Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definitions: Fahrenheit |
FahrenheitAdjective1. Of a temperature scale that registers the freezing point of water as 32 degrees F and the boiling point as 212 degrees F at one atmosphere of pressure; "the Fahrenheit scale". Noun1. German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "fahrenheit" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1864. (references) |
Note: Fahrenheit \Fah"ren*heit\a. [G.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Biographical Satire | FAHRENHEIT, inventor of an instrument which enables a person to ascertain whether the weather is warm or cold. Source: Who was Who: 5000BC - 1914. |
Energy | A temperature scale in which the boiling point of water is 212degrees and its freezing point is 32 degrees. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius,subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide the product by 9. For example: 100 degreesFahrenheit - 32 = 68; 68 x 5 = 340; 340 / 9 = 37.77 degrees Celsius. (references) |
Mining | Commonly used thermometer scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212 degrees . To convert from the Fahrenheit scale to the centigrade or Celsius scale, subtract 32 andmultiply by 5/9. Symbol, F. See also:temperature. (references) |
Science | Temperature scale designed by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1709, based upon water freezing at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and water boiling at 212 degrees Fahrenheit under standard atmospheric pressure. Compare with centigrade. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Fahrenheit established zero degrees as the temperature at which an equal mixture of ice and salt melts (some say he took that fixed mixture of ice and salt that produced the lowest temperature); and ninety-six degrees as the temperature of a healthy human body. Initially, his scale had only contained 12 equal subdivisions, but then later he divided each division into 8 equal degrees ending up with 96. He then observed that plain water would freeze at 32 degrees and boil at 212 degrees.
His measurements were not entirely accurate, though; by his original scale, the actual freezing and boiling points would have been slightly different than 32 and 212. Some time after his death, the error was discovered, and it was decided to recalibrate the scale with 32 and 212 being the actual freezing and boiling points of plain water. This resulted in the healthy human body temperature being 98.6 degrees rather than 96.
The Fahrenheit scale was widely used in Europe until a switch to the Celsius (formerly centigrade) scale (for the conversion formulas, see that article). It is still used by the general population for everyday temperature measurement in the United States and a declining number of other English-speaking countries.
Other temperature scales include the Réaumur (1730), Rømer (1730+), kelvin (1862), and Rankine (ca. 1860). (Note that "kelvin" is lower-cased because it is an SI unit, even though it is named after a person).
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Microsoft had licensed OpenGL from SGI in the mid-1990s to be put into their Windows NT operating system as its basic 3D system. At the time OpenGL was rapidly becoming the de-facto 3D standard on workstations, and as MS was attempting to position NT as a workstation-class system, OpenGL was a requirement.
Confusing matters somewhat was the fact that Microsoft had recently purchased RenderMorphics to gain access to their RealityLab 2.0 product, a 3D API aimed primarily at the "low end" market. After renaming it as Direct3D 3.0, Microsoft released it as the primary 3D API for Windows 95 and game programming. This sparked off a massive debate, both in Microsoft and out, about the merits of the two APIs and whether or not Direct3D should be promoted.
Through the mid-90s SGI had been working on a series of efforts to provide a "higher level" API on top of OpenGL to make programming easier. By 1996 this had evolved into their OpenGL++ system, a retained-mode C++ API on top of OpenGL. They proposed that a modified version be used as a single API on top of either OpenGL or a new high-performance low-level API that Microsoft was known to be working on. This would not only hide the implementation details and make the OpenGL/DirectX war superfluous, but at the same time offer considerably better high-level interfaces for a more robust object oriented development environment.
In late 1997 both SGI and Microsoft started work on the system as the Fahrenheit project. SGI was to provide the primary "mid-sized" API used in most applications, Fahrenheit Scene Graph, as well as a modified version for handling very large models from CAD applications, Fahrenheit Large Model. Microsoft would provide a new low-level rendering engine for Windows known as Fahrenheit Low Level, essentially a replacement for Direct3D. The project was officially announced at SIGGRAPH 1998 for release in late 1999 or early 2000.
Fahrenheit became the primary focus of development at SGI. Their MIPS-based workstations were quickly losing the performance lead they had in the early 1990s, and the company was in serious trouble as the average PC slowly but surely encroached on the high-end graphics market. SGI saw Fahrenheit as an exit strategy; once complete they would be able to move to a PC-based lineup while still offering the best development tools for a now universal API. At the same time they started porting their existing widely-used toolkits such as Open Inventor and OpenGL Performer to be hosted on Fahrenheit, meaning that they could deliver a single fully-functional development system for Fahrenheit when it shipped, supporting both their existing customers as well as new ones.
By 1999 it was clear to SGI that Microsoft had no intention of delivering Low Level. Although officially working on it, almost no resources were dedicated to actually producing code, and at the same time MS was in the process of investing massively in DirectX 7.0 (similar to 3.0 largely in name only). Without Low Level, Fahrenheit couldn't be delivered, and the project stalled. Since SGI's primary interest in the project was to provide an exit strategy from their MIPS based machines onto Windows-based PCs, SGI was in the terrible position of watching Microsoft destroy their business plan without really trying. Eventually SGI gave up, asigned their rights to Microsoft, and re-wrote their business plan.
By 2000 DirectX 7.0 was in the marketplace, and proving quite popular. It became the primary 3D interface during the rise of 3D games in the late 1990s. Microsoft did release Scene Graph as XSG the same year, but did so with a note saying it would not be supported. No new versions of XSG were ever released, and all of the pages related to either Fahrenheit or XGS on both the Microsoft and SGI web pages have since disappeared. OpenGL support was dropped in Windows 2000.
As compared to Open Inventor or Iris Performer, the design of the XSG included some novel ideas. The composition primitives and traversal methods allowed applications to construct scenes in a manner best suited to the structure of the data being visualized, but then to apply a scene graph optimizer to restructure the scene for more efficient rendering without changing the scene's appearance. The developer simply did whatever seemed natural, and the system made it work quickly.
Pipelined rendering allowed a multithreaded application to construct the scene, cull its primitives, and render it in different threads (borrowing from the Performer app-cull-draw pipeline). The representation of primitive scene data was optimized to minimize the amount of data stored so as to avoid completely duplicating it on a thread-by-thread basis.
One of the unique features of XSG was the ability to replace most of the built-in methods for walking the graph with your own versions. Developers could write new functions for quickly traversing their known methods of storing data inside XSG, and then chain them into existing rendering paths.External link
Fahrenheit graphics API
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Fahrenheit."
Synonym: FahrenheitSynonym: f (adj). (additional references) |
| Antonym: celsius (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Heat | Degrees Kelvin, kelvins, degrees centigrade, degrees Celsius; degrees Fahrenheit. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | My dear girl, there are some things that just aren't done, such as drinking Dom Perignon '53 above the temperature of 38 degrees Fahrenheit. That's just as bad as listening to the Beatles without earmuffs! (Goldfinger; writing credit: Richard Maibaum) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Fahrenheit 451 (1966) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Dog sled trip up the 141st Meridian to the Arctic Ocean International Boundary Party under Assistant John H. Turner Traveled from Porcupine to Arctic Ocean and back in 18 days A round trip of over 400 miles --- lowest temperature was -50 Fahrenheit March 27 to April 14, 1890.Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Dressed up for a winter weather at the South Pole - temperature dropped to -106 Fahrenheit.Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | You have a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. (references) | |
Washable items should be washed often using water hotter then 130 (degrees) Fahrenheit. (references) | ||
P. vivax stops developing altogether when the temperature falls below 60 degrees Fahrenheit. (references) | ||
Business | British citizens older than 40 generally prefer measurements in Fahrenheit, inches, etc., while younger generations think in terms of Celsius, centimeters, etc. It is useful to give measurement in both systems for maximum understanding by the target audience. (references) | |
Human Rights | Eritrea | The students were taken to Wia where temperatures routinely exceed 113 degrees Fahrenheit. (references) |
Political Economy | OMAN | The temperature during Oman's hot summer has never been officially recorded at the 50 degree (Celsius) mark (122 degrees Fahrenheit), which, adhering to an International Labor Organization standard, would mandate the stoppage of outside labor. (references) |
Travel | Singapore | Daytime temperatures average between 85 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. (references) |
Worker Rights | United Arab Emirates | In addition manual workers are not required to work outdoors when the temperature exceeds 112 degrees Fahrenheit. (references) |
Kuwait | In August the official temperature was reported above 122 degrees Fahrenheit on several occasions, but work reportedly continued at many outdoor locations. (references) | |
Kuwait | While the law mandates that all outdoor work stop in the event that the temperature rises above 122 degrees Fahrenheit, there have been allegations that Government's meteorological division falsifies official readings to allow work to proceed; the Meteorological Division consistently has denied these allegations. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Fahrenheit" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 68.85% of the time. "Fahrenheit" is used about 61 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 68.85% | 42 | 52,864 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 27.87% | 17 | 85,106 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.28% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 61 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "fahrenheit": degree fahrenheit ♦ degrees Fahrenheit ♦ fahrenheit scale ♦ fahrenheit thermometer ♦ Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
celsius to fahrenheit | 857 |
fahrenheit 451 | 612 |
fahrenheit | 431 |
celsius convert fahrenheit | 246 |
fahrenheit celsius converter | 129 |
centigrade fahrenheit | 106 |
celsius converting fahrenheit | 81 |
buy 451 book fahrenheit | 77 |
fahrenheit conversion | 63 |
centigrade conversion fahrenheit | 55 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "fahrenheit"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | termometër farenait, gradë farenaite. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | фаренхайт, термометър фаренхайт. (various references) | |
Chinese | 华氏 (Fahr). (various references) | |
Czech | stupnì fahrenheita. (various references) | |
Danish | F (degree Fahrenheit, France, highly flammable), grad Fahrenheit (degree Fahrenheit). (various references) | |
Dutch | Fahrenheit, F (all frames contain P/F, farad, final bit, France, highly flammable, in command frames, in response frames, it is referred to as the F bit, the P/F bit is referred to as the P bit, the poll/final bit). (various references) | |
Farsi | درجه حرارت فارنهایت . (various references) | |
Finnish | fahrenheitaste (degree Fahrenheit). (various references) | |
French | F (degree Fahrenheit), degré Fahrenheit (degree Fahrenheit). (various references) | |
German | Fahrenheit. (various references) | |
Greek | θερμόμετρο φαρενάιτ. (various references) | |
Hungarian | fahrenheit. (various references) | |
Italian | F (all frames contain P/F, degree Fahrenheit, final bit, fixed, France, highly flammable, in command frames, in response frames, it is referred to as the F bit, T2LF, the P/F bit is referred to as the P bit, the poll/final bit), grado Fahrenheit (degree Fahrenheit). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 華氏 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | かし (apparent death, asphyxiation, being granted, blemish, defect, evergreen oak, false tooth, filament, fish market, flaw, granting, imperial grant, lending, loan, lower extremities, noncommissioned officer, pastry, river bank, riverside, song lyrics, the legs, visibility, words of a song). (various references) | |
Korean | "" (Fahr). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ahrenheitfay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | F (all frames contain P/F, degree Fahrenheit, final bit, France, highly flammable, in command frames, in response frames, it is referred to as the F bit, the P/F bit is referred to as the P bit, the poll/final bit), grau Fahrenheit (degree Fahrenheit). (various references) | |
Russian | фаренгейт. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | farenhajt. (various references) | |
Spanish | Fahrenheit, F (all frames contain P/F, communicate with me", crease, farad, final bit, Foxtrot, France, highly flammable, in command frames, in response frames, it is referred to as the F bit, single letter signal, the P/F bit is referred to as the P bit, the poll/final bit). (various references) | |
Swedish | fahrenheit. (various references) | |
Thai | การวั"อุ"ห ูมิแบบฟาห์เรนไฮต์. (various references) | |
Turkish | fahrenhayt. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | cái đo nhiệt Fa-ren-hét thang nhiệt Fa-ren-hét. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Fahrenheit" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: fahernheit, fahreneheit, fahrenhiet. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-e-f-h-h-i-n-r-t" | |
-2 letters: heathier, herniate. | |
-3 letters: arenite, earthen, fainter, feather, hairnet, hearten, heathen, heather, heftier, herniae, inearth, neither, retinae, terefah, therein, trainee. | |
-4 letters: aether, afreet, anther, either, entera, entire, ethane, faerie, fainer, father, feater, feriae, ferine, hafter, hearth, heater, hefter, heifer, hereat, herein, hernia, hinter, hither, infare, inhere, neater, nether, ratine, refine, reheat, retain, retina, retine, teniae, theine, thenar, trefah, triene. | |
-5 letters: aerie, afire, afrit, after, airth, antre, arete, earth, eaten, eater, enate, enter, entia, ether, faint, faith, feint, feria, finer, firth, frena, frith, hater, heart, heath, inert, infer, infra, inter, irate, ither, neath, niter, nitre, ranee, rathe, refit, rente, retia, retie, riant, tenia, terai, terne, thane, thein, their, there, thief, thine, three, tinea, train, treen, trine. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)46 61 68 72 65 6E 68 65 69 74 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)..-. .- .... .-. . -. .... . .. - |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000110 01100001 01101000 01110010 01100101 01101110 01101000 01100101 01101001 01110100 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)F a h r e n h e i t |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0046 0061 0068 0072 0065 006E 0068 0065 0069 0074 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)40677484718074717586 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Derivations 14. Anagrams 15. Orthography 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
