Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Domain | Definition |
Medicine | An organism(or a cell)that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Eukaryotes are organisms consisting of one or more eukaryotic cellss, the most distinctive feature of which is the presence of one or more membrane-bound nuclei. Animals, plants, fungi, and various other groups collectively referred to as Protista are all eukaryotes, varying from single-celled organisms to truly multicellular forms, in which different cells are specialized for different tasks and in general do not survive when isolated. In the three-domain system, eukaryotes are treated as one domain, referred to as the Eukaryota or Eukarya. Members of the other two domains, the Bacteria and Archaea, are microorganisms with prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota Typical kingdoms
Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista
Cell structure
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotes, with a difference in volume on the order of a thousand times. The cell includes a variety of different structures, collectively referred to as organelles. The nucleus is characteristically surrounded by a double membrane, with pores allowing materials to pass in and out. It contains the genetic material, which is separated into a series of DNA strands called chromosomes. The remainder of the cell, called the cytosol, is supported by a cytoskeleton.
Tube- and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. This includes regions that are smooth and others that are rough, where some of the ribosomes are attached, rather than all being distributed throughout the cell as in prokaryotes. Proteins synthesized by attached ribosomes enter the ER, and are thereby distributed throughout the cell, generally budding out into vesicles. In most eukaryotes, there is also a Golgi apparatus composed of stacked vesicles where proteins are modified. There may also be various vacuoles and other structures. Collectively these make up the endomembrane system.
Various other structures occur. Aside from a few protists, all eukaryotes have mitochondria, which are involved in catabolism and in particular in using oxygen. Plants and the various lines of algae also have chloroplasts, which conduct photosynthesis. Both of these are believed to represent derived prokaryotic endosymbionts, in the case of chloroplasts probably incorporated at several different times in different groups (see perhaps endosymbiotic hypothesis). Many eukaryotes have flagella or cilia, projections of the cell surface supported by microtubules that are typically motile or sensory. These arise from basal bodies or kinetosomes, which have a characteristic structure, also found in centrioles which in some groups assist in nuclear division. A few other microtubule supported structures are found, such as the axopodia of some amoeboids.
Reproduction
Nuclear division is often coordinated with cell division. This generally takes place by mitosis, a process which allows each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome. In most eukaryotes there is also a process of sexual reproduction, typically involving an alternation between haploid generations, where only one copy of each chromosome is present, and diploid generations, where two are present, occurring through nuclear fusion (syngamy) and meiosis. There is considerable variation in this pattern, however.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Eukaryote."
Crosswords: EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| Specialty definitions using "EUKARYOTIC CELL": Cell Line, Transformed, cytoskeleton. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
eukaryotic cell | 46 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "EUKARYOTIC CELL"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | eukaryot (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote, eukaryotic). (various references) | |
Dutch | eukaryotische cel (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote), eukaryote cel (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukariote, eukaryote), eukaryont (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote), kernhoudende cel (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
Finnish | eukaryootti (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
French | eucaryote (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukariote, eukaryote, eukaryotic), cellule eucaryotique (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote), cellule eucaryote (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
German | Eukaryont (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
Greek | ευκαρυωτικός (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote), ευκαρυωτικό κύτταρο (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
Italian | eucariota (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote, eukaryotic), cellula nucleata (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote, nucleated cell), cellula eucariotica (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 真 細胞 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | し"かくさいぼう. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | eukaryoticay ellcay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | célula eucariota (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote), célula eucariótica (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
Spanish | célula eucariota (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
Swedish | eukaryot cell (eucaryote, eucaryotic cell, eukaryote). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-e-e-i-k-l-l-o-r-t-u-y" | |
-4 letters: cortically, electrical, erotically, eukaryotic, leukocytic. | |
-5 letters: circulate, cockatiel, crucially, electoral, electuary, eucaryote, eukaryote, kilocycle, leukocyte, recollect, urceolate, ureotelic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Crosswords 2. Usage: Commercial 3. Expressions: Internet 4. Translations: Modern | 5. Anagrams 6. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
