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Definition: European |
EuropeanAdjective1. Of or relating to or characteristic of Europe or the people of Europe; "European Community". Noun1. A native or inhabitant of Europe. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "European" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1550. (references) |
Etymology: European \Eu`ro*pe"an\, adjective. [Latin europeaus, Greek, from Greek (L. europa.)] Of or pertaining to Europe, or to its inhabitants. On the European plan, having rooms to let, and leaving it optional with guests whether they will take meals in the house; -- said o. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Architectural style describes the long-standing attempts to classify architecture by periods, techniques, forms and materials. This is naturally to some extent arbitrary, but common traits can be discerned among architects working at the same time, in the same area of the world or being informed by one another.
Prehistoric Architecture
- Neolithic architecture
Ancient architecture
- Ancient Egyptian architecture
- Assyrian architecture
- Babylonian architecture
- Etruscan architecture
- Minoan architecture
- Mycenaean architecture
- Persian architecture
- Sumerian architecture
Western architecture upto Modernism
Classical architecture
- Greek architecture
- Doric order
- Aeolic order
- Ionic order
- Corinthian order
- Roman architecture
- Composite order
- Tuscan order
Medieval architecture
- Byzantine architecture
- Romanesque architecture
- Gothic architecture
- Tudor and Jacobean architecture
Architecture from the Renaissance
- Renaissance architecture
- Baroque architecture
- Rococo architecture
- Georgian architecture
- Architectural revivals
- Regency architecture
- Neo-Classical architecture
- Neo-Gothic architecture
- Neo-Byzantine architecture
- Neo-Romanesque architecture
- Jacobethan architecture
- Tudorbethan architecture
- Beaux Arts style
Modern Architecture
- Arts and Crafts Movement
- Art Nouveau
- Futurist architecture
- Constructivist architecture
- Chicago School
- De Stijl
- Art Deco
- International Style
- Brutalist architecture
Architecture after Modernism
- Postmodernism
- Deconstructivist Architecture
- Biomorphism
- Critical Regionalism
Architecture in other traditions
Islamic architecture
Pre-Columbian American architecture
- Aztec architecture
- Incan architecture
- Mayan architecture
East Asian architecture
- Architecture of Cambodia
- Bhutanese architecture
- Chinese architecture
- Indian architecture
- Hoysala architecture
- Japanese architecture
Architecture of the United States
See Also
- Cultural movement
- Periodization
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Architectural style."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Europe, the old continent, is a continent whose boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Ural Mountains and Ural River in the east, the Caspian Sea, Caucasus mountains and Black Sea in the southeast and the Mediterranean Sea as the southern boundary. With Asia, Europe forms the supercontinent Eurasia: Europe is the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass. In tems of size, Europe is the world's second smallest continent, being slightly larger than Oceania. In terms of population it is the second biggest continent after Asia.
Political map in 2003 - larger version See also: World map
Etymology
The name Europe possibly stems from a female character in Greek Mythology named Europa who was abducted by a bull-shaped Zeus. There is some trouble with this, though--the myth has nothing to do with Europe. A more prosaic explanation holds that it is derived from the word ereb from a Semitic language, meaning "sunset." From the point of view from the Middle East, the sun would appear to set beyond the lands to the west. In this regard it may be significant that Eurus is also a Latin term for the East Wind. This may even provide the (albeit noncausal) connection with Europa, as she was originally from Phoenicia and so, from the Greeks' point of view, was a woman of the East.
History
Main article: History of EuropeEurope has a long history of great cultural and economic achievement, starting as far back as the Bronze Age. The origin of Western culture is generally attributed to the ancient Greeks, and the Roman Empire spanned the entire continent for many centuries. Following the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of stasis, generally known as the Dark Ages, which came to an end with the Renaissance and the New Monarchs, marking the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and increase in scientific knowledge. From the 15th century European nations, particularly Spain, Portugal, France, and Britain, built large colonial empires, with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. The Industrial Revolution started in Europe in the 18th century, leading to much greater general prosperity and a corresponding increase in population. After World War II, and until the end of the Cold War, Europe was divided into two major political and economic blocks: Communist nations in Eastern Europe and capitalistic countries in Western Europe. Around 1990 the Eastern block broke up.
Extent
Often other borders of Europe are drawn, based on political, economical, cultural or practical considerations. This has led to there being several different "Europes" that are not always identical in size, including or excluding countries dependent on the definition of "Europe" used.
Increasingly, the word "Europe" is primarily being used as a synonym for the members of the European Union (EU). Fifteen European states are currently members of the EU, with 10 more due to join by mid-2004, a few more negotiating for membership and several more expected to commence negotiations at some stage in the future. Almost all European states are members of the Council of Europe; the sole exceptions are Belarus and the Vatican City.
Countries
Currently, geographic Europe comprises the following 45 countries (in alphabetical order):
- Albania
- Andorra
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Cyprus (1)
- Denmark (2)
- Estonia
- Finland
- France (3)
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- FYR of Macedonia (Republic of Macedonia)
- Malta
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Netherlands (4)
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal (5)
- Romania
- Russia (6)
- San Marino
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain (7)
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey (8)
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom (9)
- Vatican City
See Past European Countries
Notes
Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, three CIS republics in the Transcaucasus, are geographically part of continental Asia, but are frequently associated with Europe. Whether or not Armenia and Georgia are considered to be European countries usually depends on whether one defines Europe as being primarily an ethnic / linguistic entity, or primarily a political / geographic entity, and what one considers those definitions to be.
- Cyprus is not shown in the above map. It is an independent island which is currently de facto divided between the primarily ethnically-Greek Republic Of Cyprus in the southern 2/3rds of the island, and an internationally-unrecognised Turkish statelette in the northern 1/3rd, the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". The island of Cyprus is located to the east of southern Greece.
- Denmark has two dependent territories: the Faeroe Islands in Europe, and the self-governing island of Greenland, which is considered part of North America. .
- France distinguishes overseas departments (such as French Guiana), overseas territories (such as French Polynesia) and territorial collectivities (such as Mayotte); they are all located outside of Europe.
- The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of The Netherlands itself and overseas territories in the Caribbean.
- Portugal also includes the Azores and Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean.
- Russia extends far across Asia, but only the area westward of the Ural Mountains is considered to be within continental Europe.
- Spain also includes the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla in the north of Africa.
- Turkey is for the most part on continental Asia, only the area west of the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara is in Europe.
- The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and dependent territories, of which the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar lie within Europe.
Names of parts of Europe
- Balkans
- Baltic States
- Benelux
- British Isles
- The Caucasus
- Central Europe
- Eastern Europe
- Iberian peninsula
- Nordic countries
- Scandinavia
- Visegrad group
Satellite image
Satellite image - larger version
See also
History of Europe, European Youth Parliament, Transportation in Europe, Financial and social rankings of European countries, Area and population of European countries, Date of independence of European countries, European Constitution, Metropolitian cities of Europe, Europe (band), List of European cities with alternative namesExternal links
- Europe at Night at NASA's Earth Observatory
Africa | Antarctica | Asia | North America | Oceania | South America simple:Europe
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Europe."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach the Americas, starting but then abandoning a colonisation process. (For more on this, see Vinland.)This first phase of modern European activity in this region began with the oceanic crossings of Christopher Columbus (1492-1500), sponsored by Spain, and those of other explorers such as John Cabot, sponsored by England, and Giovanni da Verrazano, sponsored by France.
This was followed, notably in the case of Spain, by a phase of conquest: The Spaniards (just having finished a war against the Muslims in the Iberian peninsula) replaced the Amerindian local oligarchies and impose a new religion: Christianity. Diseases and cruel systems of work (the famous haciendas and mining industry) decimated the Amerindian population. African Negro slaves were introduced to substitute the Amerindian. On the other hand, the Spaniards will not impose their language in the same measurement and the Catholic Church even evangelized in Quechua, Nahuatl and Guarani, contributing to the expansion of these Amerindian languages and equipping them with a writing system. One of the first school for amerindians was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante en 1523.
The Portuguese switched from an initial plan of trading posts to an extensive colonization of what's now Brazil.
(See also: Conquistador, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conquest of Yucatan, Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Alcaçovas)
In the British and French regions, the focus of economy soon shifted from resource extraction to trading with the natives. This was also practiced by the Russians in the northwest coast of North America. After the French and Indian War, Great Britain captured all French possessions in North America.
Slavery under European rule began with importation of white European slaves (or indentured servants), was followed by the enslavement of local aborigines in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade as the native populations declined through disease. But by the 18th century, the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that white and Native American slavery was less common.
In the 19th century, the army of the United States massacred Native Americans and confined survivors into reservations. On the other hand, the descendants of the native Americans constitute the base of the population of the countries that long ago comprised of the Spanish Empire in America, excepting Argentina, Uruguay and the Caribbean ones. Two of the Amerindian languages, Quechua and Guarani have reached rank of co-officials in Latin American countries.
Various places in the Americas are sometimes considered colonies of the United States, such as the Panama Canal Zone and Puerto Rico.
See also
- History of the Americas.
- Viking colonization of the Americas
- British colonization of the Americas
- Danish colonization of the Americas
- Dutch colonization of the Americas
- French colonization of the Americas
- Failed German colonization of the Americas
- Portuguese colonization of the Americas
- Russian colonization of the Americas
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Swedish colonization of the Americas
- For information on the abortive colony of Scotland at Darien see Darién scheme.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "European colonization of the Americas."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Saint George versus the dragonIn European mythology, a dragon is a serpent-like creature. It is sometimes known by the Nordic word, wyrm.
Dragons in modern times
The dragon of the modern period is typically depicted as a large, winged dinosaur-like creature with the ability to breath fire. It typically protects a cavern of gold and is usually associated with a great hero who attempts to slay it. Many modern stories represent dragons as being extremely intelligent creatures, some with the ability to use magic. Often they are extremely ancient. Some are helpful and wise whom heroes can consult for advice, while others are greedy and guard a huge hoard of treasure. (Until we get a more detailed discussion, please see http://www.draconian.com/whatis/whatis.htm .)
Dragons in Slavic mythology
Dragons of Slavic mythology hold mixed temperaments towards humans.
needs work
Dragons in Celtic mythology
needs workThe story of Merlin and the dragons
Dragons in Germanic mythology
The two most famous dragons from the mythology of the Germanic peoples are the dragon of Beowulf, and Fafnir, who was killed by Siegfried. Fafnir turned into a dragon because of his greed -- many scholars believe this and other stories indicate dragons usually represent greed in western cultures. In both Fafnir and Beowulf, the serpents guarded earthen mounds full of ancient treasure. The treasure was cursed and brought ill to those who later possessed it. It has been supposed by some scholars, including John Tanke of the University of Michigan, that the word dragon comes from the Old English draugr, which literally means a spirit who guards the burial mound of a king. How this image of a vengeful guardian spirit is related to a fire breathing serpent is unclear. Many others assume the word dragon comes from the ancient Greek word derekesthai, meaning 'sharp eyed', referring to the dragon's legendarily keen eyesight. But, in any case, the image of a dragon as a serpent-like creature was already standard at least by the 8th century when Beowulf was written down. Although today we associate dragons almost universally with fire, in medieval legend the creatures were often associated with water, guarding springs or living near or under water.
Other European legends about dragons include "Saint George and the Dragon", in which a brave knight defeats a dragon holding a princess captive. This legend may be a Christianized version of the myth of Perseus, but its origins are obscure. (The Revelation of Saint John the Divine describes Satan as "a great dragon, flaming red, with seven heads and ten horns.") Saint George is the Patron Saint of England. Meanwhile, across the border, a red dragon is represented on the Welsh flag. Due to this clash of symbolism, there are very few George and the Dragon pubs in Wales.
The tale of George and the Dragon has been modified for modern works, with Saint George portrayed as 'an effette [sic] wally who faints at the sight of the dragon' in a play [1] and a poem by U. A. Fanthorpe based on Uccello's painting, where Saint George is a thug, the Maiden considers the relative sexual merits of the dragon and saint, and the Dragon the only sane character.
It is possible that the dragon legends of north-western Europe are at least partly inspired by earlier stories from the Roman Empire, or from the Sarmatians and related cultures north of the Black Sea. There has also been speculation that dragon mythology might have originated from stories of large land lizards which inhabited Eurasia.
Dragons in Norse mythology
The most famous dragons by Norse mythology, is Jormungand a form of cobra, so big that the earth-disc can be encircled by it.Fantasy fiction authors whose works have featured dragons as major plot elements include:
Compare: Chinese dragon
- Anne McCaffrey ("Dragonflight" and sequels)
- J. R. R. Tolkien ("The Hobbit", "The Silmarillion" and related works)
- Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman (the "Dragonlance" series)
- Ursula K. LeGuin ("A Wizard of Earthsea" and sequels)
- Orson Scott Card ("Orson Scott Card (Wyrms)")
- Terry Pratchett ("Discworld" books)
See also: List of dragons
External links
- Sculpture Dragon
- Dragon Legend Information
- General Dragon Information and Facts
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "European dragon."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
European kingfisher 
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae Genus: Alcedo Species: atthis Binomial name Alcedo atthis The European Kingfisher is widely distributed in Europe, Africa and Asia. It is resident except in northern areas where the rivers freeze. It will then move to milder regions. In most of its European range it is the only kingfisher.
The general colour of the upper parts of the adult bird is bright metallic blue, cobalt on the back, and showing greenish reflections on the head and wings. The ear coverts and under parts are warm chestnut, the chin and sides of neck white.
The bill is black and reddish orange at the base; the legs are bright red. In the young the bill is black. Length, 19 cm (7.5 inches). Wing, 7.5 cm (2.95 inches).
The flight of the Kingfisher is rapid, the short rounded wings whirring until they appear a mere blur. It usually flies near the water, but during courtship the male chases the female through and over the trees with loud shrill whistles.
From February onwards the male has a trilling song, a modulated repetition of many whistles. He also signals with a whistle to the female when he is feeding her, this being his share of the nesting duties. This whistle is produced even when his bill is loaded with food, yet is clear and distinct. The female will reply and emerge from the nesting hole, and may fly to meet him, take the fish from him in the air, and return to the nest.
The bird has regular perches or stands from which it fishes. These may be a few inches or many feet above the water. It sits upright, its tail pointed downwards. It drops suddenly with a splash and usually returns at once with a struggling captive.
Large fish are beaten on a bough or rail; small fish and insects are promptly swallowed. A fish is usually lifted and carried by its middle, but its position is changed, sometimes by tossing it into the air, before it is swallowed head downwards.
The Kingfisher sometimes hovers over the water, with body held almost vertical, the tail and head bent slightly forward and the bill inclined downward
It is a bird of the waterside, since it feeds entirely upon aquatic animals. It is frequent beside lakes, ponds, canals or dykes and streams.
In winter, especially when inland waters are icebound, it may move to tidal marshes and the shore, taking its stand on the mussel or limpet covered rocks and diving into the shallow pools.
Fish, aquatic insects and crustaceans are eaten. It eats numerous freshwater shrimps Gammarus.
The nest is a tunnel in a sandy bank, usually, though not always over water. Both birds excavate, except when an old hole of a Sand Martin or Water Vole is appropriated. Most incline upward for about three feet before the nesting chamber is reached.
There is no nest, but the six to seven or even more round white eggs are placed on a litter of fish bones and disgorged pellets. The eggs are pink. The first clutch is usually laid in April, but second broods are often in the nest at the end of July, and an exceptional case of young in early October is recorded.
The young come to the mouth of the hole to be fed when old enough. They are at first without down and clothed with numerous small blue feathers. Their bills are steel-blue and their feet flesh-coloured. When they leave the nest they differ little from their parents, except that the colours are duller, the spot on the neck is buff, and the grey margins to the breast feathers give a mottled appearance. Their call is then an insistent, continuous trill.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "European Kingfisher."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The style or family of a financial option is a general term denoting the class into which the option falls, usually defined by the manner in which the option may be exercised. The two great families are european and american.A european option may be exercised by only at the maturity of the option, i.e. at a single point in time
An american option on the other hand may be exercised at any time before expiry. Oddly, american options are very rarely exercised. That is because any option has a time value and is therefore worth more unexercised. Buyers who wish to realise the full value of their option will therefore prefer sell it on a recognised market, either an over the counter (OTC) or listed market.
European options are typically valued using the Black-Scholes or Black 76 formulas. American options are more difficult to value, and a choice of models are available (for example Whaley, binomial options model, Monte Carlo and others).
Some other styles of options are
- Bermudan option (buyer has right of exercise at certain times before maturity according to a pre-agreed schedule)
- Asian option (buyer exercises against average strike price)
- Quanto option (buyer exercises in different currency)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Option style."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The term Western society frequently refers to the societies of Europe and their genealogical, colonial, and philosophical descendants. It is in contrast to Eastern societies; those of Asian origin, and their descendant cultures. The term is often used simply as a synonym of the Western countries.
Western society may follow a chain beginning with the philosophers of Athens such as Solon and Socrates. It continued through the Roman Empire and, with the addition of Christianity (which had its origins in the East), spread throughout Europe. During the colonial era, it became implanted in the Americas and in Australasia.
One should distinguish "Western society" from the socio-economic term "first world" in that, for example, South America is sometimes mentioned as a Western society, but much of it is poor. Japan is wealthy and part of the "first world" but is not Western from a cultural standpoint. Compare the North.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Western society."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| EU | English | European Union | European Union |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It's not a purse, it's European! (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) One boy's purse is another boy's book bag if he's European. (Malcolm in the Middle; writing credit: Daniel Frenette) I have something to say about the difference between American and European cities (True Stories; writing credit: David Byrne; Beth Henley) It's on European socialism (Ferris Bueller's Day Off; writing credit: John Hughes) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Amougies (Music Power - European Music Revolution) (1970) Our American Boys in the European War (1916) History of the Great European War (1915) European War Pictures (1915) Authentic European War (1915) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Shown are three kinds of European cigarettes: Eclipse, HI-Q, and Inside. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |  | The image at top right shows Jovian aurora observed on February 8, 1992, by the European Space ... Credit: NASA. |
 | The European Space Agency's Faint Object Camera aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, has ... Credit: NASA. |  | Plate 72A. The Northern or European Sculpin. Cottus scorpius, L. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection. |
 | Frontispiece to : "Natural History of the European Seas" by Edward Forbes ( posthumously) and edited by Robert Godwin-Austen. Forbes' initials are in the lower right of this whimsical cartoon depicting deep sea dredging for marine fauna. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Gen. Gregory Martin, commander of U.S. Air Forces in Europe, and Lt. Col. Patrick Carpenter, U.S. Army G-3 Southern European Task Force commander, prepare to jump from a C-130 Hercules Oct. 19. Martin and 78 other U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army and Italian Arm. |
 | Differences between European and Africanized honey bees can be seen in this DNA sequencing gel being read by microbiologist Hachiro Shimanuki and geneticist Cristina Arias. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |  | European Wigeon. Credit: Alaska Image Library. |
 | Photograph by M. James Slack, April 1934. (Reproduction Number: HABS NM,31-ACOM,1-32) Visited for the first time by Europeans in 1540, Acoma Pueblo is one of the oldest inhabited villages in the U.S. Located on top of a 357-foot rock mesa, the pueblo was the setting for many confrontations between European colonizers and the Acoma people, including a horrible massacre in 1599 by the Spanish soldiers who controlled the area. These flat-roofed houses made of adobe brick--a Spanish technique--show the Spanish influence on local building traditions. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | A group of young European males engaged in a drinking bout. / WHO p. Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by Jean Mohr.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Flags" by Alberto Villén Commentary: "European flag." | "Costa Victoria 4" by Igor Beres Commentary: "She was the biggest European cruise ship .." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | European police siren. | | European police siren. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Friedrich Nietzsche | Two great European narcotics, alcohol and Christianity. |
Napoleon | America is a fortunate country; she grows by the follies of our European nations. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | The destruction of a year's product or two (for it seldom reaches four or five) is the utmost spoil that usually can be done: for as to money, and such riches and treasure taken away, these are none of nature's goods, they have but a fantastical imaginary value: nature has put no such upon them: they are of no more account by her standard, than the wampompeke of the Americans to an European prince, or the silver money of Europe would have been formerly to an American. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The European Commission of the Danube reassumes the powers it possessed before the war. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The whole European system fell |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | This may perhaps pass with the reader rather for an European or English story, than for one of a country so remote |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | So, we are told, the New Hollander goes naked with impunity, while the European shivers in his clothes |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The condition is least common among persons of northern European descent. (references) | |
Counseling of couples in a European study was associated with large increases in protected sexual behavior. (references) | ||
It most often affects Caucasians of Northern European descent, although other ethnic groups are also affected. (references) | ||
Business | European firms dominate the ACE services market. (references) | |
VAT also applies equally European and German products. (references) | ||
VAT applies equally to European and German competitors. (references) | ||
Children | Czech Republic | In April 2000, the families took the case to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg; a decision was pending at year's end. (references) |
Romania | Inspectors who visited institutions and identified humanitarian needs at the request of the European Union Commission reported that while conditions were not equally poor in all institutions, the general situation was unacceptable in terms of basic infrastructure as well as hygiene, medical care, nutrition, and general assistance. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Russia | The Salvation Army also filed suit with the European Court in Strasbourg. (references) |
Economic History | Spain | Spain is ahead of the European directives. (references) |
Haiti | A few are of European or Levantine heritage. (references) | |
South Korea | Major suppliers--Japan, U.S., European Union, Middle East. (references) | |
Human Rights | Turkey | In June a European Parliament committee visited some prisons. (references) |
Yemen | AI, HRW, the Parliament of the European Union, and the Committee to Protect Journalists observe the country closely. (references) | |
Guinea-Bissau | In 1998 the European Union renovated two prisons, but following the fighting in 1999, no further repairs have been made. (references) | |
Minorities | Romania | The case was pending before the European Court at year's end. (references) |
Botswana | There also are communities of persons of Asian and European descent. (references) | |
Romania | These cases were pending with the European Court of Human Rights at year's end. (references) | |
Political Economy | FINLAND | Legislation on VAT was harmonized with the European Union. (references) |
FINLAND | In 1996, Finland joined the European Patent Convention (EPC). (references) | |
France | Both Chirac and Jospin are strong advocates of the European Union. (references) | |
Political Rights | Spain | At year's end, 22 of the 64 Spanish members of the European Parliament were women. (references) |
Spain | In the 1999 European Parliament elections, both the PP and PSOE placed women at the top of their lists. (references) | |
Malawi | A citizen of European origin, several persons of mixed racial ethnicity, and an Asian are sitting members of the National Assembly. (references) | |
Trade | Mexico | These standards tend to favor European manufacturers. (references) |
Tunisia | THE EIB ALSO FINANCES IMPORTS OF EUROPEAN CAPITAL GOODS. (references) | |
Romania | Generally, they match ISO and Western European Standards. (references) | |
Travel | Slovak Rep | The week is defined as in many European countries. (references) |
Chad | The course is not up to U.S. or European standards. (references) | |
Panama | All large hotels offer American, European, and local cuisine. (references) | |
Women | Italy | Nevertheless, according to research conducted in 1999 by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Commission, women's salaries are 23.5 percent lower than men's for comparable work. (references) |
Austria | In 1994 the European Court of Justice ruled that the country's law prohibiting women from working nights was not permissible and gave the Government until the end of the year to adapt its legislation to gender-neutral EU regulations. (references) | |
Austria | EU legislation is expected to take effect in 2002. An estimated 60 percent of women between the ages of 15 and 60 are in the labor force; however, a report published by the European Commission in July found that women in the country on average earn 31 percent less than men. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Lithuania | Both laws comply with European Union directives. (references) |
Greece | Three free trade zones operate according to European Union regulations. (references) | |
Nigeria | Other European countries deported smaller numbers of Nigerian trafficking victims. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | RIGHTEOUSNESS, n. A sturdy virtue that was once found among the Pantidoodles inhabiting the lower part of the peninsula of Oque. Some feeble attempts were made by returned missionaries to introduce it into several European countries, but it appears to have been imperfectly expounded. An example of this faulty exposition is found in the only extant sermon of the pious Bishop Rowley, a characteristic passage from which is here given: "Now righteousness consisteth not merely in a holy state of mind, nor yet in performance of religious rites and obedience to the letter of the law. It is not enough that one be pious and just: one must see to it that others also are in the same state; and to this end compulsion is a proper means. Forasmuch as my injustice may work ill to another, so by his injustice may evil be wrought upon still another, the which it is as manifestly my duty to estop as to forestall mine own tort. Wherefore if I would be righteous I am bound to restrain my neighbor, by force if needful, in all those injurious enterprises from which, through a better disposition and by the help of Heaven, I do myself restrain." |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Dennis Miller | Hey Yasser, stop buying explosives with European money and wearing a map of Israel on your headscarf. |
King Constantine of Greece | Well, at the moment, I'm in the courts with the Greek government, because they have made every effort to take away my home, and I've been fighting that in the European court of human rights. |
Rush Limbaugh | While the American liberals are blaming Bush for the American drought, the European liberals are blaming all the rain over in Czechoslovakia and Germany on Bush because he didn't sign the Kyoto Treaty. |
Samantha Geimer | Oh, right, he photographed me topless. He'd seen me topless. I just was thinking, well this is very European, it must be all right. |
Walter Cronkite | I know they were. But look what happened, we turned Europe into a viable organization and indeed, by so doing, fostered the European Union even now. Elimination, almost, of a danger war in that area. But we've got to do this now in the Middle East. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | With all the other European powers with whom the United States have formed diplomatic relations and with the Sublime Porte the best understanding prevails. |
James K. Polk | 1845-1849 | A national debt has become almost an institution of European monarchies. |
Franklin Pierce | 1853-1857 | Of the complicated European systems of national polity we have heretofore been independent. |
Ulysses S. Grant | 1869-1877 | Under our Republic we support an army less than that of any European power of any standing and a navy less than that of either of at least five of them. |
Calvin Coolidge | 1923-1929 | Realizing that we can not live unto ourselves alone, we have contributed of our resources and our counsel to the relief of the suffering and the settlement of the disputes among the European nations. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | But the greatest challenge of all is posed by the growth of the European Common Market. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | This European policy is not based on any abstract design. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | Today it produces two-thirds of the world's oil exports, providing most of the energy needs of our European allies and Japan. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Over the past several decades, West European and other social democrats, Christian democrats, and leaders have offered open assistance to fraternal, political, and social institutions to bring about peaceful and democratic progress. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | It's designed to protect American and European interests and sustain NATO's defense strategy. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "European" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 94.48% of the time. "European" is used about 16,435 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 94.48% | 15,528 | 601 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.54% | 582 | 10,884 |
| Noun (singular) | 1.98% | 325 | 15,961 |
| Total | 100.00% | 16,435 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| France | European Cargo Services | Germany | European Capital Beteiligungen (ECB) AG |
| Greece | European Technical SA | Netherlands | European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV |
| Switzerland | European Semiconductor Equipment Center Holdings A.G. | United Kingdom | 3i European Technology Trust PLC |
| USA | Central European Distribution Corp. | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "European": Agency for European Folk High School Work ♦ Association of European Astronauts ♦ central european time ♦ Committee of European Securities Regulators ♦ common European ash ♦ common European dogwood ♦ common European earwig ♦ common European jay ♦ Conference on European Post and Telegraph ♦ Council of European Municipalities ♦ digital European Cordless Telecommunications ♦ digital European cordless telecommunications system ♦ european Academic and Research Network ♦ european ash ♦ European Association of Poison Control Centers ♦ european barberry ♦ European basket of currencies ♦ european bean ♦ european beech ♦ european bird cherry ♦ european bittern ♦ European bitterness unit ♦ european black alder ♦ european black currant ♦ european black grouse ♦ european blackbird ♦ European Blueberry ♦ european bog asphodel ♦ european box ♦ european bream ♦ European Broadcasting Union ♦ european brooklime ♦ european brown bat ♦ European Card for Substantially Handicapped Persons ♦ european catfish ♦ european Central Bank ♦ european championship ♦ european chestnut ♦ European Coal and Steel Community ♦ european community ♦ European Community Humanitarian Office ♦ European concert ♦ European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations ♦ european continent ♦ European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes ♦ european corn borer ♦ european country ♦ european cranberry ♦ european cranberry bush ♦ european cranberrybush ♦ european creeper ♦ european cuckoo ♦ european curlew ♦ European Declaration System ♦ european dewberry ♦ European divisional application ♦ european dogtooth ♦ european dune grass ♦ european economic community ♦ european elder ♦ European Electronic Industry EDI Association ♦ european elk ♦ european elm ♦ European Federation for Inland Water Transport ♦ European ferret ♦ european field elm ♦ european fire salamander ♦ European firearms pass ♦ european flatfish ♦ european fly honeysuckle ♦ european food ♦ european free trade association ♦ european fund ♦ european gallinule ♦ european goatsucker ♦ european hackberry ♦ european hare ♦ european highway ♦ european honeysuckle ♦ european hop ♦ european hornbeam ♦ european house cricket ♦ European Information Researchers Network ♦ european ladies' tresses ♦ European Land Ocean Interaction Studies ♦ european larch ♦ european lemming ♦ european lobster ♦ European Local Area Network ♦ European lotus ♦ european magpie ♦ European Monetary Agreement ♦ european monetary system ♦ european mountain ash ♦ european nation ♦ European Network on MEdical Radiographic Equipment CHaracterisation ♦ european nightjar ♦ European Norms ♦ european nut pine ♦ european nuthatch ♦ european olive tree. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "European": european-american, european-atlantic, european-based, european-born, european-built, european-centred, european-consortium, european-free, european-led, european-level, european-made, european-minded, european-ness, european-north, european-owned, european-sized, european-standard, european-style, european-trained, european-type, european-wide. | |
Ending with "European": all-european, anti-european, central-european, extra-european, intra-european, mid-european, non-european, pro-european, trans-european, us-european, west-european. | |
Containing "European": american-european-british, Indo-European language. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
european natural wig | 33,529 | european dream | 126 |
european union | 2,138 | european patent office | 125 |
european vacation | 1,097 | european holiday | 124 |
european | 631 | european country | 118 |
european tour | 617 | european soccer | 111 |
european history | 519 | european space agency | 106 |
european car | 423 | dream.com european | 106 |
european cruise | 391 | british european | 102 |
european train | 384 | european community | 96 |
european travel | 369 | vacation european package | 95 |
european map | 271 | european river cruise | 94 |
european car magazine | 223 | cheap european flight | 87 |
european rail travel | 220 | european airfare | 85 |
european commission | 212 | european parliament | 83 |
european furniture | 204 | european porn | 82 |
european train travel | 196 | european centerfold | 81 |
european airline | 178 | european sex | 80 |
european flight | 147 | european girl | 79 |
european central bank | 132 | european weather | 79 |
european car rental | 129 | european woman | 78 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "European"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | witmens (white, white man), Europees, Europeaan, blanke (white, white man). (various references) | |
Albanian | evropian. (various references) | |
Arabic | أوروبية, أوروبى. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | европейски (transatlantic), европеец. (various references) | |
Chinese | 歐洲人 , 歐洲 (Europe), 欧洲 (Euro, Europe). (various references) | |
Czech | evropský (continental). (various references) | |
Danish | europæer. (various references) | |
Dutch | Europeaan (white man), blanke (white man). (various references) | |
Esperanto | eŭropano, eŭropa, blankulo (white man). (various references) | |
Farsi | فرنگی , اروپاءی . (various references) | |
Finnish | eurooppalainen. (various references) | |
French | européen (europeans). (various references) | |
Frisian | Europeesk. (various references) | |
German | europäer (europeans, white man), europäisch (continental, overseas). (various references) | |
Greek | Ευρωπαίος, ευρωπαϊκόσ (continental), ευρωπαϊκός, ευρωπαίοσ. (various references) | |
Hawaiian | evropian. (various references) | |
Hebrew | אירופי. (various references) | |
Hungarian | európai (continental). (various references) | |
Icelandic | Evrópumaður, evrópskur. (various references) | |
Indonesian | dido (frenchman). (various references) | |
Italian | europeo. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 欧文 (European language, foreign text), イースター島 (ear-ring, easel, east, East Coast, East End, East Side, Easter Island, eastern grip, Eastern League, EU, European Union, even, even par, evil, Goteborg, Gothenburg, Iran-Iraq, Jesus, Jesus Christ, yeast, yellow, yes, yes-man), 啓蒙思想 (the philosophy of the European Enlightenment), 横文字 (cross-wise writing, European writing), 南蛮船 (the early European ships), 東欧諸国 (Eastern European countries), 日欧 (Japan and Europe, Japanese-European), 欧州委員会 (European Commission), 欧州共同体 (European Community), 欧州版 (European edition), 欧州諸国 (European countries), アンモニア水 (ammonia water, ammonium, aqueous ammonia, eagle, Easter, easy, easy care, easy going, easy listening music, easy order, easy payment, EC, ether, etherboard, Ethernet, European Community, loose-fitting pants with an elastic or drawcord waist, routine fly ball, unlock, unlucky, unmoral), 欧州通貨単位 (ECU, European Currency Unit), 西欧諸国 (West European countries), 欧風 (European style, Occidental), 欧露 (European Russia), ユーコン准州 (eugenics, eunos, euphemism, European television satellite, Eutelsat, euthanasia, euthanasie, humor, submarine, U-boat, UFO, ufology, unidentified flying object, usance, usance bill, used car, user, user interface, user-friendly, users, utility, utility program, utility room, utopia, U-turn, youth, youth hostel, youth market, Yugoslavia, Yukon Territory), ユーモアの感覚 (a sense of humor, Eurailpass, EURATOM, eureka, euro, Euro-, Eurobank, Eurocommunism, Eurocrat, Eurocurrency, Eurodollar, Euromoney, Euronet, European Atomic Energy Community, europium, Europort, Eurosocialism, Eurovision, humoresque, humorist, humorous, Israel, Judea, Utah), ヨーロッパ栗 (European chestnut), ヨーロッパ機械翻訳協会 (EAMT, The European Association for Machine Translation), ヨーロッパ李 (common European plum, European plan, yoga), ヨーロッパ駒鳥 (European robin), ヨーロッパ議会 (European Parliament), 北欧人 (Norsemen, Northern European, Scandinavian), 欧州連合 (European Union). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ヨーロッパぐり (European chestnut), けいもうしそう (the philosophy of the European Enlightenment), よこもじ (cross-wise writing, European writing), イーシー (EC, European Community), イーユー (EU, European Union), せいおうしょこく (West European countries), にちおう (Japan and Europe, Japanese-European), ほくおうじん (Norsemen, Northern European, Scandinavian), なんばんせん (the early European ships), ユーラトム (EURATOM, European Atomic Energy Community), ユーテルサット (European television satellite, Eutelsat), とうおうしょこく (Eastern European countries), ヨーロッパこまどり (European robin), おうしゅうきょうどうたい (European Community), ヨーロッパきかいほんやくきょうかい (EAMT, The European Association for Machine Translation), ヨーロッパすもも (common European plum), ヨーロッパぎかい (European Parliament), おうろ (European Russia, outward journey), おうふう (cross wind, European style, Occidental), おうぶん (according to one's abilities, appropriate, European language, foreign text, horizontalwriting, reasonable), おうしゅうれんごう (European Union), おうしゅういいんかい (European Commission), おうしゅうつうかたんい (ECU, European Currency Unit), おうしゅうばん (European edition), おうしゅうしょこく (European countries), ヨーロピアンプラン (European plan). (various references) | |
Korean | 유럽 (Euro, Europe). (various references) | |
Manx | Europagh. (various references) | |
Norwegian | europeer (Eoropean). (various references) | |
Papiamen | oropeo, oropeano. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | europeanay.(various references) | |
Polish | Europejczyk. (various references) | |
Portuguese | europeu (frank). (various references) | |
Romanian | europenesc, european (continental). (various references) | |
Russian | европейский, европеец европейский, европеец (griffin). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | evropski, evropljanin. (various references) | |
Spanish | europeo. (various references) | |
Sranan | yobo (white man), wetiman (white man). (various references) | |
Swahili | Mzungu. (various references) | |
Swedish | europeisk, europé. (various references) | |
Thai | เกี่ยวกับยุโรป, เกี่ยวกัสหภาพยุโรป. (various references) | |
Turkish | avrupa'ya özgü, Avrupali, avrupalı (continental, eur), avrupa (eur, euro-, Europa, Europe). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | європеєць, європейський, білої раси, білий (alabastrine, candid, white, white-skin, whitey). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | tại Châu âu; lan khắp Châu âu, người Châu âu. (various references) | |
Welsh | Ewropeaidd. (various references) | |
Zulu | umlungu (white man). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | cholera, Forficula auricularia. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"European" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: euopean, Europae, Europaei, Europal, Europan, Europanet, Europcar, Europeaney, Europeene, Europia, eurpean. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-e-n-o-p-r-u" | |
-1 letter: eupnoea. | |
-2 letters: eupnea, opener, pereon, reopen. | |
-3 letters: apron, arpen, enure, opera, paeon, pareo, pareu, perea, preen, prone, prune, puree, ranee, rouen, rupee. | |
-4 letters: aeon, aero, aper, earn, erne, euro, nape, neap, near, neep, nope, open, pane, pare, pean, pear, peen, peer, peon, pone, pore, porn, pour, prao, prau, pree, proa, puna, pure, rape, reap. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-e-n-o-p-r-u" | |
+2 letters: supernovae. | |
+3 letters: aponeuroses, counterpane, counterplea, deuteranope, houseparent, neuropteran, pentamerous, preannounce, superweapon. | |
+4 letters: counterpanes, counterpleas, deuteranopes, deuteranopia, deuteranopic, housepainter, houseparents, inoperculate, neuropathies, neuropterans, percutaneous, perpetuation, polyurethane, porcelaneous, preannounced, preannounces, precancerous, precautioned, protuberance, recuperation, superweapons, unchaperoned. | |
+5 letters: counterplayer, deuteranopias, equiponderant, housepainters, inoperculates, perpetuations, pneumatophore, polyurethanes, porcellaneous, premenopausal, pretournament, pronounceable, proteinaceous, protuberances, recuperations, superabounded, superfetation, superordinate, superpersonal, superregional, uncooperative, unperformable. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Sounds | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Company Usage | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Translations: Ancient | 21. Abbreviations 22. Acronyms 23. Derivations 24. Anagrams | 25. Bibliography |
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