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Definition: Family |
FamilyNoun1. A social unit living together; "he moved his family to Virginia"; "It was a good Christian household"; "I waited until the whole house was asleep"; "the teacher asked how many people made up his home". 2. Primary social group; parents and children; "he wanted to have a good job before starting a family". 3. People descended from a common ancestor; "his family had lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower". 4. A collection of things sharing a common attribute; "there are two classes of detergents". 5. An association of people who share common beliefs or activities; "the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family"; "the church welcomed new members into its fellowship". 6. (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera; "sharks belong to the fish family". 7. A person having kinship with another or others; "he's kin"; "he's family". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "family" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
Etymology: Family \Fam"i*ly\, noun; plural Families. [Latin familia, from famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, compare to faamat he dwells, Sanskrit dh[=a]man house, from dh[=a]to set, make, do: compare to French famille. Compare to Do, verb. t., Doom, Fact, Feat.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
19th Century Satire | Originally a wife and several children, a matter of pride to the possessor. Now obsolete among the careful, or confined to the wife, a bull pup and a canary bird. Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904. |
Census | A family is a group of two people or more (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together; all such people (including related subfamily members) are considered as members of one family. Beginning with the 1980 Current Population Survey, unrelated subfamilies (referred to in the past as secondary families) are no longer included in the count of families, nor are the members of unrelated subfamilies included in the count of family members. The number of families is equal to the number of family households, however, the count of family members differs from the count of family household members because family household members include any non-relatives living in the household. (references) |
| A group of two or more people who reside together and who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. (references) | |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of one's family as harmonious and happy, is significant of health and easy circumstances; but if there is sickness or contentions, it forebodes gloom and disappointment. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Electrical Engineering | A series of integrated-circuit types, generally similar but designed to provide different analogue or digital functions, intended to be used together and usually with many common features of internal design. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A series of semiconductor-device types generally similar but with differing electrical specifications, often obtained by selection from a single production line. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| A set of characteristic curves showing variation of one parameter with another for step changes in a third running parameter. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Finance | Two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or convenience who occupy the same dwelling. (references) |
Literature | Family A person of family. One of aristocratic birth. The Latin gens. "Family will take a person anywhere." - Warner: Little Journey in the World, chap. iv. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Medicine | The progeny of a single open-pollinated parent or of a single cross between two individuals. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | The basic unit of the clan of igneous rocks. (references) |
Slang | Noun. Source: Family, refering to relatives. Definition: A group of friends who all travel and tour together and watch out for eachother. Context: Used amoung Phish fans and fellow family members. Social Source: Phish fans. Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references) |
Statistics | Two or more persons residing together related by birth, marriage or adoption. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Earl of Wemyss is the title held by a Scottish family who had possessed the lands of Wemyss in Fifeshire since the 12th century, and of which various members had attained distinction.In 1628 Sir John Wemyss, who had been created a baronet in 1625, was raised to the peerage as Baron Wemyss of Elcho; and in 1633 he became earl of Wemyss, and Baron Elcho and Methel, in the peerage of Scotland. He took part with the Scottish parliament against Charles I, and died in 1649.
On the death of David, 2nd Earl of Wemyss (1610-1679), the estates and titles passed to his daughter Margaret, countess of Wemyss, whose son David, 3rd Earl of Wemyss, succeeded on her death in 1705. His son James, 4th Earl (1699-1756), married a great heiress, Janet, daughter of Colonel Francis Charteris, who had made a large fortune by gambling.
His son David, Lord Elcho (1721-1787), was implicated in the Jacobite rising of 1745, and was consequently attainted, the estates passing to his younger brother James, while the title remained dormant after his father's death, though it was assumed by Elcho's brother Francis, who took the name of Charteris on inheriting his maternal grandfather's estate.
A reversal of the attainder was granted in 1826 to his descendant Francis Charteris Wemyss Douglas (1772-1853), who had been created Baron Wemyss of Wemyss in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1821, and had assumed the name of Charteris Wemyss Douglas on inheriting some of the Douglas estates through a female ancestor. Thenceforward the title descended in the direct line.
This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Earl of Wemyss."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This article is about the domestic group. There is also an article titled family (biology) The term family generally refers to a domestic group of people, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent (demonstrated or stipulated) from a common ancestor, marriage, or adoption. In mathematics, a family is a group of, somehow, related functions or numbers; such as, a family of antiderivatives. Families, mathematical or sociological, have some degree of kinship.
In Western culture, family refers specifically to a group of people affiliated by blood or by legal ties such as marriage or adoption. Many anthropologists argue that the notion of "blood" must be understood metaphorically; some argue that there are many non-Western societies where family is understood through other concepts rather than "blood."
Family cross-culturally
According to sociology and anthropology, the primary function of the family is to reproduce society, both (or either) biologically and (or) socially. Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family is a family of orientation: the family serves to locate children socially, and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization. From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a family of procreation the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children. However, producing children is not the only function of the family. In societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between a husband and wife, is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household. In modern societies marriage entails particular rights and privilege that encourage the formation of new families even when there is no intention of having children.
The structure of families traditionally hinges on relations between parents and children, between spouses, or both. Consequently, there are three major types of family: matrifocal, consanguinal, and conjugal. (Note: these are ideal families. In all societies there are acceptable deviations from the ideal or statistical norm, owing either to incidental circumstances, such as the death of a member of the family or infertility, or personal preferences).
A matrifocal family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. This kind of family is common where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women.
A consanguinal family consists of a mother and her children, and other people -- usually the family of the mother. This kind of family is common where mothers do not have the resources to rear their children on their own, and especially where property is inherited. When important property is owned by men, consanguinal families commonly consist of a husband and wife, their children, and other members of the husband's family.
A conjugal family consists of one or more mothers and their children, and/or one or more spouses (usually husbands). This kind of family is common where men desire to assert control over children, or where there is a sexual division of labor requiring the participation of both men and women, and where families are relatively mobile.
Family in the West
The preceding types of families are found in a wide variety of settings, and their specific functions and meanings depend largely on their relationship to other social institutions. Sociologists are espcecially interested in the function and status of these forms in stratified, especially capitalist, societies.Non-scholars, especially in the United States and Europe, use the term "nuclear family" to refer to conjugal families. Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families that are relatively independent of the kindreds of the parents, and of other families in general, and nuclear families which maintain relatively close ties with their kindreds.
Non-scholars, especially in the United States and Europe, also use the term extended family. This term has two distinct meanings. First, it is used synonymously with consanguinal family. Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it is used to refer to kindred (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family.
These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. In any society there is some variation in the actual composition and conception of families. Much sociological, historical, and anthropological research is dedicated to understanding this variation, and changes over time in the family form. Thus, some speak of the bourgeois family, a family structure arising out of 16th and 17th century European households, in which the center of the family is a marriage between a man and woman, with strictly defined gender roles. The man typically is responsible for income and support, the woman for home and family matters. In contemporary Europe and the United States, people in both the academy, politics, and civil society have called attention to single-father-headed households, and families headed by same-sex couples, although academics point out that these forms exist in other societies.
Kinship terminology
A kinship terminology is a specific system of familial relationships. The anthropologist Louis Henry Morgan argued that kinship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions. For example, most kinship terminologies distinguish between genders (this is the difference between a brother and a sister) and between generation (this is the difference between a sister and a mother). Moreover, he argued, kinship terminologies distinguish between relatives by blood and marriage (although recently some anthropologists have argued that many societies define kinship in terms other than "blood").But Morgan also observed that different languages (and thus, societies) organize these distinctions differently. He thus proposed to describe kin terms and terminologies as either descriptive or classificatory. "Descriptive" terms refer to only one type of relationship, while "clasificatory" terms refer to many types of relationships. Most kinship terminologies include both descriptive and classificatory terms. For example, in Western societies there is only one way to be related to one's brother (brother = parents' son); thus, in Western society, brother is a descriptive term. But there are many ways to be related to one's cousin (cousin = mother's brother's son, mother's sister's son, father's brother's son, father's sister's son, and so on); thus, in Western society, "cousin" is a classificatory term.
Morgan discovered that what may be a descriptive term in one society can be a classificatory term in another society. For example, in some societies there are many different people that one would call "mother" (the woman of whom one was born, as well as her sister and husband's sister, and also one's father's sister). Moreover, some societies do not lump together relatives that the West classifies together (in other words, in some languages there is no word for cousin because mother's sister's children and father's sister's children are referred to in different terms).
Armed with these different terms, Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies:
Societies in different parts of the world and using different languages may share the same basic terminology; in such cases it is very easy to translate the kinship terms of one language into another. But it is usually impossible to translate directly the kinship terms of a society that uses one system into the language of a society that uses a different system.
- Hawaiian: the most classificatory; only distinguishes between gender and generation.
- Sudanese: the most descriptive; no two relatives are referred to by the same term.
- Eskimo: has both classificatory and descriptive terms; in addition to gender and generation, also distinguishes between lineal relatives (who are related directly by a line of decent) and collateral relatives (who are related by blood, but not directly in the line of descent). Lineal relatives have highly descriptive terms, collateral relatives have highly classificatory terms.
- Iroquois: has both classificatory and descriptive terms; in addition to gender and generation, also distinguishes between siblings of opposite sexes in the parental generation. Siblings of the same sex are considered blood relatives, but siblings of the opposite sex are considered relatives by marriage. Thus, one's mother's sister is also called mother, and one's father's brother is also called father; however, one's mother's brother is called father-in-law, and one's father's sister is called mother-in-law.
- Crow: like Iroquois, but further distinguishes between mother's side and father's side. Relatives on the mother's side of the family have more descriptive terms, and relatives on the father's side have more classificatory terms.
- Omaha: like Iroquois, but further distinguishes between mother's side and father's side. Relatives on the mother's side of the family have more classificatory terms, and relatives on the father's side have more descriptive terms.
Some languages, such as Japanese, add another dimension to some relations: relative age. There are different words for "older brother" and "younger brother."
Western kinship terminology
Most Western societies employ Eskimo Kinship terminology. This kinship terminology is common in societies based on conjugal (or nuclear) families, where nuclear families must be relatively mobile.Members of the nuclear family use descriptive kinship terms:
It is generally assumed that the mother's husband is also the genitor. In some families, a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman. Children who share one parent but not another are called "half-brothers" or "half-sisters." Children who do not share parents, but whose parents are married, are called "step-brothers" or "step-sisters." Children who are adopted into the family are generally called by the same terms as children born into the family.
- Mother: the woman of whom one was born
- Father: the husband of the mother
- Son: the males born of the woman or wife
- Daughter: the females born of the woman or wife
- Brother: a male born of the same mother
- Sister: a female born of the same mother
Typically, societies with conjugal families also favor neolocal residence; thus upon marriage a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation) and form a new nuclear family (family of procreation). This practice means that members of one's own nuclear family were once members of another nuclear family, or may one day become members of another nuclear family.
Members of the nuclear families of members of one's own nuclear family may be lineal or collateral. When they are lineal, they are referred to in terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family:
When they are collateral, they are referred to in more classificatory terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family:
- Grandfather: a parent's father
- Grandmother: a parent's mother
- Grandson: a child's son
- Granddaughter: a child's daughter
When separated by additional generations (in other words, when one's collateral relatives belong to the same generation as one's grandparents or grandchildren), these terms are modified by the prefix "grand".
- Uncle: father's brother, father's sister's husband, mother's brother, mother's sister's husband
- Aunt: father's sister, father's brother's wife, mother's sister, mother's brother's wife
- Nephew: sister's sons, brother's sons
- Niece: sister's daughters, brother's daughters
Most collateral relatives were never members of the nuclear family of the members of one's own nuclear family.
Distant cousins of an older generation (in other words, one's parents' first cousins) are technically first cousins once removed, but are often classified with "aunts" and "uncles."
- Cousin: the most classificatory term; the children of aunts or uncles. Cousin's may be further distinguished by degree of collaterality and generation. A cousin who is descended from one's grandparent is a "first cousin" (one degree of collaterality); a cousin descended from one's great-grandparent is one's "second cousin" (two degrees of collaterality) and so on. A cousin separated by a generation is "removed:" one's first cousin's children, are "first cousins once removed;" one's first cousin's grandchildren are "first cousins twice removed;" one's second cousin's children are "second cousins once removed," and so on.
Similarly, a person may refer to close friends of one's parents as "aunt" or "uncle," or may refer to close friends as "brother" or "sister." This practice is called fictive kinship.
See also:
- marriage, household
- Family life in literature
- Family law
- Family name: exist only in some culture
References
- American Kinship, David Schneider
External Link
- Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences: http://bitbucket.icaap.org/
Family is also the name of an award-winning television drama series that aired from 1976 to 1980. It starred Meredith Baxter, James Broderick, Gary Frank, Kristy McNichol, John Rubinstein and Sada Thompson.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Family."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Family and consumer sciences, or home economics, involves the study of nutrition, cooking, parenting, interior decoration, textiles, gardening, and other useful aspects of home management.Keeping the home in good working order remains a demanding, time-consuming task. Today, societies are arguably underrating the skill involved in keeping the home.
Most of the best, most highly skilled homemakers never studied "family and consumer science" or even knew it by that name. Some have developed their skills at a finishing school.
Family and Consumer Sciences may be represented under the Social Sciences category for its emphasis on the well-being of families, individuals, and communties, or under the hard sciences for its emphasis on Nutrition and Textile Science.
The field as it is today originated from Home Economics; it began at land grant universities after women appealed to have their own niche while the men studied things like agriculture. Over time Home Economics as we know it today has split into its own branches. Among these include Food Sciences and Human Development (but keep in mind that both of these branches go by many other names, as noted above). Human Development has evolved to be more closely related to Sociology and Psychology than its Home Economics roots; indeed many of the theories Human Development is built upon are taken from older social sciences like Psychology and Sociology.
While Food Sciences does involve cooking and Nutrition, and Human Development involves the study of parents and families, very rarely does either of these fields consider such things as gardening, textiles, or interior design. Gardening is studied in the field of horticulture, and interior design and textiles are usually branched in their own field (which tends also to include apparel and fashion).
See also: Domestic technology
External links
- American Association of Family and Consumer Science
- "What Was Home Economics?" web pages at the Cornell University library on the history and influence of home economics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Family and consumer science."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Habsburg (or Hapsburg) was the name of one of the ruling houses of Europe: rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282 - 1453, archdukes 1453 - 1804, and emperors 1804 - 1918), kings of Spain (1516 - 1700), and Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806. The name is derived from the Swiss Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), the family seat in the 12th and 13th centuries at Habsburg, Switzerland. From South-East-Germany the family extended its influence and holdings to the eastern reaches of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's Austria (1278 - 1382). Within only two or three generations, the Habsburgs had managed to secure an initially intermittent grasp on the imperial throne that would last for centuries (1273 - 1291, 1298 - 1308, 1438 - 1740, and 1745 - 1806).
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867.After the marriage of Maximilian I with Mary, heiress of Burgundy (the Low Countries) and the marriage of his son Philipp the Fair with Juana, heiress of Spain and its newly-founded empire, Charles V inherited an empire where "the sun does not set".
Upon the abdication of the Emperor Charles V, also King Charles I of Spain (1516 - 1556), the family split into the Austrian Habsburgs and the Spanish Habsburgs.
By the turn of the 19th century, Habsburg power had waned significantly. The Spanish line died out in 1700, and in 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was wound up under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganisation of Germany.
In Austria, however, the Habsburgs maintained their hold, declaring themselves Emperors of Austria two years after Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France in 1804.
Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official great title: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, and Lodomiria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola ; Grand Duke of Cracow; Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen, and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia, and Gradisca and of the Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and Istria".
Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under Ottoman Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683 - 1699, the Habsburgs remaining kings of Hungary under an 1867 autonomy arrangement (see Austria-Hungary) until their deposition in both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.
Holy Roman Emperors of the House of Habsburg
Habsburg
NB: Maria Theresa of Austria, Hapsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess and Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740 - 1780
- Rudolph I, emperor 1273 - 1291
- Albert I, emperor 1298 - 1308
- Albert II, emperor 1438 - 1439
- Frederick III, emperor 1440 - 1493
- Maximilian I, emperor 1493 - 1519
- Charles V, emperor 1519 - 1556
- Ferdinand I, emperor 1556 - 1564
- Maximilian II, emperor 1564 - 1576
- Rudolph II, emperor 1576 - 1612
- Matthias, emperor 1612 - 1619
- Ferdinand II, emperor 1619 - 1637
- Ferdinand III, emperor 1637 - 1657
- Leopold I, emperor 1658 - 1705
- Josef I, emperor 1705 - 1711
- Charles VI, emperor 1711 - 1740
Habsburg-Lorraine (Lothringen) Emperors
Kings of Spain of the House of Habsburg
- Francis I Stephen, emperor 1745 - 1765
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1765 - 1790
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1790 - 1792
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 1792 - 1806, Emperor of Austria as Francis I 1804 - 1835
- Ferdinand I of Austria, emperor of Austria 1835 - 1848
- Franz Josef of Austria, emperor of Austria 1848 - 1916; King Francis Joseph of Hungary from 1867 - sometimes referred to in English as "Francis Joseph"
- Karl of Austria, emperor of Austria 1916 - 1918; King Charles IV of Hungary - sometimes referred to in English as "Charles". He died in exile in 1922.
Kings of Portugal of the House of Habsburg
- Philip I 1506 (only King of Castile)
- Charles I 1516-1556
- Philip II 1556-1598
- Philip III 1598-1621
- Philip IV 1621-1665
- Charles II 1665-1700
Grand Dukes of Tuscany of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine
- Filipe I 1580-1598
- Filipe II 1598-1621
- Filipe III 1621-1640
Dukes of Modena of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine
- Francis Stephen 1737-1765
- Leopold I 1765-1790
- Ferdinand III 1790-1800, 1814-1824
- Leopold II 1824-1849, 1849-1859
- Ferdinand IV 1859
Duchess of Parma of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine
- Francis IV 1814-1831, 1831-1846
- Francis V 1846-1848, 1849-1859
The current head of the Habsburg family is Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Karl's eldest son.
- Maria Luisa 1814-1847
External links
- Habsburg Biographies
- Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb
- [1]
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Habsburg."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
List of Japanese clans
- Hojo clan
- Late Hojo clan
- Hosokawa clan
- Fujiwara clan
- Abe clan of Mikawa
- Adachi clan
- Ashikaga clan
- Northern Fujiwara
- Minamoto
- Taira
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Japanese clans."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Most languages are known to belong to language families (called simply "families" for the rest of this article). An accurately identified family is a phylogenetic unit, i.e., all its members derive from a common ancestor. The ancestor is very seldom known to us directly, since most languages have a very short recorded history. However, it is possible to recover many of the features of the common ancestor of related languages by applying comparative method -- a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th-century linguists. It can demonstrate the family status of many of the groupings listed below.
Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
The common ancestor of a family (or branch) is known as its "protolanguage". For example, the reconstructible protolanguage of the well-known Indo-European family is called Proto-Indo-European (not known from written records, since it was spoken before the invention of writing). Sometimes a protolanguage can be identified with a historically known language. Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
Natural Languages
Major Language Families (grouped geographically without regard to inter-family relationship)
In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known language family. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for grouping families into collections more comprehensible than an unstructured list of the 15 independent families. Geographic relationship is convenient for that purpose, but these headings are not a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named.
Families of Africa and southwest Asia
- Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) languages
- Niger-Congo languages
- Khoisan languages
Families of Europe, and north, west, and south Asia
- Indo-European languages
- Caucasian languages
- Altaic languages
- Uralic languages
- Elamo-Dravidian languages
Families of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific
- Sino-Tibetan languages
- Austroasiatic languages
- Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages
- Australian Aboriginal languages
- Papuan languages
Families of the Americas
- Native American languages
- Tupi languages
- Eskimo-Aleut languages
Proposed Language Super-Families
- Ural-Altaic
- Pontic
- Super-Families that would include Indo-European
- Eurasiatic
- Nostratian
- Nostratic
- Proto-World
Creole languages, Pidgins, and Trade languages
- Chinook Jargon
- Hawai'ian Creole
- Haitian creole
- Tok Pisin
Isolate languages
Sign languages
Other Natural Languages of Special Interest
- Endangered languages
- Extinct languages
Languages Other than Natural Languages
Besides the above languages that have arisen spontaneously out of the capablility for vocal communication, there are also languages that share many of their important properties.
- constructed spoken languages
- programming languages
More on languages and language families :
http://www.ethnologue.com/web.aspSource: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Language families and languages."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Scientific classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have been revised since Linnaeus to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Genomic DNA analysis has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Scientific classification belongs to the science of taxonomy or biological systematics.
Early Systems
The earliest known system of classifying forms of life comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle.
The next major advance in developing scientific classification was by the Swiss professor, Conrad Gessner (1516 - 1565). Gessner's work was a critical compilation of life known at the time.
The exploration of parts of the New World next brought to hand descriptions and specimens of many novel forms of animal life. In the latter part of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th careful study of animals commenced, which, directed first to familiar kinds, was gradually extended until it formed a sufficient body of knowledge to serve as an anatomical basis for classification. Advances in using this knowledge to classify living beings bears a debt to the research of medical anatomists, such as Fabricius (1537 - 1619), Severinus (1580 - 1656), William Harvey (1578 - 1657), and Tyson (1649 - 1708). Advances in classification due to the work of entomologists and the first microscopists is due to the research of people like Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694), Jan Swammerdam (1637 - 1680), and Robert Hooke (1635 - 1702).
John Ray (1627 - 1705) was an English naturalist who published important works on plants, animals, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system, and instead classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation.
Linnaean taxonomy
Two years after John Ray's death Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) was born. His great work, the Systema Naturae, ran through twelve editions during his lifetime (1st ed. 1735). He is best known for his introduction of a method of modern classification; he created systematic zoology and botany in their present form. Linnaeus adopted Ray's conception of species, but he made the concept a practical reality by insisting that every species must have a unique Latin binomen, that is, a double name - the first half to be the name of the genus common to several species, and the second half to be a single word, which is called the specific epithet. This convention is now referred to as binomial nomenclature, and the name formed from the two parts is known as the scientific name of a species.
Before Linnaeus, long many-worded names had been used, sometimes with one additional adjective, sometimes with another, so that no true names were fixed and accepted. Linnaeus' system made it easy to identify unambiguously any given species of plant or animal. He proceeded further to introduce into his system a series of groups: genus, order, class.
The Linnaeus System works by placing each organism into a layered hierarchy of groups. Each group at a given layer is composed of a set of groups from the layer directly below. Simply knowing the two-part scientific name makes it possible to determine the other six layers.
The groupings (taxa) of taxonomy from most general to most specific are:
Several acronym mnemonics have been made for these, for instance King Phillip called out for good soup, or Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares.
- Kingdom
- Phylum (animals) or Division (plants)
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Intermediate ranks may be created by adding prefixes, for instance:
In addition, species are often subdivided into subspecies and other infraspecific categories (see subspecies). The term varieties is sometimes used in place of subspecies. In horticulture, for example, it refers to populations modified by selective breeding, for instance the Peace Rose, a hybrid Tea Rose.
- Superorder
- Order
- Suborder
- Infraorder
In husbandry, horticulture and other activities outside scientific biology, people still assume the truth of the traditional Linnaean system.
Modern developments
The approach Linnaeus took to classifying species and the majority of his taxonomic groupings remained the standard in biology for at least two centuries. Since the 1960s, however, a trend called cladism or cladistic taxonomy, has emerged and is expected to supplant Linnaean classification. In classifying species, cladists place a priority in achieving coherence with the Darwinian principle of common descent.
Meanwhile, at the top of the hierarchy of classification, there has movement towards a three domain system. The domains originally were replacements for the different kingdoms, but many scientists regard them as a groupings above the formerly paramount kingdom level.
Cladistics
In grouping species, cladists look for "derived similarities," meaning those aspects that species can be expected to share by virtue of a common evolutionary ancestry. This approach differs from that of phenetics, which does not address ancestry and associates species based on overall similarity, and it differs also from classification based on ad hoc "key characters." Cladists avail themselves of all types of information available, including DNA sequences and hybridization studies, biochemistry, and traditional morphology. They often make use of computers to identify the most likely phylogeny or "family tree" that relates the species they are considering.
Cladistics requires taxa (groups of species) to be clades. A formal code of phylogenetic nomenclature, the Phylocode[1], is currently under development for a cladistic taxonomy that abandons the Linnaean structure.
More at: cladistics.
Could add a description of the difficulty in classifying microbes: their features are derived from direct visual observation, but include such procedural characteristics as Gram stain type, motility, ability to form spores, etc. However, given an unknown bacterium with a given set of characteristics, it is in general not possible to predict its phylogeny, toxicity, etc. Other methods, using genes, their DNA, and several types of RNA, are under development.
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Diptera Family Drosophilidae Genus Drosophila Species melanogaster
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Subclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Catarrhini Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens
Cucumbertree (Magnolia acuminata)
Kingdom Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Magnoliales Family Magnoliaceae Genus Magnolia Species acuminata Note in this last example, that most of the taxa are named after the type genus, Magnolia.
Taxon Plants Algae Fungi Animals Division/Phylum -phyta -phyta -mycota Subdivision/Subphylum -phytina -phytina -mycotina Class -opsida -phyceae -mycetes Subclass -idae -phycidae -mycetidae Order -ales -ales -ales Suborder -ineae -ineae -ineae Superfamily -acea -acea -acea -oidea Family -aceae -aceae -aceae -idae Subfamily -oideae -oideae -oideae -inae Tribe -eae -eae -eae -ini Subtribe -inae -inae -inae -ina
See also:
- Binomial nomenclature
- Taxonomy
- List of biological orders
- List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
- Phylogenetic tree
External Links:
- Classification of Animals
- Phylocode - replacing older system with Cladistic system
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Scientific classification."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| FAPI | English | Family Application Programmer Interface | Computer - (DOS, VDM, API) |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: FamilySynonyms: category (n), class (n), family line (n), family unit (n), fellowship (n), folk (n), home (n), house (n), household (n), kin (n), kinfolk (n), kinsfolk (n), kinsperson (n), menage (n), phratry (n), sept (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Class | Kind, sort, genus, species, variety, family, order, kingdom, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, subtype, kit, sect, set, subset; assortment; feather, kidney; suit; range; gender, sex, kin. |
Consanguinity | Adjective: related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, allied, collateral; cognate, agnate, connate; kindred; affiliated; fraternal. |
Continuity | Pedigree, genealogy, lineage, race; ancestry, descent, family, house; line, line of ancestors; strain. |
Party | Noun: party, faction, side, denomination, communion, set, crew, band. horde, posse, phalanx; family, clan; team; tong. |
Paternity | House, stem, trunk, tree, stock, stirps, pedigree, lineage, line, family, tribe, sept, race, clan; genealogy, descent, extraction, birth, ancestry; forefathers, forbears, patriarchs. |
Adjective: paternal, parental; maternal; family, ancestral, linear, patriarchal. | |
Posterity | Noun: posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring, brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat; family, grandchildren, heirs; great-grandchild. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | One happy family. (Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles; writing credit: Anne Rice) I was raised a white child in a poor black family. (The Jerk; writing credit: Carl Reiner, written by Steve Martin and Carl Gottlieb.) Don't be afraid, I'm part of the family. (Alien³; writing credit: Dan O'Bannon; Ronald Shusett) No. To your family, your friends, everybody you know, everybody you meet (Enemy of the State; writing credit: David Marconi) Wouldn't you lie about having a felon in the family to get a job like this (The Firm; writing credit: David Rabe) | |
Lyrics | Like it has done my family (Family Portrait; performing artist: Pink) And my friends and family to believe in me (Friends And Family; performing artist: Trik Turner) Did you just stay home and cling tight to your family, (Where Were You (When The World Stopped Turning); performing artist: Alan Jackson) So they could be a family (I Wish; performing artist: Carl Thomas) So we called a preacher, family and friends (Yes!; performing artist: Chad Brock) | |
Clever | In a united family, happiness springs of itself. (references; author: Chinese Proverb) Almonds are a member of the peach family. (references; author: unknown) Family Is Active Socially: Spouse drinks, too. (references; author: unknown) West Virginia: One Big Happy Family ... Really! (references; author: unknown) You're trailer trash when anyone in your family ever died right after saying, "Hey watch this. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | DysFunktional Family (2003) Family Jewels (2000) It Runs in the Family (2003) In the Family (2003) The Family Kovack (1974) | |
Song Titles | Family Affair (performing artist: Mary J Blige) Family Portrait (performing artist: Pink) We're A Happy Family (performing artist: The Residents) Boat Family, The (performing artist: The Roches) We Are Family (performing artist: Sister Sledge) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | A female patient is lying on a bed with a technician positioning the patient's head in preparation for radiotherapy. This photograph was used in the NCI publication "When Someone in Your Family Has Cancer". Credit: Michael Anderson (photographer). |  | Various members of a family can be seen in a garden setting picking beans. In the background a farm house and the mountains can be seen. It is a summer day. These people are members of a large Mormon family who are presently being studied for their low cancer death rate. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |
 | The Ebola virus is a member of Filovirus family. It is known to be spread through close contact with an infected host. Mortality rates of an individual with Hemorrhagic fever range from 50-90%. Credit: CDC. |  | Chagas Disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted while the insect vector from the family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae, is blood-feeding on a human host. Credit: CDC. |
 | Apollo 15 Crew and Family Members. Credit: NASA. |  | The Hubble telescope has taken a "family portrait" of young, ultra-bright stars nested in ... Credit: NASA. |
 | This is a Hubble telescope "family portrait" of Jupiter's four largest moons. ... Credit: NASA. |  | NASA diagram of how the frames for the Solar System Family Portrait were taken. Credit: NASA. |
 | All of the frames from the family portrait. Credit: NASA. |  | Moose - Alces alces gigas - the largest of the deer family. Credit: NOAA's Ark (Animals). |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Giraffe family" by I Y Commentary: "Mommy giraffe and its 2 week old baby in the Budapest zoo." | "Family 1" by Li Enxin Commentary: "Pebble beach at brighton, UK." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Buddha | A family is a place where minds come in contact with one another. |
Charles de Talleyrand | A married man with a family will do anything for money. |
Chinese Proverb | In a united family, happiness springs of itself. |
General Douglas Macarthur | Bataan is like a child in a family who dies. It lives in our hearts. |
George Burns | Happiness is having a large, loving, caring close-knit family in another city. |
Iphicrates | My family history begins with me, but yours ends with you. |
Pliny The Younger | This expression of ours, "Father of a family." |
Sir John Bowring | A happy family is but an earlier heaven. |
Zimmermann | Pride in boasting of family antiquity, makes duration stand for merit. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | And he certainly can have no absolute power over the whole family, who has but a very limited one over every individual in it. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | In its completely developed form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | We all know the frightful disturbances in which the ordinary family is plunged when the curse of war swoops down upon the bread-winner and those for whom he works and contrives. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
United Nations | 1948 | The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | She knew a family near Maple Grove who had tried it, and been obliged to separate before the end of the first quarter |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | Everybody had something to say about it, but nobody said or thought it was at all a small pudding for a large family. |
Life, the Universe and Everything | Douglas Adams | On the way back they sang a number of tuneful and reflective songs on the subjects of peace, justice, morality, culture, sport, family life and the obliteration of all other life forms |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | The sentiment is probably assignable to the deep and aged roots which my family has struck into the soil |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Outside of the immediate family nobody had ever known her first name |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | On week days he did messages between the house in Carysfort Avenue and those shops in the main street of the town with which the family dealt |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | And as he looked in, there was a skittering on the floor and a family of mice faded in under the straw |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | The Governor and his family are served and attended by domestics of a kind somewhat unusual |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | I had sat there many times of old before the ship was built that floated his family to America |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Rebelling against family rules. (references) | |
Eat with friends or family members. (references) | ||
Family counseling is often helpful. (references) | ||
Business | The boy's family was also detained. (references) | |
Handmade carpets are usually a family business. (references) | ||
Visits to friends and family accounted for 32% of these trips. (references) | ||
Children | New Zealand | Applications to family court included protection of more than 33,000 children. (references) |
Vanuatu | Children generally are protected within the traditional extended family system. (references) | |
Andorra | The Secretariat of State for the Family is responsible for promoting children's welfare. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Armenia | Makeyan's family was not informed where he was taken. (references) |
Tunisia | Generally Shari'a-based civil law is applied only in some family cases. (references) | |
Moldova | Voluntary repatriation and cases of family reunification are infrequent. (references) | |
Discrimination | Hong Kong | An Equal Opportunities Commission has been established to work toward the elimination of discrimination and to promote equality of opportunity with specific reference to gender, disability, and family status. (references) |
Indonesia | However, guidelines adopted in the past 20 years also state that women's participation in the development process must not conflict with their role in improving family welfare and the education of the younger generation. (references) | |
Ireland | The amended Employment Equality Act outlaws discrimination in relation to employment on the basis of nine distinct discriminatory grounds: Gender, marital status, family status, sexual orientation, religious belief, age, disability, race, and membership in the Traveller community. (references) | |
Economic History | Qatar | In Qatar, family and tribal ties are strong. (references) |
Israel | The rest are individual, group and family travelers. (references) | |
Qatar | The Al Thani family had lived in Qatar for 200 years. (references) | |
Human Rights | Czech Republic | Attorney and family visits are permitted. (references) |
Laos | Access to family or a lawyer is not assured. (references) | |
Peru | Barreto's family accepted the Government's offer. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Gabon | A typical family lives on 13 cents per day. (references) |
Norway | In Oslo 40,000 persons marched, including politicians and members of the royal family. (references) | |
Norway | The royal family has supported the Sami through their interest in Sami culture and by visiting Sami areas. (references) | |
Minorities | Spain | Garcia and his family left Albaladejo. (references) |
Comoros | Some Christians have had their Bibles taken by family members. (references) | |
Egypt | Family conflict and financial pressure also are cited as factors. (references) | |
Political Economy | CHILE | Lower-paid workers also receive a family subsidy. (references) |
Sudan | Prison officials arbitrarily denied family visits. (references) | |
Monaco | The Penal Code prohibits public denunciations of the ruling family. (references) | |
Political Rights | Bahrain | Ruling family members hold all security-related offices. (references) |
Samoa | Matai are selected by family agreement; there is no age qualification. (references) | |
Iraq | Most important officials either are members of Saddam Hussein's family or are family allies from his hometown of Tikrit. (references) | |
Trade | Mexico | Other NOMs are exclusively on labeling requirements for a particular product or family of products. (references) |
Albania | Business start-ups are funded by cash (often foreign remittances) supplied by family, friends and partners. (references) | |
India | OPIC also supports a family of privately managed direct-investment funds in various regions and business sectors. (references) | |
Travel | Thailand | FAMILY REUNION (requiring marriage or birth certificates). (references) |
Korea | Koreans have a great respect for the family and hierarchy. (references) | |
Botswana | Conversation about family is much less common than among Americans. (references) | |
Women | Bahrain | Incidents usually are kept within the family. (references) |
Tunisia | Battered women first seek help from family members. (references) | |
Indonesia | Marriage law defines the man as the head of the family. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Azerbaijan | Many rely on the safety net of the extended family. (references) |
Albania | Traffickers also may threaten their family members. (references) | |
Malaysia | However, only adult members of the family receive a wage. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DELUSION, n. The father of a most respectable family, comprising Enthusiasm, Affection, Self-denial, Faith, Hope, Charity and many other goodly sons and daughters. All hail, Delusion! Were it not for thee The world turned topsy-turvy we should see; For Vice, respectable with cleanly fancies, Would fly abandoned Virtue's gross advances. Mumfrey Mappel |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Angela Ricci | Well, heartbroken for the Smart family. The only one he ever really spoke of was Ed. He didn't go on about the girls. |
Dennis Miller | Even companies recognize the power of family. |
Jermaine Jackson | See what it is, with our family, on stage we're comfortable and small crowds it's sort of we feel a little uncomfortable. But on stage it's where we sort of feel very natural. |
Judy Sheindlin | That's true. But you are supposed to bring with you to the bench, especially the bench in the family court, a life's experience. |
Nancy Grace | Yeah, the floodgates are open. Now nobody will care about the pain and the torture this causes the Smart family. |
Patty Hearst | You know, that's really hard to say because they're a very close family. It depends. I think they ought to have definitely some kind of psychological help for her. |
Rush Limbaugh | When a man isn't working and struggling to provide for his family he does not have the money to start a business. |
Tim McGraw | We have an extended family. We're trying to figure out how to keep everybody's name straight with our kids. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
James K. Polk | 1845-1849 | Well may the boldest fear and the wisest tremble when incurring responsibilities on which may depend our country's peace and prosperity, and in some degree the hopes and happiness of the whole human family. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Every family should have a decent home. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | Speaker, members of my family and friends, my countrymen, and the friends of my country, wherever they may be, we meet again, as upon a like moment four years ago, and again you have witnessed my solemn oath of service to you. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | Nations with food deficits must put more of their resources into voluntary family planning programs. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | Also, I ask, for the sake of future generations, that we preserve the family farm and family-owned small business. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Others of you are more recent additions to the family. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | We all cherish family and faith, freedom and responsibility. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Our public interest depends on private character, on civic duty and family bonds and basic fairness, on uncounted, unhonored acts of decency which give direction to our freedom. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Family" is generally used as a noun (common) -- approximately 99.90% of the time. "Family" is used about 34,451 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (common) | 99.9% | 34,419 | 241 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.1% | 33 | 60,273 |
| Total | 100.00% | 34,451 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Germany | RTV Family Entertainment AG | Japan | Family Inc. |
| USA | Almost Family, Inc. | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "family": a family man ♦ a family reunion ♦ a musical family ♦ acanthus family ♦ addition to the family ♦ agave family ♦ all the family ♦ aloe family ♦ Alu family ♦ amaranth family ♦ amaryllis family ♦ amphibian family ♦ araucaria family ♦ arrowroot family ♦ arthropod family ♦ arum family ♦ aster family ♦ asterid dicot family ♦ baby of the family ♦ bacteria family ♦ balsam family ♦ banana family ♦ barberry family ♦ basal body temperature method of family planning ♦ be born into a rich family ♦ be in the family way ♦ be member of the family ♦ beech family ♦ begonia family ♦ bellflower family ♦ benefit for surviving family nurses ♦ birch family ♦ bird family ♦ birthwort family ♦ bladdernut family ♦ bladderwort family ♦ Bloggs Family ♦ bloodwort family ♦ borage family ♦ box family ♦ bring disgrace on one's family ♦ broomrape family ♦ buckbean family ♦ buckthorn family ♦ buckwheat family ♦ buttercup family ♦ cactus family ♦ calycanthus family ♦ canella family ♦ caper family ♦ carnation family ♦ carpetweed family ♦ carrot family ♦ caryophylloid dicot family ♦ cat family ♦ cattail family ♦ Chlorine family ♦ chordate family ♦ clubmoss family ♦ coelenterate family ♦ combretum family ♦ come from a good family ♦ comet family ♦ conjugal family ♦ contributing family workers,% of economically active population ♦ corkwood family ♦ county family ♦ crowberry family ♦ crowfoot family ♦ ctenophore family ♦ cunonia family ♦ cycad family ♦ cypress family ♦ cyrilla family ♦ daphne family ♦ diapensia family ♦ dicot family ♦ dilleniid dicot family ♦ dogbane family ♦ dogwood family ♦ duckweed family ♦ ebony family ♦ echinoderm family ♦ eelgrass family ♦ elaeocarpus family ♦ elm family ♦ epacris family ♦ extended family ♦ failed family ♦ family Acanthaceae ♦ family Acanthisittidae ♦ family Acanthuridae ♦ family Acaridae ♦ family Accipitridae ♦ family Aceraceae ♦ family Acipenseridae ♦ family Acrididae ♦ family Actinidiaceae ♦ family Actinomycetaceae ♦ family Adelgidae ♦ family Adiantaceae. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "family": family-a, family-allowance, family-based, family-centred, family-centredness, Family-charles, family-circle, family-controlled, family-cum-laundry, family-dominated, family-ellwood, family-expenditure, family-farm, family-firm, family-formation, family-friendly, family-group, family-head, family-held, family-holdings, family-incomes, family-is, family-life, family-like, family-magazine, family-man, family-members, family-minded, family-of-parts, family-only, family-orientated, family-oriented, family-owned, family-planning, family-plus-an-outsider, family-portraits, family-related, family-room, family-run, family-situation, family-size, family-sized, family-specialist, family-structure, family-style, family-tombs, family-tree, family-trees, family-type, family-way, family-willy, family-wise. | |
Ending with "family": inter-family, intra-family, nuclear-family, pro-family, quasi-family, single-family, step-family, super-family. | |
Containing "family": all-family-reunion, home-and-family-loving, I'm-sir-john-and-i've-got-a-spoon-and-seal-and-my-family-lies-at-kingsbere, one-family house, Professional-Family Relations, src-Family Kinases. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
family | 13,063 | family law | 1,072 |
family search | 8,779 | family tree maker | 1,068 |
family tree | 8,500 | family adventure vacation | 999 |
family vacation | 7,760 | family poem | 940 |
family guy | 4,607 | family movie | 925 |
focus on the family | 4,426 | family internet | 911 |
family feud | 4,375 | family pic | 910 |
family adventure | 3,822 | family video | 903 |
family history | 2,851 | growing family | 816 |
family fun | 2,770 | family name | 749 |
ad family google hagrid monitor query safe show | 2,737 | proud family | 722 |
family crest | 2,241 | family genealogy | 706 |
american family insurance | 1,891 | family christian book store | 663 |
family portrait | 1,890 | family tree free | 637 |
family photo | 1,642 | family name history | 625 |
abc family | 1,385 | healthy family | 587 |
family reunion | 1,291 | family game | 577 |
family medical leave act | 1,272 | family travel | 573 |
com family frendly vacation | 1,149 | family dollar | 572 |
family beach vacation | 1,074 | family kid | 558 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "family"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | gesin, familie. (various references) | |
Albanian | familje (clan, home, house, household, kind, kinsfolk, lineage, name, people, phratry, stock). (various references) | |
Arabic | عائلة (household), فصيلة (platoon), نسب كريم, عائلي (familial, homelike, homely), عائلة (house), عشيرة (clan, horde, kin, kindred, nation, tribe), اسرة, أسرة (belongings, house, name, people, stock). (various references) | |
Asturian | familia. (various references) | |
Basque | familia. (various references) | |
Bemba | ulupwa. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | семейство (home, house, household, kin, kind, parentage, people, stock), род (breed, clan, gender, genus, house, kin, kind, kindred, line, manner, name, order, origin, parentage, race, rod, sort, species, stamp, stock, strain, tribe), фамилен (ancestral, hereditary, lineal), фамилия. (various references) | |
Catalan | família. (various references) | |
Cebuano | banay. (various references) | |
Chamorro | familia. (various references) | |
Chinese | 家庭 (household). (various references) | |
Cornish | týlu. (various references) | |
Czech | rodina (parentage). (various references) | |
Danish | familie. (various references) | |
Dutch | familie (relations, relatives), gezin (nuclear family), huisgezin, huis (house). (various references) | |
Ecuadorian Quechua | aillu. (various references) | |
Esperanto | familio. (various references) | |
Faeroese | húsfólk, hýski, ætt (lineage). (various references) | |
Farsi | فامیلی , خانواده (Clan, Household, Ilk, Nation), خاندان (Clan, House). (various references) | |
Finnish | perhe (a large family, household), heimo (clan, race, tribe). (various references) | |
French | famille. (various references) | |
Frisian | famylje, húshâlding. (various references) | |
German | familie (kin, parentage), geschlecht (clan, ethnic group, gender, generation, house, lineage, organ, race, sex, tribe). (various references) | |
Greek | οικογένεια (clan, household, kin, pedigree). (various references) | |
Guarani | rogaygua. (various references) | |
Hawaiian | familje. (various references) | |
Hebrew | משפחתי (familial, familiar, homely, intimate), משפחה (clan, household, kin, kindred, nation, species), שבט (baton, clan, rod, sceptre, stick, tribe), בית אב (basis, clan, origin, paternal home), בית (home, house, household). (various references) | |
Hungarian | család (folks, house, parentage, people, stem). (various references) | |
Icelandic | fjölskylda, ætt. (various references) | |
Indonesian | famili (kin, relative), keluarga (cognate), dulur (kin), bangsa (class, nation, race). (various references) | |
Inuktitut | qatangutigiit. (various references) | |
Irish | teaghlach. (various references) | |
Italian | famiglia (home, house, household, ilk, people, stock). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 類 (a kind, chin, class, genus, kind, sort), 眷族 (dependents, household), 種族 (race, species, tribe), ファッション雑誌 (fabric, familiar, familism, family bike, family brand, family car, family computer, family fund, family life cycle, family name, family restaurant, family-size, fanatic, fanaticism, far away, farad, fashion magazine, funny, funny face, Nintendo, video game system), 氏族 (clan), 家庭 (home, household), 家庭 (home, household), 家族 (members of a family), 家族 (members of a family), 家 (house). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ファミリー , ファミリ , しぞく (branch family, clan, family or person with samurai ancestors, tribe), しゅぞく (race, species, tribe), かぞく (members of a family, noble, peer), かてい (assumption, course, curriculum, home, household, hypothesis, process, river bed, supposition), るい (base, class, evil influence, genus, implication, involvement, kind, sort, thin, trouble, weak), けんぞく (dependents, household, one's family and relations), け (divination sign, fur, hair, house). (various references) | |
Kongo | kanda. (various references) | |
Korean | 가족 (Families). (various references) | |
Lombard | famiglia. (various references) | |
Luganda | ab'ewuwo (your family). (various references) | |
Malagasy | fianakavianao (your family). (various references) | |
Malay | pamili, keluarga. (various references) | |
Manx | sluight (children's children, descendant, lineage, offspring, parentage, passage, posterity, progeniture, race, remnant, seed), sleih (crowd, inhabitants, people, populace, public, relations), lught thie (household, household members), lhoirran, lhiannoo (baby, child, infant), kynney (breed, connection, folk, genus, kin, kind, kindred, lineage, people, race, species, stock), clein (breed, clan, ilk, lineage, tribe), chymsaght (accumulation, inflammation, set). (various references) | |
Maori | whaanau. (various references) | |
Maya | meek-taan. (various references) | |
Mohawk | kahwatsire. (various references) | |
Norwegian | familie (relations, relatives). (various references) | |
Occitan | familha, ostal (home, house). (various references) | |
Papago | hua-mihlia. (various references) | |
Papiamen | famia. (various references) | |
Pidgin English | people. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | amilyfay.(various references) | |
Polish | rodzina. (various references) | |
Portuguese | família (covey, kin, series). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | família. (various references) | |
Provencal | familha. (various references) | |
Romanian | familie (Covey, folk, kind, name, parentage, people, stem, tribe). (various references) | |
Romansch | famiglia. (various references) | |
Ruanda | umugwango. (various references) | |
Russian | семья (house, household, household franchise, kin). (various references) | |
Scottish | teaghlach (household). (various references) | |
Sepedi | kgoro. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | familija, porodica (relatives), porodičan (homely), loza (breeding, lineage, stem, strain, vine). (various references) | |
Shona | mhuri. (various references) | |
Sicilian | famigghia. (various references) | |
Sotho | lelapa. (various references) | |
Spanish | familia (blood, dynasty, folk, fount, house, household, kin, kindred, parentage, people, race). (various references) | |
Sranan | famiri. (various references) | |
Swazi | um-ndeni. (various references) | |
Swedish | familj (kin, people), släkt (affiliation, affinity, blood-relationship, house, kin, kindred, kinsfolk, of the same family, related, relations, relationship, relatives), ätt (dynasty, stock, strain). (various references) | |
Tagalog | pamílya, mag-ának. (various references) | |
Thai | ครอบครัว (house, household). (various references) | |
Turkish | familya (Covey, genus, race, tribe), soy (ancestor, ancestors, ancestry, birth, breed, cion, extraction, flesh and blood, genealogy, lineage, noble, offshoot, parentage, pedigree, phylo-, posterity, progeny, race, stirpes, stirps, stock, strain), sülale (dynasty, lineage, stirpes, stirps), küme (aggregate, aggregation, bank, clamp, cloud, clump, cluster, congeries, conglomerate, conglomeration, division, group, heap, league, mass, pile, stack, tuft), ev halkı (folks, house, household, menage), aileye ait, ailevi (domestic), aile (brood, domestic, kin, menage, next of kin, relations, stirpes, stirps), aíle (wife). (various references) | |
Turkmen | maюgala (household, wife, wife and husband). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | сімейство, співдружність (brotherhood, commonwealth, cooperation, sociality), родина (household, name), об'єднання (alliance, amalgamation, association, coalescence, combine, company, conjuncture, consolidation, corporation, embodiment, incorporation, integration, merger, organization, rally, unification). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | gia quyến con cái trong gia đình dòng dõi, gia đình (home). (various references) | |
Welsh | tylwyth (household, tribe), teuluaidd (domestic), teulu, echen (source, tribe). (various references) | |
Yucatec | pamilya (wife), lak'tsil (relative). (various references) | |
Zulu | umuzi (village). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | libi. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | familia. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | cithra. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | cynn. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Genesis Chapter 45, Verse 11 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai ekqreyw se ekei eti gar pente eth limoV ina mh ektribhV su kai oi uioi sou kai panta ta uparconta sou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Ibique te pascam adhuc enim quinque anni residui sunt famis ne et tu pereas et domus tua et omnia quae possides |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And there Y shal fede thee; yit forsothe fyue yeer ben leeued of hungur, lest and thow perishe, and thin hows, and al that thow hast. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | There will I make provision for the: for there remayne yet v yeres of derth lest thou and thi houshold and all that thou hast perish. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And there will I nourish thee; for yet there are five years of famine; lest thou, and thy household, and all that thou hast, come to poverty. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And there will I nourish thee, (for yet there are five years of famine,) lest thou, and thy household, and all that thou hast, should come to poverty. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And there I will take care of you, so that you and your family may not be in need, for there are still five bad years to come. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Genesis Chapter 45, Verse 11 |
| Cebuano | Ug didto pagapakan-on ko ikaw, kay may nahabilin pa nga lima ka tuig sa gutom, tingali unya mahulog ka sa pagkakabus, ikaw ug ang imong panimalay, ug ang tanan nga imo. |
| Croatian | Ondje æu se za te brinuti, jer æe glad potrajati još pet godina. Tako neæeš oskudijevati ni ti, ni tvoja obitelj, niti itko tvoj.' |
| Danish | der vil jeg sørge for dit Underhold - thi Hungersnøden vil vare fem År endnu - for at ikke du, dit Hus eller nogen, der hører dig til, skal gå til Grunde! |
| Dutch | En ik zal u aldaar onderhouden; want er zullen nog vijf jaren des hongers zijn, opdat gij niet verarmt, gij en uw huis, en alles wat gij hebt! |
| Finnish | Minä elätän sinua siellä - vielä on näet viisi nälkävuotta - niin ettet sinä eikä sinun perheesi eikä kukaan omaisistasi ole sortuva puutteeseen.` |
| French | Là, je te nourrirai, car il y aura encore cinq années de famine; et ainsi tu ne périras point, toi, ta maison, et tout ce qui est à toi. |
| German | Ich will dich daselbst versorgen; denn es sind noch fünf Jahre der Teuerung, auf daß du nicht verderbest mit deinem Hause und allem, was du hast. |
| Hungarian | És eltartalak ott téged, mert még öt esztendei éhség lesz, hogy tönkre ne juss te, és házadnépe, és semmi, a mid van. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Jika ayah ada di Gosyen, saya dapat memelihara ayah. Masa kelaparan masih berlangsung lima tahun lagi dan akan saya usahakan supaya ayah, keluarga dan ternak ayah jangan kekurangan apa-apa.'" |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka di sanalah aku akan memeliharakan bapa, karena lagi akan ada lima tahun bala kelaparan, supaya jangan kepapaanlah bapa serta isi rumahmu dan segala sesuatu yang ada padamu. |
| Maori | A ka atawhai ahau i a koe ki reira; e rima hoki enei tau matekai kei muri nei; kei rawakoretia koutou ko tou whare me au mea katoa. |
| Norwegian | Og jeg vil sørge for dig der - for ennu kommer det fem hungersår - forat du ikke skal utarmes, du og ditt hus og alle de som hører dig til. |
| Portuguese | ali te sustentarei, porque ainda haverá cinco anos de fome, para que não sejas reduzido à pobreza, tu e tua casa, e tudo o que tens. |
| Rumanian | Acolo te voi hrqni, cqci vor mai fi kncq cinci ani de foamete; wi astfel nu vei pieri, tu, casa ta, wi tot ce este al tqu. |
| Russian | Й РТПЛПТНМА ФЕВС ФБН, ЙВП ЗПМПД ВХДЕФ ЕЭЕ РСФШ МЕФ, ЮФПВЩ ОЕ ПВОЙЭБМ ФЩ Й ДПН ФЧПК Й ЧУЕ ФЧПЕ. |
| Spanish | Allí proveeré para ti, pues todavía faltan cinco años de hambre; para que no perezcáis de necesidad tú, tu casa y todo lo que tienes.'" |
| Swedish | Jag vill där försörja dig -- ty ännu återstå fem hungerår -- så att varken du eller ditt hus eller någon som hör dig till skall lida nöd. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words ending with "family": antifamily, interfamily, multifamily, nonfamily, stepfamily, subfamily, superfamily. (additional references) | |
| |
"Family" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Amilly, Efamolia, facilly, Fadilj, fagioli, Fahmi, faily, faim, Faimalo, faimly, famel, famels, famey, fami, famiky, famil, famile, familiy, famille, familly, Familo, familys, famiy, famley, famliy, famly, Famlyn, famuli, Fanelli, fanmily, farily, Fazila, femi, Flamula, foamily, fomily, formily, hammily, wamily. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "family" (pronounced fa"mulē or fa"mlē) |
| 6 | f a" m u l ē | multifamily. |
| 4 | -m u l ē | abysmally, abnormally, anomaly, dismally, facsimile, formally, gloomily, homily, informally, minimally, normally, steamily, subfamily, supremely. |
| 3 | -u l ē | accidentally, actually, additionally, agriculturally, anecdotally, anencephaly, angrily, annually, arbitrarily, architecturally, artfully, artificially, beneficially, bilaterally, blissfully, bodily, botanically, broccoli, brutally, busily, carefully, casually, centrally, cerebrally, cheerfully, chronically, Cicely, circumstantially, civilly, clinically, clumsily, coincidentally, comically, commercially, conceptually, conditionally, confidentially, congressionally, conspiratorially, constitutionally, continentally, continually, contractually, contradictorily, conventionally, cordially, crazily, criminally, critically, culturally, customarily, cynically, delightfully, developmentally, diagonally, diametrically, digitally, jauntily, journalistically, joyfully, judicially, lawfully, lazily, diurnally, dorsally, dreadfully, dutifully, easily, editorially, educationally, eerily, electrically, electronically, emotionally, empirically, environmentally, equally, essentially, eternally, ethically, eventually, exceptionally, experimentally, exponentially, externally, extraordinarily, factually, faithfully, fanatically, fatally, federally, finally, financially, fiscally, fitfully, florally, forcefully, fractionally, frantically, frightfully, frugally, functionally, fundamentally, gainfully, generally, generationally, geographically, giggly, gleefully, globally, governmentally, gracefully, gradually, gratefully, gravelly, gravitationally, greedily, habitually, handily, happily, hastily, haughtily, heartily, heavily, helpfully, hermetically, historically, hopefully, horizontally, hungrily, icily, illegally, impartially, incidentally, incrementally, individually, industrially, initially, institutionally, intellectually, intentionally, internally, internationally, intrinsically, involuntarily, irrationally, legally, liberally, literally, locally, loyally, luckily, magically, magnetically, majestically, manfully, manually, marginally, masterfully, materially, mathematically, meaningfully, medicinally, mentally, mercifully, merrily, methodically, metrically, mightily, militarily, mineralogically, momentarily, monetarily, monopoly, monumentally, morally, mortally, multilaterally, municipally, mutually, nasally, nationally, nattily, naturally, necessarily, noisily, nominally, novelly, nutritionally, occasionally, officially, oligopoly, operationally, optimistically, orally, orchestrally, ordinarily, originally, painfully, parenthetically, partially, pathetically, peacefully, perennially, periodically, peripherally, perpetually, personally, phenomenally, philosophically, physically, pitifully, playfully, politically, potentially, pragmatically, preferentially, preliminarily, presidentially, primarily, procedurally, professionally, proportionally, provincially, provisionally, purposefully, quintessentially, racially, radially, rationally, readily, regally, regionally, regretfully, respectfully, rightfully, ritualistically, romantically, royally, ruefully, sardonically, satisfactorily, scantily, scientifically, seasonally, secondarily, semiannually, sequentially, serenely, severally, sexually, skeptically, skillfully, sleepily, sloppily, socially, specially, speedily, spiritually, statistically, statutorily, steadily, structurally, subliminally, substantially, subtly, successfully, summarily, surgically, symbolically, sympathetically, tactfully, tactically, tangentially, tastefully, tearfully, technically, technologically, temperamentally, temporally, temporarily, terminally, territorially, testily, thankfully, theatrically, theoretically, therapeutically, thoughtfully, totally, traditionally, Tripoli, truthfully, uncannily, unconditionally, unconstitutionally, uncritically, uneasily, unequivocally, unhappily, unilaterally, unintentionally, universally, unlawfully, unnaturally, unnecessarily, unofficially, unsuccessfully, unusually, usefully, usually, virtually, viscerally, visually, vitally, vocally, voluntarily, warily, wearily, wiggly, wilfully, willfully, wishfully, wistfully, wittily, wobbly, woefully, wonderfully, wrongfully. |
| 3 | -m l ē | awesomely, calmly, comely, dimly, lamely, extremely, firmly, gamely, glumly, grimly, handsomely, homely, namely, primly, randomly, solemnly, superfamily, timely, uniformly, unseemly, untimely, warmly. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-f-i-l-m-y" | |
-1 letter: filmy, flamy. | |
-2 letters: alif, amyl, fail, fila, film, flam, flay, lima, limy, mail. | |
-3 letters: ail, aim, ami, fay, fil, fly, lam, lay, may, mil, yam. | |
-4 letters: ai, al, am, ay, fa, if, la, li, ma, mi, my, ya. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-f-i-l-m-y" | |
+1 letter: amplify, foamily. | |
+2 letters: aimfully, mayflies. | |
+3 letters: flamingly, formality, nonfamily, subfamily. | |
+4 letters: amplifying, antifamily, familiarly, filmically, formidably, infamously, informally, manifestly, manifoldly, stepfamily. | |
+5 letters: familiarity, filamentary, filmography, formability, formatively, gallimaufry, inflammably, informality, interfamily, misclassify, multifamily, myofilament, superfamily. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Names: Company Usage 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Translations: Ancient 20. Bible Trace | 21. Abbreviations 22. Acronyms 23. Derivations 24. Rhymes | 25. Anagrams 26. Bibliography |
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