำนา. (various references) | |
Turkish | tarım (agrarian, agricultural, agriculture, cultivation, growing, husbandry, tillage, tilth), çiftçilik (agriculture, husbandry, ploughing). (various references) | |
Turkmen | ekeranзylyk (agriculture). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | хліборобство (husbandry), землеробство (agriculture, agronomy), здача в оренду. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | công việc trồng trọt, công việc đồng áng (plough-tail). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | agrarius. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | 2 Chronicles Chapter 26, Verse 10 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai wkodomhsen purgouV en th erhmw kai elatomhsen lakkouV pollouV oti kthnh polla uphrcen autw en sefhla kai en th pedinh kai ampelourgoi en th oreinh kai en tw karmhlw oti filogewrgoV hn |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Extruxit etiam turres in solitudine et fodit cisternas plurimas eo quod haberet multa pecora tam in campestribus quam in heremi vastitate vineas quoque habuit et vinitores in montibus et in Carmelo erat quippe homo agriculturae deditus |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And he bilde out also toures in wildirnesse, and dalf out many cysternes; forthi that he hadde many beestis bothe in the wijlde feeldis and in the wastite of desert. Also vynes he hadde and wyne makers in hillis, and in Carmele; forsothe he was a man yeuen to erth tyllyinge. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Also he built towers in the desert, and digged many wells: for he had much cattle, both in the low country, and in the plains: husbandmen also, and vine dressers in the mountains, and in Carmel: for he loved husbandry. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Also he built towers in the desert, and digged many wells: for he had many cattle, both in the low country, and in the plains: husbandmen also, and vine-dressers in the mountains, and in Carmel: for he loved husbandry. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And he put up towers in the waste land and made places for storing water, for he had much cattle, in the low hills and in the table land; and he had farmers and vine-keepers in the mountains and in the fertile land, for he was a lover of farming. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | 2 Chronicles Chapter 26, Verse 10 |
| Cebuano | Ug siya nagtukod ug mga torre didto sa kamingawan, ug nagbuhat sa daghang mga atabay, kay daghan siyang panon sa vaca; sa kinaubsan nga yuta usab ug sa kapatagan: ug siya may mga mag-uuma ug mga magbalantay sa kaparrasan sa kabukiran ug sa mga mabungaon nga mga kaumahan; kay siya mahigugmaon sa pagkamag-uuma. |
| Croatian | Sagradio je i u pustinji kule i iskopao mnogo studenaca, jer je imao mnogo stoke i u Šefeli i po Ravnici, ratara i vinogradara u gorama i vrtovima, jer je volio poljodjelstvo. |
| Danish | Fremdeles byggede han Tårne i Ørkenen og lod mange Cisterner udhugge, thi han havde store Hjorde både i Lavlandet og på Højsletten, der hos Agerdyrkere og Vingårdsmænd på Bjergene og i Frugtlandet, thi han var ivrig Landmand. |
| Dutch | Hij bouwde ook torens in de woestijn, en hieuw vele putten uit, overmits hij veel vee had, beide in de laagten en in de effene velden; akkerlieden en wijngaardeniers op de bergen en op de vruchtbare velden; want hij was een liefhebber van den land bouw. |
| Finnish | Hän rakennutti torneja myös erämaahan ja hakkautti paljon vesisäiliöitä, sillä hänellä oli paljon karjaa sekä Alankomaassa että ylätasangolla. Peltomiehiä ja viinitarhureita hänellä oli vuoristossa ja puutarhamailla, sillä hän harrasti maanviljelystä. |
| French | Il bâtit des tours dans le désert, et il creusa beaucoup de citernes, parce qu`il avait de nombreux troupeaux dans les vallées et dans la plaine, et des laboureurs et des vignerons dans les montagnes et au Carmel, car il aimait l`agriculture. |
| German | Er baute auch Türme in der Wüste und grub viele Brunnen. Denn er hatte viel Vieh, sowohl in den Auen als auf den Ebenen, auch Ackerleute und Weingärtner an den Bergen und am Karmel; denn er hatte Lust zum Ackerwerk. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Ia juga mendirikan menara-menara berbenteng di daerah padang, dan menggali banyak sumur karena ternaknya banyak sekali, baik di dataran tinggi maupun di dataran rendah di sebelah barat. Karena ia menaruh perhatian pada pertanian, maka ia mempekerjakan banyak orang untuk membuka kebun-kebun anggur di daerah pegunungan, dan untuk menggarap tanah di daerah-daerah yang subur. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Dan lagi dibangunkannya beberapa menara di padang belantara, dan digalinya perigi yang besar-besar, karena adalah padanya banyak binatang, baik di tanah datar baik di padang, dan beberapa orang peladang dan tukang kebun anggur di atas bukit-bukit dan di Karmel, karena sukalah baginda akan perusahaan tanah. |
| Maori | I hanga ano e ia etahi pourewa ki te koraha, a keria ana etahi poka wai, he maha, he tini hoki ana kararehe; i te raorao ano, a i te mania: a he kaimahi whenua ana, he kaimahi waina i nga maunga, i nga mara whai hua hoki: he tangata ahu whenua h oki ia. |
| Norwegian | Han bygget også tårn i ørkenen og hugg ut mange brønner; for han hadde stor buskap både i lavlandet og på høisletten, og han hadde jordbrukere og vingårdsmenn på fjellene og i havene; for jordbruket lå ham på hjerte. |
| Portuguese | Edificou torres no deserto, e cavou muitos poços, porque tinha muito gado tanto nos vales como nas campinas; e tinha lavradores e vinhateiros nos montes e nos campos férteis, pois era amigo da agricultura. |
| Rumanian | A zidit turnuri kn pustie, wi a sqpat multe fkntkni, pentru cq avea multe turme kn vqi wi kn ckmpie, wi plugari wi vieri kn munyi wi la Carmel, cqci ki plqcea lucrarea pqmkntului. |
| Swedish | Han byggde ock torn i öknen och högg ut många brunnar, ty han hade mycken boskap, både i låglandet och på slätten. Jordbruks- och vingårdsarbetare hade han i bergsbygden och på de bördiga fälten, ty han var en vän av åkerbruk. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "farming": farmings. (additional references) | |
| |
"Farming" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: farding, fareing, farking, farmaian, farmans, farmi, farmimg, Farnan, farvings, Fermangh, firmian, formind, formings, framling, Marming, varming. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "farming" (pronounced fÄ"rming) |
| 5 | -Ä" r m i ng | alarming, arming, charming, disarming, harming, rearming. |
| 4 | -r m i ng | barnstorming, brainstorming, conforming, forming, heartwarming, informing, misinforming, nonperforming, outperforming, performing, reforming, storming, swarming, transforming, warming. |
| 3 | -m i ng | acclaiming, affirming, aiming, assuming, beaming, becoming, blaming, blooming, blossoming, bombing, booming, bottoming, brimming, calming, claiming, climbing, combing, coming, condemning, confirming, consuming, cramming, damming, damning, daydreaming, deprogramming, diagraming, dimming, disclaiming, dooming, dreaming, drumming, dumbing, embalming, exclaiming, filming, firebombing, firming, flaming, foaming, forthcoming, framing, fuming, gaming, gleaming, gloaming, grooming, helming, hemming, homecoming, homing, humming, incoming, inflaming, jamming, lambing, lemming, liming, looming, maiming, mainstreaming, mushrooming, naming, numbing, oncoming, overcoming, overwhelming, plumbing, presuming, priming, proclaiming, programing, programming, ramming, reaffirming, reclaiming, redeeming, renaming, reprogramming, resuming, rhyming, roaming, rooming, scheming, screaming, seeming, shaming, shortcoming, skimming, slamming, slimming, squirming, steaming, stemming, streaming, strumming, succumbing, summing, swimming, taming, teaming, teeming, terming, thumbing, timing, trimming, unassuming, unbecoming, upcoming, vacuuming, welcoming, zooming. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: framing. | |
| Words within the letters "a-f-g-i-m-n-r" | |
-1 letter: arming, faming, faring, firman, margin. | |
-2 letters: fagin, gamin, garni, grain, inarm, infra. | |
-3 letters: agin, airn, amin, amir, fain, fair, fang, farm, fiar, firm, firn, frag, frig, gain, girn, gnar, gram, gran, grim, grin, magi, main, mair, mina, naif, ragi, rain, rami, rang, rani, ring. | |
-4 letters: aim, ain, air, ami, ani, arf, arm, fag, fan. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-f-g-i-m-n-r" | |
+1 letter: farmings, framings. | |
+2 letters: affirming, enframing, magnifier, ramifying, reframing. | |
+3 letters: ausforming, chamfering, forearming, formatting, magnifiers, misframing, ragamuffin. | |
+4 letters: ferrimagnet, formalising, formalizing, formulating, fragmenting, fragmentize, misgrafting, ragamuffins, reaffirming. | |
+5 letters: disaffirming, ferrimagnets, fragmentized, fragmentizes, reformatting, terraforming, transforming, transmogrify. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Names: Company Usage 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Translations: Ancient 19. Bible Trace 20. Derivations | 21. Rhymes 22. Anagrams 23. Bibliography |
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