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Definition: East |
EastAdjective1. Situated in or facing or moving toward the east. Adverb1. To, toward, or in the east; "we travelled east for several miles". Noun1. The cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees. 2. The countries of Asia. 3. The region of the United States lying north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "east" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Etymology: East \East\, noun. [Old English est, east, Anglo-Saxon e['a]st; akin to Dutch oost, oosten, Old High German ?stan, German ost, osten, Icelandic austr, Swedish ost, Danish ["o]st, ["o]sten, Lithuanian auszra dawn, Latin aurora (for ausosa), Greek, Sanskrit ushas; compare to Sanskrit ush to burn, Latin urere. ????, ???. Cf. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | EAST A Eureka project developing a software engineering platform. (1994-12-07). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Bible | East (1.) The orient (mizrah); the rising of the sun. Thus "the east country" is the country lying to the east of Syria, the Elymais (Zech. 8:7). (2). Properly what is in front of one, or a country that is before or in front of another; the rendering of the word _kedem_. In pointing out the quarters, a Hebrew always looked with his face toward the east. The word _kedem_ is used when the four quarters of the world are described (Gen. 13:14; 28:14); and _mizrah_ when the east only is distinguished from the west (Josh. 11:3; Ps. 50:1; 103:12, etc.). In Gen. 25:6 "eastward" is literally "unto the land of kedem;" i.e., the lands lying east of Palestine, namely, Arabia, Mesopotamia, etc. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire which remained in existence after the fall of the western section. The life of the empire is commonly considered to span AD 395 to 1453. During the thousand years of its existence, it was known simply as the "Roman Empire." The Byzantines considered themselves to be Romans (Rhomaioi) and the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire, although much of its religion, language, and culture was in actuality Greek. Latin remained the official language until the 7th century. Surrounding lands and empires (such as the Persians and Arabs to the east, Europeans to the west, and Russians to the north) called them Roman as well, and it was considered a great insult to refer to the empire as "Greek.", because "Greek" meant "Pagan". The empire was not referred to as "Byzantine" until the 17th century, when historians began to distinguish the medieval entity from the (in reality quite different) ancient empire. This name comes from the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium.
Timeline Byzantine Empire Date Event 330 Constantine I makes Constantinople his capital. 527 Justinian I becomes Emperor. 532-537 Justinian builds the church of Hagia Sophia 1054 The Church in Constantinople breaks with the Church in Rome 1204 Constantinople is captured by crusaders 1261 Constantinople is liberated by the Byzantine emperor Michael Palaeologus. 1453 Ottoman Turks take Constantinople. End of Byzantine Empire
Origin
The division of the Empire began with the Tetrarchy (quadrumvirate) in the late 3rd century AD with Emperor Diocletian, as an institution intended to more efficiently control the vast Roman empire. He split the empire in half, with two emperors ruling from Italy and Greece, each having a co-emperor of their own. This division continued into the 4th century until 324 when Constantine the Great managed to become the sole Emperor of the Empire. Constantine decided to found a new capital for himself and chose Byzantium (today's Istanbul) for that purpose. The rebuilding process was completed in AD 330. Constantine renamed the city Nova Roma (New Rome) but in popular use it was called Constantinople, meaning Constantine's City. This new capital became the centre of his administration. Constantine was also the first Christian emperor. Although the empire was not yet "Byzantine" under Constantine, Christianity would become one of the defining characteristics of the Byzantine Empire, as opposed to the pagan Roman Empire.Another defining moment in the history of Roman/Byzantine Empire was the Battle of Adrianople in 378. This defeat, along with the death of Emperor Valens, is one possible date for dividing the ancient and medieval worlds. The Roman empire was divided further by Valens' successor Theodosius I (also called "the great"), who had ruled both beginning in 392. In 395 he gave the two halves to his two sons Arcadius and Honorius; Arcadius became ruler in the East, with his capital in Constantinople, and Honorius became ruler in the west, with his capital in Milan. At this point it is common to refer to the empire as "Eastern Roman" rather than "Byzantine."
Byzantine Imperial eagle Culture
Although the empire was still considered Roman, in reality the general prevailing cultural identity of the Eastern Roman Empire was Greek. Greek was not only the everyday language, but also the language of the church, of the literature and of all commercial transactions. The empire was a multinational state, including Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Egyptians, Syrians, Illyrians, and Slavs, but its Greek culture radiated from large centers of Hellenism such as Constantinople, Antioch, Ephesus, Thessalonika and Alexandria. Though it was not as pronounced at this time, the Eastern Empire was developing its own style of Christianity, under such scholars as John Chrysostom.
Early History
The Eastern Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries, in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome. Throughout the 5th century various invasions conquered the western half of the empire, but at best could only demand tribute from the eastern half. Theodosius II expanded the walls of Constantinople, leaving the city impenetrable to "barbarian" attacks. Zeno I ruled the east as the empire in the west finally collapsed in 476. Zeno negotiated with the Goths, ending their threats to the east but leaving them in control of the west.The 6th century saw the beginning of the conflicts with the Byzantine Empire's traditional early enemies, the Persians, Slavs, and Bulgars. Theological crises, such as the question of Monophysitism, also dominated the empire. However, the Eastern Empire had not forgotten its western roots. Under Justinian I, and the brilliant general Belisarius, the empire even regained some of the lost Roman provinces in the west, conquering much of Italy, north Africa, and Spain. Justinian updated the ancient Roman legal code in the new Corpus Juris Civilis, although it is notable that these laws were still written in Latin, a language which was becoming archaic and poorly understood even by those who wrote the new code. Under Justinian's reign, the Church of Hagia Sophia was constructed in the 530s. This church would become the centre of Byzantine religious life and the centre of the still-developing Eastern Orthodox form of Christianity.
Justinian left his successors an empty treasury, however, and they were unable to deal with the sudden appearance of new invaders on all fronts. The Lombards seized Northern Italy, the Slavs overwhelmed much of the Balkans, and the Persians invaded and conqured the eastern provinces. These were recovered by the emperor Heraclius, but the unexpected appearance of the newly converted and united Muslim Arabs took Heraclius by surprise, and the southern provinces were all overrun. Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt were permanently incorporated into the Muslim Empire in the 7th century.
Hellenizing Era
What the empire lost in territory, though, it made up in uniformity. Heraclius fully Hellenized the empire by making Greek the official language, and he took the title Basileus ("king") instead of the old Roman term Augustus. The empire was by now noticeably different in religion than the former imperial lands in western Europe, although the southern Byzantine provinces differed significantly from the north in culture and practiced monophysite (rather than Orthodox) Christianity. The loss of the southern provinces to the Arabs made Orthodoxy stronger in the remaining provinces. Heraclius divided the empire into a system of military provinces called themes to face permanent assault, with urban life declining outside the capital while Constantinople grew to become the largest city in the world. Attempts by the Arabs to conquer Constantinople failed in the face of the Byzantines' superior navy and their monopoly of the still mysterious incendiary weapon Greek fire. After repelling the initial Arab assault, the empire began to recover.The 8th century was dominated by the controversy over iconoclasm. Icons were banned by Emperor Leo III, leading to revolts by iconophiles within the empire. Thanks to the efforts of Empress Irene, the Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 and affirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshipped. Irene also attempted a marriage alliance with Charlemagne, which would have united the two empires, but these plans came to nothing. The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century, but they were restored once more in 843. These controversies did not help the disintegrating relations with the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire, which were both beginning to gain more power of their own.
Golden Era
The empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these years the Empire held out against pressure from the Roman church to remove the patriarch Photius, and gained control over the Adriatic Sea, parts of Italy, and much of the land held by the Bulgarians. The Bulgarians were completely defeated by Basil II in 1014. The Empire also gained a new ally (yet sometimes also an enemy) in the new Russian state in Kiev, from which the empire received an important mercenary force, the Varangian Guard.Like Rome before it, though, Byzantium soon fell into a period of difficulties, caused to a large extent by the growth of the landed aristocracy, which undermined the theme system. Facing its old enemies, the Holy Roman Empire and the Abbasid caliphate, it might have recovered, but around the same time new invaders appeared on the scene who had little reason to respect its reputation - the Normans, who conquered Italy, and the Seljuk Turks, who were mainly interested in defeating Egypt but still made moves into Asia Minor, the main recruiting ground for the Byzantine armies. With the defeat at Manzikert of emperor Romanus IV in 1071 by Alp Arslan, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, most of that province was lost. The final split between the Roman and Orthodox churches occurred at this time as well, with their mutual excommunication in 1054.
End of Empire
The last few centuries of Byzantine life were brought by a usurper, Alexius Comnenus, who began to reestablish an army on the basis of feudal grants (pronoia) and made significant advances against the Seljuk Turks. His plea for western aid against the Seljuk advance brought about the First Crusade, which helped him reclaim Nicaea but soon distanced itself from imperial aid. Later crusades grew increasingly antagonistic. Although Alexius' grandson Manuel I Comnenus was a friend of the Crusaders, neither side could forget that the other had excommunicated them, and the Byzantines were very suspicious of the intentions of the Roman Catholic Crusaders who continually passed through their territory. The Germans of the Holy Roman Empire and the Normans of Sicily and Italy continued to attack the empire in the 11th and 12th centuries. The Italian city states, who had been granted trading rights in Constantinople by Alexius, became the targets of anti-Western sentiments as the most visibly example of Western "Franks" or "Latins." The Venetians were especially disliked, even though their ships were the basis of the Byzantine navy. To add to the empire's concerns, the Seljuks remained a threat, defeating Manuel at Myriokephalon in 1176.Frederick Barbarossa attempted to conquer the empire during the Third Crusade, but it was the Fourth Crusade that had the most devastating effect on the empire. Although the intent of the crusade was to conquer Egypt, the Venetians took control of the expedition, and under their influence the crusade captured Constantinople in 1204. As a result a short-lived feudal kingdom was founded, (the Latin Empire) and Byzantine power was permanently weakened.
Three Byzantine successor states were left - the Empire of Nicaea, Epirus, and Trebizond. The first, controlled by the Palaeologan dynasty, managed to reclaim Constantinople in 1261 and defeat Epirus, reviving the empire but giving too much attention to Europe when the Asian provinces were the primary concern. For a while the empire survived simply because the Muslims were too divided to attack, but eventually the Ottomans overran all but a handful of port cities. The empire appealed to the west for help, but they would only consider sending aid in return for reuniting the churches. Church unity was considered, and occasionally accomplished by law, but the Orthodox citizens would not accept Roman Catholicism. Some western mercenaries arrived to help, but many preferred to let the empire die, and did nothing as the Ottomans picked apart of the remaining territories.
Constantinople was initially not considered worth the effort of conquest, but with the advent of cannons, the walls, which had been impenetrable except by the Crusaders for over 1000 years, no longer offered protection from the Ottomans. The Fall of Constantinople finally came after a two-year siege by Mehmed II on May 29, 1453. By the end of the century the remaining cities, such as Trebizond and Mistra, had also fallen.
The Byzantine empire played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world. Its most lasting influence, though, lies in its church. Early Byzantine missionary work spread Orthodox Christianity to various Slavic peoples, and it is still predominant among them and the Greeks. The start and end dates of the capital's independence, 395 to 1453, were originally the defined bounds of the Middle Ages.
See also List of Byzantine Empire-related topics, Roman Empire, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Byzantine currency, Byzantine architecture and Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Byzantine Empire."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East is most commonly a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.
East is the direction from which the sun rises at the equinox. It is one of the four cardinal points of the compass, upon which it is considered the opposite of West, and at right angles to North and South.
"The East" is also used to refer to the Eastern United States. See also East Coast.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East Africa is a region generally considered to include the countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Malawi, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Sudan. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "Big 5" of elephant, giraffe, lion, zebra and rhino, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly rhino and elephant.
The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global forces that have created the Great Rift Valley, East Africa is the site of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa.
The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration and exploitation in the nineteenth century.
The current politics of East Africa have brought little joy to the inhabitants. Most governments are illiberal and corrupt, and poor policies have repressed the undoubted natural potential of the region and its people. Poverty is endemic, and the area is ravaged by AIDS in many regions.
Tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Africa."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East Asia is a subregion of Asia. It includes the following territories:
The history of East Asia, as well as parts of Southeast Asia, is heavily influenced by and intertwined with that of China. For example, all East Asian countries, except Mongolia, have been using Chinese characters. These nations, which have closely related writing systems, are collectively referred to as CJK. Nevertheless, Mongolians participated in the Chinese politics in the Yuan Dynasty of China.
- Japan
- Korea
- North Korea
- South Korea
- Mongolia
- People's Republic of China: Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau
- Republic of China: Taiwan, Quemoy, and Matsu
The Asian parts of Russia are sometimes included in this category, and one region of Russia is in fact known as the Russian Far East.
Other subregions of Asia
- Southeast Asia
- South Asia (Indian Subcontinent)
- Central Asia
- West Asia (Middle East)
- North Asia (Siberia)
See also
- History of East Asia (a small index)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Asia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East Berlin consisted of the Soviet Sector of Berlin and was part of, and the capital of East Germany. From August 13, 1961 until November 9, 1989 it was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. The East Germans called East Berlin just 'Berlin' or sometimes 'Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR' (Berlin, capital of the GDR).
East Berlin comprised the boroughs of
On October 3, 1990 West Germany and East Germany were united, thus formally ending the existence of East Berlin.
- Friedrichshain
- Hellersdorf
- Hohenschönhausen
- Köpenick
- Lichtenberg
- Marzahn
- Mitte
- Pankow
- Prenzlauer Berg
- Treptow
- Weissensee
- Berlin Photos 1989-1999
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Berlin."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
"The East Coast" is a term referencing the Easternmost coastal states in the United States of America.The term has been embraced by the rap music community in a sense of regional loyalty. There is often animosity and violence between rappers from the two coasts of America.
See also: West Coast of the United States
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Coast of the United States."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist satellite state of the former Soviet Union which, together with West Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990 in Germany.
Deutsche Demokratische Republik
(In Detail) (Full size) National motto: none'' Official language German Capital East Berlin Area 108,333 km² Population
- Total (1989)
- Density17,000,000
154/km²Constitution October 7, 1949 Currency 1 Mark (Ostmark) = 100 Pfennig Time zone UTC +1 National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Risen from ruins) Calling Code 37 Ex-ISO 3166-1 DD ISO 3166-3 DDDE
History
Main articles: History of East Germany, History of GermanyDuring World War II, at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, the victorious countries France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union decided to divide Germany into four parts. Each country controlled a part of former Germany.
East Germany was situated in the center of territory that once belonged to Germany, the place was known historically as "Mitteldeutschland" (Middle Germany). In the face of the German defeat, the victors decided at the Yalta Conference that post-war borders of Poland will be moved westwards to the Oder-Neisse line, just as Soviet borders were also moved westward into former Polish territory. Middle Germany thus became the new East Germany or the GDR (DDR in German).
When in 1949 the three sectors controlled by the United States, the United Kingdom and France united and formed the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") the Soviet part was made its own country, the German Democratic Republic, or "East Germany". East Germany was heavily under the influence of the Soviet Union, becoming a Stalinist-style socialist country, and part of the Warsaw Pact. The first leader of the new state was Walter Ulbricht. The East German Constitution defined the country as "a Republic of Workers and Peasants".
On June 17, 1953, following a decree by the state that all production quotas were to be raised by 10%, German workers demonstrated in East Berlin and other industrial centers demanding free elections. Later that day, Soviet troops and tanks suppressed the demonstrations with the loss of a few hundred lives. [1] See Straße des 17. Juni and Workers Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
Just as Germany was divided after the war, Berlin, the former capital, of Germany was divided into four sectors. Since Berlin was entirely enclosed in the Soviet part of Germany, the areas of Berlin being held under the control of the three western countries soon became known as West Berlin. Conflict over the status of West Berlin led to the Berlin Airlift.
The increasing prosperity of West Germany and growing political oppression in the East led large numbers of East Germans to flee to the West. The increasing depopulation in the GDR caused the political leadership to order the borders closed, with fences, turrets, dogs and most of all huge walls which included the Berlin Wall, in 1961. The Stasi spied extensively on the citizens to suppress dissenters.
Competition with the West was carried also on the sport level. East German athletes were sure winners in several Olympic disciplines. Of special interest was the only football match ever between West and East Germany: In the world championship of 1974, which took place in West Germany, East beat West 1-0. West Germany, though, won the tournament.
When East Germany closed the western borders, it also literally enclosed West Berlin within a huge wall, the Berlin Wall. Travel was greatly restricted into, and particularly out of, East Germany. Many who had come to East Germany as anti-fascistss who were opposed to the quick reinstatement of Nazi functionaries and industry in the west found themselves captives of a dogmatic and economically weak state which, alone, was forced to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. In 1971, Erich Honecker overthrew Ulbricht in a technical coup. Despite the inefficiencies of Communism, East Germany was generally regarded as the most economically advanced of the Warsaw Pact.
Before the 1970s, the official position of West Germany was that of the Hallstein Doctrine which involved non-recognition of East Germany. In the early 1970s, Ostpolitik led by Willy Brandt led to mutual recognition between East and West Germany.
In August 1989 Hungary removed its border restrictions and many people fled East Germany by crossing the "green" border into Hungary and then on to Austria and West Germany. Many others peacefully demonstrated against the ruling party. These demonstrations eventually forced the resignation of Honecker; in October he was replaced, albeit briefly, by Egon Krenz.
On November 9th, 1989 the Berlin Wall fell and with it the whole socialist system of East Germany. Although there were some small attempts to create a non-socialist East Germany, these were soon overwhelmed by calls for reunification with West Germany. After some negotiations (2+4 Talks, involving the two Germanies and the victory powers United States, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union), conditions for German reunification were agreed on. Thus, on October 3rd 1990 the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the European Union as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany.
To this day, there remain many differences between the formerly "eastern" and "western" parts of Germany (e.g. in lifestyle, wealth, political beliefs and such) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly; one would hesitate however to contend it is greater than say that between a southern Bavarian and a Hamburg resident. In this new Germany the economic chasm is greater than in the former West Germany, and much greater than in the former East Germany. Unemployment and long term poverty have led sometimes to an uncomfortable reawakening of nationalist and neofascist sentiments.
The costs of German reunification have greatly slowed the German economy.
Politics
Main article: Politics of East GermanyThe equivalent of the Communist Party in the GDR was the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SED), which along with other parties, was part of the National Front of Democratic Germany. It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet controlled zone, although the SPD remained a separate party in East Berlin. Following reunification, the SED was renamed the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).
The other parties were:
These parties put up a joint slate for elections to the Volkskammer (East German Parliament).
- Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU), merged with the West-German CDU after reunification
- Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democatic Party of Germany, LDPD), merged with the West-German FDP after reunification
- Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany, NDPD)
- Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany, DBD)
Politicians of note in the GDR included
See also: Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend or FDJ)
- Erich Honecker
- Erich Mielke
- Egon Krenz
- Gregor Gysi
- Günter Schabowski
- Hans Modrow, last socialist leader
- Lothar de Maiziere
- Robert Havemann
- Walter Ulbricht
- Wilhelm Pieck
- Willy Stoph
Subdivisions
Main article: Subdivisions of East GermanyIn 1952, the Länder of East Germany were abolished, and the GDR was divided into Bezirke (districts), each named after the largest city: Rostock; Schwerin; Neubrandenburg; Magdeburg; Potsdam; Berlin; Frankfurt (Oder); Cottbus; Halle; Erfurt; Leipzig; Dresden; Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz); Gera; Suhl
Geography
Main article: Geography of East Germany
Economy
Main article: Economy of East Germany
Holidays Date English Name Local Name Remarks 01 January New Year's Day Good Friday Whit Monday 01 May May Day 07 October Republic Day 25 December Christmas Day 26 December Boxing Day
Miscellaneous topics
- Constitution and national holiday: October 7, 1949
- Highest point: Fichtelberg (1,214 m)
External links
Countries of the world | Europe
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Germany."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East of England is one of the regions of England. Its population in mid-2000 was estimated at 5,459,600. It is divided into the following local government areas:
Counties
See Counties of England
- Bedfordshire
- Cambridgeshire
- Essex
- Hertfordshire
- Norfolk
- Suffolk
Unitary Authority Areas
See Unitary authorities in England
- Luton -- formerly part of Bedfordshire
- Peterborough -- formerly part of Cambridgeshire
- Southend-on-Sea -- formerly part of Essex
- Thurrock -- formerly part of Essex
External links
- Statistics
- Government Office for the East of England - GO-East
- East of England Development Agency - EEDA
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East of England."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
East Prussia (German: Ostpreußen; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия - Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, Warmia (a part of former province of Royal Prussia) was included into East Prussia. On January 31, 1773 King Friedrich II announced that the newly annexed lands were to be known as "Westpreußen" (West Prussia) and the old Duchy of Prussia were to be known as "Ostpreußen" (East Prussia).
Along with the rest of Prussia, East Prussia, became part of the German Empire at its creation in 1871. After World War I until World War II, East Prussia became an exclave of Germany, created as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, when parts of the province of West Prussia (former Royal Prussia) were given to Poland creating the Pomeranian Voivodship or so called Polish Corridor.
East Prussia was located along the south-east corner of the Baltic Sea. Its capital was Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). The northern part of East Prussia corresponds today to Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast, the southern parts form Poland's Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodship.
In 1875 the ethnic make up of East Prussia was 73.48% German, 18.39% Polish, and 8.11% Lithuanian (according to "Slownik geograficzny Krolestwa Polskiego"). The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious make up of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews.
During the World War II, the province was extended (see Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany). In 1939, East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants. Many were killed in the war. The German population of East Prussia – like the Germans of Gdansk, Pomerania and Silesia -- either fled or were expropriated and expelled in 1944-49 by the occupying Soviets. In the process, hundreds of thousands lost their lives. To replace the removed population, Russians, Belorussians and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part and Sambia and Polish refugees from former eastern parts of Poland were settled in Warmia i Mazury.
Further reading
Publications in German
- B. Schumacher, Geschichte Ost- und Westpreussens, Wurzburg 1959
Publications in Polish
- K. Piwarski, Dzieje Prus Wschodnich w czasach nowożytnych, Gdańsk 1946
- Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. I-IV, Poznań 1969-2003 (also covers East Prussia)
- collective work, Szkice z dziejów Pomorza, vol. 1-3, Warszawa 1958-61
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Prussia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Eastern Orthodox Christianity (or "Eastern Orthodoxy") refers primarily to church traditions descending from the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium. The church of Rome, the Roman Catholic Church, represents the "Western" tradition. The formal division of the Church into separate Eastern and Western churches is regarded as having occurred in 1054 in what is known as the Great Schism. Both churches claim to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, and reject the other's claim to this title. The designation "Orthodox" reflects the additional claim of the Eastern church to have retained unchanged the original church traditions of teaching and worship. "Catholic" meanwhile reflects the claim by church leaders who are in communion with Rome to an all encompassing authority on christian matters.
The "Eastern" churches with the largest number of adherents, according to the primary and narrow sense of "Eastern Orthodox," are the Russian and the Greek Orthodox. As English speakers in the West sometimes use the term, however, "Eastern Orthodoxy" is meant to include the "Oriental Orthodox" churches. These were established many centuries prior to the Great Schism and in fundamental aspects are as dissimilar from the narrowly defined "Eastern Orthodox" churches as they are from the Roman Catholic Church. Oriental Orthodox churches include the (arguably) "monophysite" Coptic Church. The "Nestorian" Assyrian also often is included among this group, though it does not belong to the Oriental Orthodox Communion.
Eastern Orthodoxy traces continuous apostolic succession back to the five major centers of Christianity in the early church: Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople.
The primary causes of their differences with Rome include the Filioque clause, papal claims to complete authority over all Christians, and other doctrinal and liturgic innovations of Rome. Catholics introduced other dogmas later that Eastern Orthodoxy also considers heretical, among them papal infallibility, the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary and purgatory. Catholics consider the Eastern Orthodox to be schismatics; the Eastern Orthodox consider Catholics to be both schismatics and heretics.
The various churches of the Eastern Orthodox Communion are not wholly independent but exist in full communion with one another. The Oriental Orthodox Churches are not members of this communion, nor are groups such as the Old Believers or the Greek Old Calendarists.
History
From its founding the church spread quickly throughout most of the Roman Empire, despite much official opposition. Widespread, organized persecution finally stopped in 311 when Emperor Constantine I so ordered it in the Edict of Milan. From that time forward, the Byzantine emperor exerted various degrees of influence in the church. Sometimes this was seen as positive, as in the calling of the Ecumenical Councils to resolve disputes and establish church dogma on which the entire church would agree. Sometimes this was seen as negative, as when Patriarchs (usually of Constantinople) were deposed by the emperor, or when the emperor sided with the iconoclasts in the eighth and ninth centuries.There were several doctrinal disputes from the 4th century onwards. Some of them led to the calling of Ecumenical councils to try to resolve them. The Church in Egypt (Patriarchate of Alexandria) split into two groups following the Council of Chalcedon (451), owing to a dispute about the relation between the divine and human natures of Christ. Eventually this led to each group having its own Pope. Those that remained in communion with the other patriarchs were called "Melkites" (the king's men, because Constantinople was the city of the emperors), and are today known as the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, led by Pope Petros VII, while those who disagreed with the findings of the Council of Chalcedon are today known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, led by Pope Shenouda III. There was a similar split in Syria. Those who disagreed with the Council of Chalcedon are sometimes called "Oriental Orthodox" to distinguish them from the Eastern Orthodox, who accepted the Council of Chalcedon. The Oriental Orthodox are also sometimes referred to as "monophysites" or "non-Chalcedonians", although today the Coptic Orthodox Church denies that it is monophysite and prefers the term "miaphysite", to denote the "joined" nature of Christ.
An important symbol for the eastern Orthodoxy and its spread north to the Slavic peoples was the construction in the 530s of Hagia Sophia, a most impressive church building in Constantinople, under emperor Justinian I.
In the seventh century the areas covered by the churches of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem were conquered by Muslim Arabs, and the native Christians were treated as second-class citizens. Westerners tend to think of Christianity as dominant in society for a long period of history, but this has definitely not been the case for Christians in three of the five ancient churches, who have been in Muslim-dominated societies for 13 centuries. It was the Muslims who first opposed the Christian use of icons, though many Christians swiftly came to the same conclusion. The use of icons was defended and upheld at the Seventh Ecumenical Council. The end of that council is still celebrated as the "Triumph of Orthodoxy" in Orthodox churches today, and icons remain a central part of Orthodox faith and practice.
In the ninth and tenth centuries, Orthodoxy made great inroads into Eastern Europe and Russia. This work was made possible by the work of Saints Cyril and Methodius, who translated the Bible and many of the prayer books into Slavonic. They found themselves competing with missionaries from the Roman diocese in places like Moravia and Bulgaria. After being driven out of Moravia, they were later welcomed in Bulgaria, in part because they prayed in the people's native language rather than in Latin, as the Roman priests did. Today the Russian Orthodox Church, in spite of 70 years of persecution under the atheistic government of the USSR, is the largest of the Orthodox Churches.
In the 11th century the Great Schism took place between Rome and Constantinople, which led to the Church of the West, the Roman Catholic Church, to become distinct from the Churches of the East, although, in practice, contacts were maintained informally for many years. There were doctrinal issues like the filioque clause and the authority of the Pope involved in the split, but they were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences. The final breach is often considered to have arisen as a result of the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The split was between the Greek East and the Latin West.
To further exacerbate matters, the Fourth Crusade had the Latin Church directly involved in a military assault against the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, and the Orthodox Patriarchate thereof. The sacking of the Church of Holy Wisdom and establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204 is viewed with some rancor to the present day.
In 1453, the Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottoman Turks. By this time Egypt was also under Muslim control, but Orthodoxy was very strong in Russia; and so Moscow, coined the Third Rome, became the new center of the church at that time.
Structure / Organization
Bishops, priests and deacons
Since its founding, the Church spread to different places, and the leaders of the Church in each place came to be known as episkopi (overseer), which became "bishop" in English. The other ordained roles are presbyter (elder), which become "prester" and then "priest" in English, and diakonis (servant), which became "deacon" in English (see also subdeacon). The bishop of the most important city of a region (Metropolis) was sometimes called a "Metropolitan", and smaller local churches looked to those in large cities for leadership. The East (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern-rite Catholic churches) has always allowed married priests and deacons, provided the marriage takes place before their ordination. If divorced or widowed, priests and deacons are not allowed to remarry unless they also cease being priests or deacons. Bishops are always celibate as they are selected from the ranks of monks (who take a vow of celibacy). Bishops, priests, and deacons have always been men. There was an office of deaconess; these were women that assisted other women in the Christian community. However, they did not receive ordination in the sense that deacons do, nor did they exercise jurisdiction.
Church Jurisdictions
The different Orthodox churches can generally be said to be united in faith and in liturgy, but not in polity. There is no single Pope or similar office that corresponds to the Roman Catholic Pope, nor is there a standing synod of bishops or patriarchs. In general, the church is organized along national and regional lines in hierarchical fashion, with the "top" hierarchs or patriarchs recognizing and remaining in communion with the other patriarchs. From about the fourth century the most important churches were Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. The bishops of Rome and Alexandria had the title "Pope", while those of the other three cities were called "Patriarchs". Today there are approximately 15 separate autocephalous jurisdictions who remain in communion with Constantinople and each other; these are the "canonical" Orthodox Churches. Churches which call themselves Orthodox but are not in communion with these are termed "non-canonical" Orthodox Churches.Orthodox Christians believe that they have preserved apostolic succession from the first Apostles. While Rome traces its papacy back to the Apostle Peter, Alexandria, for example, traces its papacy back to Mark the Evangelist, who founded the church in Alexandria in AD 40. (In Alexandria, two primates call themselves "Pope" and claim to be the successor of the apostle Mark: the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria, also called the "Pope of Africa", and the Coptic Pope. Those two lines of succession separated from each other in a schism in AD 451. Roman Catholics also have a high-ranking bishop called the "Patriarch of Alexandria" in that city, but he does not claim the title of "Pope".)
Orthodoxy in North America
The Russian Orthodox Church sent missionaries to Alaska beginning in the 18th century. Among the first was St. Herman of Alaska. This established missionary precedence for the Russian Orthodox Church in the Americas, and Eastern Orthodox Christians were under the omophor (Church authority and protection) of The Patriarch of Moscow. The Russian Orthodox Church was devastated by the Bolshevik Revolution. One side effect was the flood of refugees from Russia to the United States, Canada and Europe. Among those who came were Orthodox lay people, deacons, priests and bishops. In 1920 Patriarch Tikhon issued an ukase (decree) that Orthodox Christians under his leadership but outside of Russia should seek refuge with whatever Orthodox jurisdiction that would shield them from Communist control. The various national Orthodox communities thus were permitted as an emergency measure to look towards their immigrant homelands for ecclesiastic leadership rather than be tied to Russia. Some of the Russian Orthodox remained in communion with Moscow and were granted autocephaly in 1970 as the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). However, recognition of this autocephalic status is not universal, as the Ecumenical Patriarch (under whom is the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America [1]) and some other jurisdictions have not officially accepted it. The reasons for this are complex; nevertheless the Ecumenical Patriarch and the other jurisdictions remain in communion with the OCA.
Today there are many Orthodox churches in the United States and Canada that are still bound to the Greek, Antiochian, or other overseas jurisdiction; in some cases these different overseas jurisdictions will have churches in the same U.S. city. However, there are also many "panorthodox" activities and organizations, both formal and informal, among Orthdox believers of all jurisdictions. One such organization is SCOBA, the Standing Conference of Orthodox Bishops in America, which is comprised of North American Orthodox bishops from all jurisdictions.
There is a general acknowledgment that the situation should not continue as it is indefinitely, and that at some point all the Orthodox churches in the U.S. will need to be united under a single Metropolitan or Patriarch. There is also a general acknowledgment that this can be taken care of slowly over time. In June of 2002, the Antiochian Orthodox Church granted autonomy to the Antiochian Archdiocese of North America. Some observers see this as a step towards greater organizational unity in North America. (Note that this future American Orthodox Church will be a church of Americans, for people who consider themselves Americans and speak primarily or only the English or Spanish languages; people who retain their original nationality and/or whose primary language is not English will most likely remain members of their churches, and their churches' activities will continue).
Theology
General flavor and phronema
In general, the Eastern Orthdox approach to scriptural interpretation and theology is patristic. That means that every effort is made to continue believing and practicing the same theology that Christ gave to the Apostles and that the Apostles gave to the early Church Fathers. Theological innovation is always met with suspicion; if an idea is truly different than what the Church has always believed and taught, it is likely heretical. It is acceptable to elaborate and more fully explain traditional theology, however. The last major theological milestone took place in the 14th century at the Hesychast Councils. There, St. Gregory Palamas explained how God can be both utterly transcendent, yet make himself known to men.Phronema refers to how something "smells" or "feels". The Western church (i.e. Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) generally has a legal flavor to much of its theology. Sin is understood primarily as a legal violation, and salvation is legal forgiveness for the legal offenses. Also, the West tends to first look at God in his unity, then in his three persons. The Eastern church generally has a much more relational flavor. Sin leads to relational separation from God, and repentance involves restoring the relationships between the penitent and God, and between the penitent and humanity. God is viewed first as three persons in perfect relationship with each other, then as a unity sharing a single divine essence. The doctrine of the Trinity is the basis for most if not all of Eastern Orthodox theology.
It should perhaps also be mentioned that the Western churches have been especially influenced by Augustine and, to a lesser extent, Tertullian. Although Augustine was an early church father, writing in the fourth century, he had very little influence in the East. First of all, he wrote in Latin rather than Greek. At the time, Latin was commonly spoken in the West, but Greek was the main language of the Byzantine Empire. His writings weren't translated to Greek until the fourteenth century. Consequently, Western doctrines that are based on Augustine's views are typically not shared by the East. Eastern theologians tended to rely more on Greek philosophers than did the west, often borrowing their categories and vocabulary to explain Christian doctrine. In the first few centuries after the fall of Rome, knowledge of Greek in the West dropped considerably, and so the Western church was generally less aware of the Greek philosophers. These gradual differences contributed to the growing gap between the Eastern and Western churches.
Asceticism and Theosis
Asceticism is the set of disciplines practiced to work out the believer's salvation, and further the believer's repentance. Ultimately, it is believed, salvation comes only by the grace of God, but God's grace and right belief are expected to produce changes in behaviour. Changes in behaviour can also influence beliefs. Asceticism can include anything from taking part in prayers with the church, fasting, almsgiving, or even working hard not to lose one's temper or similar acts of restraint and self-control. Corporate prayers are generally prayed as a "liturgy", which literally means a "work of the people." One prayer that is very widely used and is the subject of much discussion of spirituality is the Jesus Prayer.Theosis, or divinization, is the process of becoming more like God and more united with God. It is the goal of the Christian life. It means becoming all that people were originally created to be. It is not something to wait for passively, but something to be taken by force, by hard work done in one's soul.
The four chief activities of the believer are:
- The Mystery of Repentance (or confession)
- The Mystery of the Eucharist
- Fasting
- Almsgiving
Mystery of Repentance
In the earliest days of the Church, Christians confessed their sins to each other publicly, and publicly forgave each other, announcing God's forgiveness. This was possible in part because only believers were meeting together, and they were close-knit communities in which everyone trusted each other. As time went on, and more people came into the Church, some people attending were seekers or catechumens rather than faithful members, and believers began to feel uncomfortable confessing in public. Then the practice developed of members quietly confessing to God (typically in front of an icon of Christ blessing the icon's beholder) in the presence of an elder or priest, who would offer counsel and confirm God's forgiveness. This would take place in the context of a series of prayers said by the priest and penitent together, often including Psalm 51 and other scriptures and prayers. Repentance is essential preparation for receiving the Eucharist.
Mystery of the Eucharist
The Eucharist is at the center of Eastern Orthodoxy. In practice, it is partaking of the bread and wine in the midst of the Divine Liturgy with the rest of the church. The bread and wine are thought to be the genuine Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. The Eastern Orthodox Church has never described exactly how this occurs, or gone into the detail that the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches have in the West. The doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated after the Great Schism took place, and the Eastern church has never formally affirmed or denied it, preferring to state simply that it is a mystery and sacrament. Believers are encouraged to partake regularly, and once a year at the very least. One recent book describing the role of the Eucharist in Eastern Orthodoxy is For the Life of the World by Fr. Alexander Schmemann.
Fasting
The practice of fasting is one of many Jewish practices the earliest Christians kept, and which Orthodox Christians continue to keep to this day. Fasting typically involves abstaining from meat, dairy, and wine rather than abstaining from all food. Seafood and oils are permitted on certain days and weeks of the fast. Thus, on the harshest of days the fasting guidelines resemble vegan vegetarianism with all frying/cooking done simply with water (no oil), and most vegetarian recipes are appropriate during fasts. Monastaries typically have stricter fasting rules. The time and type of fast is generally uniform for all Orthodox Christians living within a particular jurisdiction; the times of fasting are part of the ecclesial calendar. In this way, the whole church fasts together, and the whole church feasts together (when the fast is broken). Young children, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and people with other medical needs are often encouraged not to follow the usual fasting guidelines, but to work out alternatives with their priest or spiritual elder. Also, if someone wishes to follow a stricter fast, they are generally encouraged to do so only under the guidance of their priest or spiritual elder.The major fasting periods are Great Lent (40+ days leading up to Pascha (Easter), the Feast of the Resurrection); Winter Lent (also known as Philip's Fast or Nativity Fast, 40+ days leading up to Christmas or the Feast of the Nativity); about 15 days leading up to the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (the falling asleep of the Virgin Mary) on August 15; the Apostle's Fast, leading up to the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, Prime Apostles; a few other shorter fasts; and on Wednesdays and Fridays during most of the rest of the year. Wednesday fasts are in remembrance of Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus Christ and of the prostitute who anointed Jesus with ointment, and Friday fasts are in remembrance of Christ's crucifixion and death. There is also a complete fast (all food and drink) from the beginning of Sunday (traditionally this is Saturday sundown following Jewish custom, though many parishes observe the beginning of the day at midnight) until after reception of the Holy Eucharist on the same day, and similar fasting before receiving the Eucharist on other days. The exact number of fasting days often varies from year to year, as the dates of various feasts change, but usually more than half of the days in a year are spent in some form of fast. See the Eastern Orthodox section of the liturgical year article.
Fasting without prayer was often called the "fast of demons" by the Church fathers, since the demons neither eat nor pray. Therefore, fasting should always be accompanied by prayer. Also, fasting is connected with almsgiving, since avoiding meat is intended partly to free up money that can then be used to feed the poor and provide for other charitable causes.
Almsgiving
"Almsgiving" refers to any charitable giving of material resources to those in need. Like fasting, it is a practice carried over from Judaism and reinforced by Christ, the authors of the New Testament, and has remained a prominent teaching. It is often coupled with fasting (see above), as consuming less food and less expensive food should free up more resources that can be given. It is also connected to the Eucharist, in which thanks is given for all things, and it is acknowledged that all things ultimately belong to God. Almsgiving is one of the most practical Orthodox Christian practices.
(scattered notes to be fleshed out later, help welcome)
Lutheran Bishops led by Melanchthon sent delegates to the Patriarch of Constantinople to explore ecumenical possibilities, but the discussions went nowhere. Both sides remained cordial and brotherly, but fundamental doctrinal differences came to light, specifically regarding Holy Tradition, The Procession of the Holy Spirit, free will; Divine predestination, justification, The number of sacraments, Baptism by immersion (Orthodox) vs. sprinkling or pouring (Lutheran), and the immediate performance of Chrismation and the giving of the Eucharist to those baptized (Orthodox), the meaning of the change in the Eucharist, and the use of unleavened bread, infallibility of the Church and of the Ecumenical Councils, veneration, feasts, and invocation of saints and their icons and relics, fasts and other ecclesiastical traditions. Ultimately, the dialogue was broken off [1].In the sixteenth century, Pope Gregory I called for a switch to the Gregorian calendar. However, like the Protestants of that time (and till the mid eighteenth century in England), the Orthodox rejected this call, and so remained on the Julian calendar. By far the majority of Orthodox worldwide remain on the Julian Calendar. However, today, many Orthodox, particularly in the West, have switched to a Revised Julian Calendar, which mostly matches the Gregorian Calendar, but places Easter and related feast days (e.g., Ascension, Pentecost) on the same day as does the Julian Calendar. The actual algorithms for calculating the date of Easter used by both calendars are quite complex, as are the algorithms for calculating the Jewish date of Passover. See the external link concerning the calendar for further details.
Eastern Orthodox churches
Autocephalous churches
- Orthodox Church of Constantinople
- Orthodox Church of Alexandria
- Orthodox Church of Antioch
- Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Serb Orthodox Church
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Orthodox Church of Cyprus
- Church of Greece
- Polish Orthodox Church
- Albanian Orthodox Church
- Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church
- Orthodox Church in America
Autonomous Churches
- Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai (under the Patriarch of Jerusalem)
- Finnish Orthodox Church (under the Patriarch of Constantinople)
- Estonian Orthodox Church (under the Patriarch of Constantinople)
- Japanese Orthodox Church (under the Patriarch of Moscow)
- Chinese Orthodox Church (under the Patriarch of Moscow)
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church (under the Patriarch of Moscow)
Churches not in Communion with Constantinople
- Belorussian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
- Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece
- Macedonian Orthodox Church
- Old Believers
- Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
- Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
External Links
Work in progress
These are some things I'd like to see this article cover in greater detail:
I don't know if much should be said about what a Divine Liturgy looks like, or use of the liturgical calendar? Julian, Revised Julian and Gregorian Calendars? I'd love to include statistics on these and other pages about the current size of the various groups and recent growth rates and trends.
- liturgical prayer (in general, Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great)
- Eucharistic theology, in relation to both theosis and dealing with communion issues and heresy
- How evangelism looks
See also:
- liturgical year
- monasticism
- hesychasm
- Christianity
- History of Christianity
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Eastern Orthodoxy."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This is a list of Byzantine Emperors.Note: It is difficult to determine when exactly the Roman Empire ends and the Byzantine Empire begins; the Roman Empire was actually split into eastern and western halves for administrative purposes by Diocletian in 284. Candidates for the "first" Byzantine emperor include Constantine I (the first Christian emperor, who moved the capital to Constantinople), Valens (the Battle of Adrianople (378) is one of the traditional ways to mark the start of the medieval period), Arcadius (as Theodosius I is often considered the last emperor of a single Roman Empire), and Zeno I (as the last western emperor Romulus Augustus was deposed during his reign). Others date the beginning of the Empire even as late as Heraclius (who made Greek the official language), and numismatists note the monetary reforms of Anastasius I in 498, which used the Greek numbering system. Of course, the Byzantines themselves continued to think of their empire as Roman for over a millennium.
Theodosian Dynasty
- Valens, (AD 328-378, ruled 364 - 378)
- Theodosius I the Great, (346-395, ruled 379 - 395)
- Arcadius, (377-408, ruled 395 - 408)
- Theodosius II, (401-450, ruled 408 - 450)
- Marcianus, (392-457, ruled 450 - 457)
- Leo I the Great, (401-474, ruled 457 - 474)
- Leo II, (467-474, ruled 474)
- Zeno I Tarasius, (425-491, ruled 474 - 491)
- Basiliscus (rival emperor), (???-476, ruled 475 - 476)
- Anastasius I, (430-518, ruled 491 - 518)
Justinian Dynasty
- Justin I the Great, (450-527, ruled 518 - 527)
- Justinian I the Great, (482-565, ruled 527 - 565)
- Justin II, (520-578, ruled 565 - 578)
- Tiberius II Constantine, (540-582, ruled 578 - 582)
- Maurice I Tiberius, (539-602, ruled 582 - 602)
- Phocas the Tyrant, (???-610, ruled 602 - 610)
Heraclian Dynasty
- Heraclius, (575-641, ruled 610 - 641)
- Constantine III Heraclius, (612-641, ruled 641)
- Heraclonas Constantine, (626-641, ruled 641)
- Constans II Heraclius Pogonatus (the Bearded), (630-668, ruled 641 - 668)
- Constantine IV, (649-685, ruled 668 - 685)
- Justinian II Rhinotmetus (the Slit-nosed), (668-711, ruled 685 - 695)
- Leontius II, (ruled 695 - 698)
- Tiberius III Apsimar (ruled 698 - 705)
- Justinian II, Rhinotmetus (restored, second rule 705 - 711)
- Philippicus Bardanes, (ruled 711 - 713)
- Anastasius II, (died 721, ruled Artemius, 713 - 715)
- Theodosius III, (ruled 715 - 717)
Isaurian Dynasty
- Leo III the Isaurian, (675-741, ruled 717 - 741)
- Constantine V Copronymus (the Dung-named), (718-745, ruled 741)
- Artabasdus (rival emperor, ruled 741 - 743)
- Constantine V Copronymus (restored, second rule 743 - 775
- Leo IV the Khazar, (750-780, ruled 775 - 780)
- Constantine VI the Blinded, (771-797, ruled 780 - 797)
- Irene the Athenian, (755-803, ruled 797 - 802)
- Nicephorus I the General Logothete, (ruled 802 - 811)
- Stauracius, (ruled 811)
- Michael I Rhangabe, (ruled 811 - 813)
- Leo V the Armenian, (775-820, ruled 813 - 820)
Amorian (Phrygian) Dynasty
- Michael II the Amorian, (770-829, ruled 820 - 829)
- Theophilus II, (813-842, ruled 829 - 842)
- Michael III the Drunkard, (840-867, ruled 842 - 867)
Macedonian Dynasty
- Basil I the Macedonian, (811-886, ruled 867 - 886)
- Leo VI the Wise, (866-912, ruled 886 - 912)
- Alexander III, (870-913, ruled 912 - 913)
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (the Purple-born), (905-959, ruled 913 - 959)
- Romanus I Lecapenus (co-emperor), (870-948, ruled 919 - 944)
- Romanus II Porphyrogentius, (939-963, ruled 959 - 963)
- Nicephorus II Phocas (912-969, ruled 963 - 969)
- John I Tzimisces, (925-976, ruled 969 - 976)
- Basil II Bulgaroktonus (the Bulgar-slayer), (958-1025, ruled 976 - 1025)
- Constantine VIII Porphyrogentius, (960-1028, ruled 1025 - 1028)
- Romanus III Argyrus, (968-1034, ruled 1028 - 1034)
- Michael IV the Paphlagonian, (1010-1041, ruled 1034 - 1041)
- Michael V Calaphates (the Caulker), (1015-1042, ruled 1041 - 1042)
- Zoë Porphyrogenita (978-1050, regent 1028 - 1050)
- Constantine IX Monomachus, (1000-1054, ruled 1042 - 1054)
- Theodora Porphyrogenita, (980-1056, ruled 1054 - 1056)
- Michael VI Stratioticus, (ruled 1056 - 1057)
Proto-Comnenan Dynasty
- Isaac I Comnenus, (1007-1060, ruled 1057 - 1059)
- Constantine X Ducas, (1006-1067, ruled 1059 - 1067)
- Michael VII Ducas, (1050-1090, ruled 1067 - 1078)
- Romanus IV Diogenes (1032-1072, co-emperor 1067 - 1071)
- Nicephorus III Botaniates, (1001-1081, ruled 1078 - 1081)
Comnenan Dynasty
- Alexius I Comnenus, (1057-1118, ruled 1081 - 1118)
- John II Comnenus, (1087-1143, ruled 1118 - 1143)
- Manuel I Comnenus, (1118-1180, ruled 1143 - 1180)
- Alexius II Comnenus, (1169-1183, ruled 1180 - 1183)
- Andronicus I Comnenus, (1118-1185, ruled 1183 - 1185)
Angelan Dynasty
- Isaac II Angelus, (1156-1204, ruled 1185 - 1195)
- Alexius III Angelus, (1153-1211, ruled 1195 - 1203)
- Alexius IV Angelus, (1182-1204, ruled 1203 - 1204)
- Isaac II Angelus (restored with Alexius IV, 1203 - 1204)
- Alexius V Ducas Murzuphlus (the Bushy-eyebrowed), (1140-1204, ruled 1204)
Lascaran Dynasty (in exile as the Empire of Nicaea)
- Theodore I Lascaris, (1174-1222, ruled 1204 - 1222)
- John III Ducas Vatatzes, (1192-1254, ruled 1222 - 1254)
- Theodore II Lascaris, (1221-1258, ruled 1254 - 1258)
- John IV Lascaris, (1250-1305, ruled 1258 - 1261)
Palaeologan Dynasty (restored at Constantinople)
See also Roman Emperors, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, and List of Byzantine Empire-related topics.
- Michael VIII Palaeologus, (1224-1282, ruled 1259 - 1282)
- Andronicus II Palaeologus, (1258-1332, ruled 1282 - 1328)
- Andronicus III Palaeologus, (1297-1341, ruled 1328 - 1341)
- John V Palaeologus, (1332-1391, ruled 1341 - 1376)
- John VI Cantacuzenus, (1295-1383, co-emperor 1347 - 1354)
- Andronicus IV Palaeologus, (1348-1385, ruled 1376 - 1379)
- John V Palaeologus, (restored, second rule 1379 - 1391)
- John VII Palaeologus, (1370-1408, rival emperor 1390)
- Manuel II Palaeologus, (1350-1425, ruled 1391 - 1425)
- John VII Palaeologus, (rival emperor 1399 - 1402)
- John VIII Palaeologus, (1392-1448, ruled 1425 - 1448)
- Constantine XI Palaeologus, (1405-1453, ruled 1449 - 1453)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Byzantine Emperors."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Corresponding geographically to today's Kingdom of Jordan, the Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political subdivision of the Middle East carved out of the former Ottoman Empire after World War I, and was administered by the British under the nominal auspices of the League of Nations until its independence in 1946."Transjordan" was a word coined to express the idea that the lands so described were "across the Jordan", i.e. on the far (eastern) side of the Jordan River. On the western side of the Jordan River lie Israel and the West Bank, which contain many places of historical and religious signifance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Under the Ottoman empire, Transjordan did not correspond precisely to a political division, though most of it belonged to the Vilayet of Sam. The inhabitants of northern Jordan had traditionally associated with Syria, those of southern Jordan with the Arabian Peninsula, and those of western Jordan with the Arabs of Palestine. Historically the territory had formed part of various empires; among these are the Assyrian, Achaemenid, Macedonian (Seleucid), Nabataean, Ptolemaic, Roman, Sassanid, Muslim, Crusader, and Ottoman empires.
The territory covered by Transjordan resulted from a compromise between the competing promises in the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and Sykes-Picot Agreement.
Previously a part of the territory covered by the planned League of Nations mandate for Palestine, Transjordan was created as a separate administrative entity on April 11, 1921 to provide a throne of sorts (albeit one under British control) for the Hashemite Emir Abdullah, elder son of Britain's wartime Arab ally Sharif Hussein of Mecca. The move also excluded the land east of the Jordan from Britain's wartime undertaking in the Balfour Declaration (2 November 1917) to support the creation in Palestine of a Jewish national home.
Britain recognized Transjordan as a state on May 15, 1923 and gradually relinquished control, limiting its oversight to financial and foreign policy matters. In March 1946, under the Treaty of London, Transjordan became a kingdom and on May 25, 1946, the parliament of Transjordan proclaimed the emir king, and formally changed the name of the country from the Emirate of Transjordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. In December 1948, Abdullah took the title King of Jordan, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949. The following year he annexed the West Bank. The coinage, Cisjordan, meant to apply specifically to the West Bank at that time, has not since caught on, outside Jordanian circles.
External Links
- The Peace Encyclopedia: Jordan, Transjordan, an Israeli view of Transjordan's history
- Jordan - History: The making of Transjordan, King Hussein's official page
- US Library of Congress country study
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Transjordan."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
EAST | English | European Assistance for Science and Technology | Economics |
| LET'S GO EAST | English | Let European Technicians and Scientists go East | European Union |
| EAC | English | East Asiatic Company | Business, Industry |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: EastSynonyms: due east (n), orient (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: west (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Direction | Point of the compass, cardinal points; North East, South, West; N by E, ENE, NE by N, NE; rhumb, azimuth, line of collimation. |
Laterality | Points of the compass; East, Orient, Levant; West; orientation. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: East |
| English words defined with "east": Dutch East Indies ♦ east by north, east by south, East German, East India rosewood, East Indian, East Indian fig tree, East Indian rosewood, east northeast, East Pakistan, east side, east southeast, east wind, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ♦ Middle East ♦ Near East, north by east, northeast by east ♦ south by east, southeast by east. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "east": Bayard of the East ♦ Crown of the East ♦ East gate ♦ Far East Rand ♦ Pearl of the East ♦ University of East London ♦ Wise Men of the East. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "east": Youze. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Wicked Witch of the West, Wicked Witch of the East. Which one was bad (The Blair Witch Project; writing credit: Daniel Myrick; Eduardo Sánchez) Look to my coming on the first light of the fifth day, at dawn look to the east. (The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers; writing credit: Frances Walsh) North, South, West, East. (Die Hard: With a Vengeance; writing credit: Jonathan Hensleigh) November, 1964, Dutch East Indies, shore leave (Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me; writing credit: Mike Myers) If you're not gonna be a part of a civil society, then just get in your car and drive on over to the East Side (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) | |
Lyrics | I wanna be east of anywhere (East Of Anywhere; performing artist: Mya) East side to the west side (No Diggity; performing artist: Blackstreet) Layla, darlin, won't you east my worried mind ("Layla"; performing artist: Derek & The Dominos) From the North to the South to the East to the West, let's go (Can't Deny It; performing artist: Fabolous) Point Me East And Let Me Go (When The Night Comes; performing artist: Joe Cocker) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Glimpses of South East Asia (1973) Dinah East (1970) Band of Gypsys: Live at the Fillmore East (1970) North of 60 East (1970) East of Java Krakatoa (1969) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | This is Gordon Isaacs, the first patient treated with the linear accelerator (radiation therapy) for retinoblastoma in 1957. Gordon's right eye was removed January 11, 1957 because the cancer had spread. His left eye, however, had only a localized tumor that prompted Henry Kaplan to try to treat it with the electron beam. Gordon is now living in the east bay, and his vision in the left eye is normal. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is located on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. The photograph was taken of NLM's east side with Lister Hill behind the library with the cherry blossoms in the foreground. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |
 | This virus enters an organism by ingestion of water and food contaminated by human feces, and reaches the liver through the bloodstream. HAV infection is endemic in third world countries, and is prevalent in the Far East. Credit: CDC. |  | West Nile virus is a flavivirus commonly found in Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East. It is closely related to St. Louis encephalitis virus found in the United States. The virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and some other mammals. Credit: CDC. |
 | Three views of Andrew on 23, 24 and 25 August 1992 asthe hurricane moves East to West. Credit: NASA. |  | Middle East. Credit: NASA. |
 | Microwave navigation instrument on east side of Penobscot Bay Geodetic target and total station azimuth and distance instrument Conducting geodetic operations to determine microwave navigation site Party off of PEIRCE. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Magnetic observations by party of J. T. Watkins Station was about 10 miles west of East Cape, Siberia Transportation by Coast Guard Cutter Bear. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Looking east to electric power plant on the south shore of Lake Michigan. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Looking east. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "East coast power outage" by Flavio Masson Commentary: "Full moon in between Union Square residential towers - photo taken on Aug 14, 2003 during the east coast power outage." | "East Euro 3" by Andy Ong Commentary: "A snapshot of East Europe." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Queen's Mother Elizabeth | I'm glad we've been bombed. It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face. |
William Shakespeare | Send danger from the east unto the west, so honor cross it from the north to south. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The Principal Allied and Associated Powers will then fix the frontier between East Prussia and Poland in this region. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | The outlook is also anxious in the Far East and especially in Manchuria. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961 | Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The air was redolent of the East. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | He went from country to country in the east, from Africa to India, from India to Japan, baptising the people |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | The silent hours steal on, And flaky darkness breaks within the east. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Only the unbalanced sky showed the approach of dawn, no horizon to the west, and a line to the east. |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | Here I put in my canoe, and climbing up a part of the rock, I could plainly discover land to the east, extending from south to north |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | There is a canal two rods wide along the northerly and westerly sides, and wider still at the east end. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | See the map for areas where East African trypanosomiasis can be found. (references) | |
Cases continue to occur in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America. (references) | ||
No. Neither a vaccine nor recommended drug is available to prevent East African trypanosomiasis. (references) | ||
Business | The Russian Far East telecommunications market is cutthroat. (references) | |
East Germans still show a higher demand for home textiles in general. (references) | ||
Joint ventures are a popular vehicle to enter the Russian Far East market. (references) | ||
Children | Kenya | The East African Standard newspaper reported in March that 8,000 girls drop out of school each year due to pregnancy. (references) |
Ethiopia | In the Afar region of the east, young girls continue to be married to much older men, but this traditional practice is coming under greater scrutiny and criticism. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | India | The situation in the east varied. (references) |
Economic History | Guinea-Bissau | Terrain: Coastal plain; savanna in the east. (references) |
Egypt | Major markets--E.U., U.S., Middle East, Japan. (references) | |
Belgium | About 70,000 German speakers reside in the east. (references) | |
Human Rights | East Timor | Some had returned to East Timor, while others remained in West Timor. (references) |
Indonesia | It also was used to resettle local populations within East Timor and Papua. (references) | |
Estonia | An analogous but independent roundtable meets in the county of East Virumaa. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Jordan | Many persons of East Bank origin complain that the dynamic private sector largely is in the hands of the Palestinian majority. (references) |
Indonesia | An estimated 40,000 Madurese remain in camps in West Kalimantan and over 105,000 Madurese were forced to evacuate to East Java and Madura Island after over 600 died in ethnic violence in February and March. (references) | |
Cameroon | A population of perhaps 50,000 to 100,000 Baka (Pygmies), a term that encompasses several different ethnic groups, primarily reside in the forested areas of the South and East provinces, of which Pygmies were the earliest known inhabitants. (references) | |
Minorities | Slovak Republic | Among Roma living in settlements in the east, the unemployment rate is nearly 100 percent. (references) |
Angola | Other important ethno-linguistic groups include the Bakongo in the north; Kimbundu in the north-central area; and Chokwe in the far east. (references) | |
Oman | In the past, citizens of East African origin claimed that they frequently faced job discrimination in both the public and private sectors. (references) | |
Political Economy | East Timor | UNTAET generally respected the human rights of East Timorese. (references) |
Oman | Oman has long been an active participant in the Middle East Peace Process. (references) | |
East Timor | ETPA consists of 10 ministries and 4 secretariats, all headed by East Timorese. (references) | |
Political Rights | Trinidad and Tobago | Basdeo Panday became the country's first Prime Minister of East Indian descent. (references) |
East Timor | The ETPA consists of 10 ministries and 4 secretariats, all headed by East Timorese. (references) | |
East Timor | UNTAET is mandated by the U.N. Security Council to establish a democratic government in East Timor. (references) | |
Trade | Panama | Imports into the CFZ come mainly from the Far East. (references) |
Kenya | A large number of the standards have been reviewed an harmonized within the East Africa region. (references) | |
Tanzania | Tanzania pulled out of the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) in September 2000. (references) | |
Travel | Ghana | Located on Ring Road East close to the U.S. Embassy Chancery. (references) |
Ghana | They provide service to Accra from Europe, other parts of Africa and the Middle East. (references) | |
Sri Lanka | Travelers are advised not to travel to the north, east and far southeast of the country. (references) | |
Women | East Timor | Domestic violence against women is a significant problem in East Timor. (references) |
Algeria | On July 23, a similar attack took place in the area of Tebessa, a trading center east of Algiers. (references) | |
Yemen | The procedure mainly is confined to excision, with infibulation being practiced only among East African immigrants and refugees. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Bangladesh | Some children also are trafficked to the Middle East to be used as camel jockeys. (references) |
East Timor | Of these "separated children," 500 were in East Timor and more than 1,000 were in West Timor. (references) | |
Pakistan | East Asian and Bangladeshi women are trafficked through the country en route to other destinations. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DECIDE, v.i. To succumb to the preponderance of one set of influences over another set. A leaf was riven from a tree, "I mean to fall to earth," said he. The west wind, rising, made him veer. "Eastward," said he, "I now shall steer." The east wind rose with greater force. Said he: "'Twere wise to change my course." With equal power they contend. He said: "My judgment I suspend." Down died the winds; the leaf, elate, Cried: "I've decided to fall straight." "First thoughts are best?" That's not the moral; Just choose your own and we'll not quarrel. Howe'er your choice may chance to fall, You'll have no hand in it at all. G.J. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Al Hunt | Congressman, let me return to your trip to the Middle East. As well as Israel, you also went to four Arab countries, and you specifically praised the Egyptians for the help they've offered in our war against terrorism. |
Bill Maher | If you celebrate Christmas religiously, folks, you pray to a young man from the Middle East who today probably would get stopped at the airport. |
Bob Jones | I certainly can't speak for all of the Southerners or all of the Northerners. This problem is a human nature problem, it's not a regional problem. Racism exists in the North, East, South, West, everywhere. |
Bob Woodward | To the United States. To, as he kept saying, the neighborhood in the Middle East. And, to a certain extent, to everyone. And they've been working on this a year. The problem in North Korea at least came to a head, really, in the last four, five months. |
Dan Rather | In Jerusalem tonight, right at the dividing line between the Israeli west and the mostly Arab east Jerusalem, yet another suicide bombing. We had driven by only minutes before the bomb went off. |
Dennis Miller | I've noticed that in the Middle East when they burn the American Flag, they aren't even using real flags. |
Donald Rumsfeld | I'm involved, in the sense that I just came from a National Security Council meeting where the subject was the Middle east, for the most part. And I talk to the president, the vice president, the secretary of state on those subjects. |
Queen Noor al-Hussein of Jordan | The response has been very gratifying, as I said. But I have been so preoccupied about the situation in the Middle East that I haven't been able to be quite as excited as many around me. |
Robert Novak | Mr. Leader, we're going have to take a break, but I want to ask you one quick question. You just got back from a trip, including a trip to the Middle East. |
Rush Limbaugh | But if the ELF acronym is mostly unfamiliar on the East Coast, it has long been a reference point in the Pacific Northwest for illegal and extreme environmental activism that law enforcement officials call eco-terrorism. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | With Great Britain the interesting question of our North East boundary remains still undecided. |
Herbert C. Hoover | 1929-1933 | Abroad, to west and east, are nations whose sons mingled their blood with the blood of our sons on the battlefields. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Our basic policy in the Far East is to encourage the development of a strong, independent, united, and democratic China. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | New nations asked to choose between two competing systems need only compare conditions in East and West Germany, Eastern and Western Europe, North and South Viet Nam. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | Twice in one generation we have had to fight against aggression in the Far East. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | We are also inextricably linked with the Far East, politically, economically, and militarily. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Today on the NATO line, our military forces face east to prevent a possible invasion. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | Everywhere from the Far East to Eastern Europe. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | I know that in the face of such evil, it is hard for the people in the Middle East to go forward. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | And we know that Iraq is continuing to finance terror and gives assistance to groups that use terrorism to undermine Middle East peace. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "East" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 72.50% of the time. "East" is used about 16,686 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 72.5% | 12,097 | 764 |
| Noun (singular) | 27.48% | 4,585 | 2,135 |
| Total | 100.00% | 16,686 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "east" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| East | Last name | 5,000 | 2,620 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "east". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Zarah | N/A | Biblical | East |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Australia | East African Coffee Plantations | Hong Kong | Far East Consortium International Ltd. |
| Japan | East Japan Railway Company | Malaysia | Far East Holdings Berhad |
| Philippines | Empire East Land Holdings Inc. | Singapore | Chemical Industries (Far East) Limited |
| South Africa | East Daggafontein Mines Limited | Taiwan | Usi Far East |
| Thailand | East Asiatic (Thailand) Public Company Limited | United Kingdom | East German Investment Trust Plc |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "east": alamosa East ♦ aleutians East ♦ cascade Park East ♦ cedar East Bethe ♦ Charlotte Amalie East ♦ due east ♦ dutch East Indies ♦ east africa ♦ East African and Southern Unit Network ♦ east African cedar ♦ East African swine fever ♦ East Alton ♦ East Andover ♦ East Anglia ♦ East Arcadia ♦ East Arlington ♦ east asia ♦ east asiatic ♦ East Aurora ♦ East Baldwin ♦ East Bangor ♦ East Bank ♦ East Barre ♦ East Baton Rouge Parish ♦ East Bend ♦ East Berkshire ♦ East Berlin ♦ East Bernard ♦ East Berne ♦ East Berwick ♦ East Bethany ♦ East Bethel ♦ East Bloomfield ♦ East Blythe ♦ East Boothbay ♦ East Boston ♦ East Boundary ♦ East Brady ♦ East Brainerd ♦ East Branch ♦ East Brewton ♦ East Bridgewater ♦ East Brookfield ♦ East Brooklyn ♦ East Brunswick ♦ East Burke ♦ East Butler ♦ East by north ♦ East by south ♦ East Calais ♦ East Cambridge ♦ East Camden ♦ East Canaan ♦ East Canton ♦ East Cape Girardeau ♦ East Carbon ♦ East Carondelet ♦ East Carroll Parish ♦ East Cedar Lake ♦ East Chadic ♦ East Charleston ♦ East Chatham ♦ East Chicago ♦ East China Sea ♦ East Cleveland ♦ east coast ♦ East Compton ♦ East Concord ♦ East Conemaugh ♦ East Corinth ♦ East Dennis ♦ East Detroit ♦ East Dorset ♦ East Douglas ♦ East Dover ♦ East Dublin ♦ East Dubuque ♦ East Duke ♦ East Dundee ♦ East Dunseith ♦ East Durham ♦ East Earl ♦ East Eddington ♦ East Ellijay ♦ East Elmhurst ♦ east end ♦ east europe ♦ east europe countries ♦ East Fairfield ♦ East Falmouth ♦ East Farmingdale ♦ East Fayettevill ♦ East Feliciana Parish ♦ East Flat Rock ♦ East Foothills ♦ East Fork ♦ East Freedom ♦ East Freehold ♦ East Freetown ♦ East Gaffney ♦ East Galesburg. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "east": east-anglian, east-arab, East-based, east-block, east-bound, east-central, east-coast, east-coasters, East-end, East-ender, east-enders, east-european, east-facing, east-gate, east-going, east-greek, East-indiaman, East-insular, East-kilbride-based, East-london, East-northeast, east-north-east, east-setting, east-side, East-sider, East-south, East-southeast, East-south-east, east-to-west, east-trending, East-west, east-wood. | |
Ending with "east": East-south-east, Middle-east, Mid-east, north-east, north-north-east, south-east, west-east. | |
Containing "east": north-east-facing, south-east-facing. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
middle east | 2,997 | east bay | 364 |
east africa | 1,436 | middle east history | 335 |
east brunswick nj | 1,351 | middle east travel | 326 |
middle east map | 1,034 | east setauket ny | 320 |
east los angeles college | 1,007 | boy east jon lil side | 315 |
east of eden | 1,001 | east northport ny | 297 |
east lansing michigan | 987 | east tennessee state university | 288 |
african east standard | 949 | east coast map | 288 |
east carolina university | 948 | east valley tribune | 280 |
east west mortgage | 754 | east hanover nj | 262 |
east longmeadow ma | 685 | boy east john lil side | 260 |
east hampton new york | 663 | east rutherford new jersey | 259 |
big east | 655 | east stroudsburg university | 246 |
east meadow ny | 526 | east troy wisconsin | 239 |
east hartford ct | 486 | east coast beach | 230 |
hotel middle east | 458 | big east conference | 224 |
lil jon the east side boyz | 401 | east liverpool ohio | 222 |
east | 386 | east hampton | 221 |
middle east news | 385 | east timor | 219 |
east stroudsburg pennsylvania | 365 | east haven ct | 209 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "east"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | ooste. (various references) | |
Albanian | lindje (accouchement, birth, dawn, delivery, generation, genesis, giving birth, labor, labour, nascence, nascency, nativity, Orient, origination, procreation, progeniture, rise). (various references) | |
Arabic | شرق (sunrise), المشرق, الريح الشرقية, الشرق (levant), أقطار الشرق, شرقي (easterly, eastward, oriental), شرق (orient). (various references) | |
Basque | sortalde. (various references) | |
Blackfoot | innaap. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | Ориенталски (Orient), Ориент (Orient), Източните Щати, Източен (Orient), Изток (Orient). (various references) | |
Chamorro | gé'kattan. (various references) | |
Chinese | 東 , 东部 (Eastern). (various references) | |
Czech | východ (exit, gate, Orient, rise, rising). (various references) | |
Danish | øst. (various references) | |
Dutch | oriënt (orient), oosten, oost. (various references) | |
Esperanto | oriento. (various references) | |
Farsi | خاورمشرق , خاورگراءی , شرق (Orient), بسوی خاوررفتن . (various references) | |
Finnish | itä. (various references) | |
French | est, Orient. (various references) | |
Frisian | eastersk (eastern, Oriental), easten. (various references) | |
German | Osten (orient), Ostwärts (eastward, eastwards), Ost (east wind), Nach Osten (eastward, eastwards). (various references) | |
Greek | Ανατολή (Orient). (various references) | |
Hawaiian | lindje. (various references) | |
Hebrew | ־זרחי, ־זרח (Orient), קדם (front). (various references) | |
Hungarian | kelet (date, dawning, e, east-bound, orient). (various references) | |
Indonesian | timur (orient). (various references) | |
Italian | est (Estonia, Republic of Estonia). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 東. (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ひがし (candy, cookies, dried candies or confections), あずま (Eastern Japan), イースト (yeast). (various references) | |
Korean | 동쪽. (various references) | |
Manx | shiar (east of motion, easterly, eastern, oriental, to the eastward), niar (easterly, from the east). (various references) | |
Maya | lakin-iik (east wind). (various references) | |
Norwegian | øst. (various references) | |
Occitan | èst. (various references) | |
Papiamen | pariba, oriental (eastern, Oriental), oost. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | eastay.(various references) | |
Polish | wschód. (various references) | |
Portuguese | leste (easterly, eastward, orient), este (orient, such, this, this one), oriente (levant, orient). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | leste. (various references) | |
Romanian | Est (Orient). (various references) | |
Romansch | ost. (various references) | |
Russian | восток восточный, восток, во, в (a, always, at, back in the, both in, for, in, in both, inside, into, on, onto, per, pick out, throughout, time, to, to either, toward, towards, within), Восточный (Orient), Восток (Orient). (various references) | |
Scottish | soir (sack, the east). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | istok (orient), istočno (eastward), istočni (eastern, levantine, orient, oriental). (various references) | |
Spanish | este (Orient, this, this one). (various references) | |
Sranan | sonopo. (various references) | |
Swahili | mashariki. (various references) | |
Swazi | ím-phumálanga. (various references) | |
Swedish | ost (cheese), öster, Ostlig (easterly, eastern, eastward, Oriental), östra (eastern, eastward, Oriental). (various references) | |
Tagalog | silangánan (eastern, Oriental), silángan. (various references) | |
Thai | เกี่ยวกับทิศตะวันออก (eastern), ทิศตะวันออก. (various references) | |
Turkish | Doğu (eastbound, eastern, Orient, oriental). (various references) | |
Turkmen | gьndogar (eastern). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | Ост, Зі Сходу, На Схід, Східний Вітер, Східний (Atlantic, Orient), Схід (Orient). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | về nhà mới thấy quê hương đâu bằng, về hướng đông; ở phía đông, phương đông, hướng đông (eastward), đông (easterly, eastern, eastwardly, full, numerous). (various references) | |
Welsh | dwyrain. (various references) | |
Yucatec | lak'in. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | nim. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | east. (various references) |
| Arabic | 500-Modern | sharq. (various references) |
| Old French | 900-1400 | orient. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Genesis Chapter 28, Verse 14 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai estai to sperma sou wV h ammoV thV ghV kai platunqhsetai epi qalassan kai epi liba kai epi borran kai ep' anatolaV kai eneuloghqhsontai en soi pasai ai fulai thV ghV kai en tw spermati sou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Eritque germen tuum quasi pulvis terrae dilataberis ad occidentem et orientem septentrionem et meridiem et benedicentur in te et in semine tuo cunctae tribus terrae |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And thi seed shal be as the powdre of the erthe, thow shalt be sprad a brode to the est, and west, and north, and sowth; and alle lynagis of the erthe shulen be blissid in thee and thi seed. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | And thy seed shalbe as the dust of the erth: And thou shalt spreade abrode: west east north and south. And thorow the and thy seed shall all the kynreddes of the erth be blessed. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth; and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Your seed will be like the dust of the earth, covering all the land to the west and to the east, to the north and to the south: you and your seed will be a name of blessing to all the families of the earth. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Genesis Chapter 28, Verse 14 |
| Cebuano | Ug ang imong kaliwatan mahimong sama sa abug sa yuta, ug mokaylap ka sa kasadpan, ug sa silangan, ug sa amihanan ug sa habagatan; ug diha kanimo ug sa imong kaliwat pagapanalanginan ang tanan nga mga kabanayan sa yuta. |
| Croatian | Tvojih æe potomaka biti kao i praha na zemlji; raširit æete se na zapad, istok, sjever i jug; tobom æe se i tvojim potomstvom blagoslivljati svi narodi zemlje. |
| Danish | dit Afkom skal blive som Jordens Støv, og du skal brede dig mod Vest og Øst, mod Nord og Syd; og i dig og i din Sæd skal alle Jordens Slægter velsignes; |
| Dutch | En uw zaad zal wezen als het stof der aarde, en gij zult uitbreken in menigte, westwaarts en oostwaarts, en noordwaarts en zuidwaarts; en in u, en in uw zaad zullen alle geslachten des aardbodems gezegend worden. |
| Finnish | Ja sinun jälkeläistesi paljous on oleva kuin maan tomu, ja sinä leviät länteen ja itään, pohjoiseen ja etelään, ja sinussa ja sinun siemenessäsi tulevat siunatuiksi kaikki sukukunnat maan päällä. |
| French | Ta postérité sera comme la poussière de la terre; tu t`étendras à l`occident et à l`orient, au septentrion et au midi; et toutes les familles de la terre seront bénies en toi et en ta postérité. |
| German | Und dein Same soll werden wie der Staub auf Erden, und du sollst ausgebreitet werden gegen Abend, Morgen, Mitternacht und Mittag; und durch dich und deinen Samen sollen alle Geschlechter auf Erden gesegnet werden. |
| Hungarian | És a te magod olyan lészen mint a földnek pora, és terjeszkedel nyugotra és keletre, északra és délre, és te benned és a te magodban áldatnak meg a föld minden nemzetségei. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Keturunanmu akan sebanyak debu di bumi. Mereka akan memperluas wilayah mereka ke segala arah, dan melalui engkau dan keturunanmu, Aku akan memberkati semua bangsa di bumi. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka anak buahmupun akan menjadi seperti lebu tanah banyaknya dan engkaupun akan merambak ke timur dan ke barat, ke utara dan ke selatan, maka dalammu dan dalam benihmu segala bangsa di bumi akan beroleh berkat. |
| Italian | La tua discendenza sarà come la polvere della terra e ti estenderai a occidente e ad oriente, a settentrione e a mezzogiorno. E saranno benedette per te e per la tua discendenza tutte le nazioni della terra. |
| Maori | A ka rite ou uri ki te puehu o te oneone, ka tohatoha atu koe ki te hauauru, ki te rawhiti, ki te raki, ki te tonga: a mau, ma tou uri hoki e manaakitia ai nga hapu katoa o te whenua. |
| Norwegian | Og din ætt skal bli som støvet på jorden, og du skal utbrede dig mot vest og mot øst og mot nord og mot syd, og i dig og i din ætt skal alle jordens slekter velsignes |
| Rumanian | Sqmknya ta va fi ca pulberea pqmkntului; te vei kntinde la apus wi la rqsqrit, la meazq-noapte wi la meazq-zi; wi toate familiile pqmkntului vor fi binecuvkntate kn tine wi kn sqmknya ta. |
| Russian | Й ВХДЕФ РПФПНУФЧП ФЧПЕ, ЛБЛ РЕУПЛ ЪЕНОПК; Й ТБУРТПУФТБОЙЫШУС Л НПТА Й Л ЧПУФПЛХ, Й Л УЕЧЕТХ Й Л РПМХДОА; Й ВМБЗПУМПЧСФУС Ч ФЕВЕ Й Ч УЕНЕОЙ ФЧПЕН ЧУЕ РМЕНЕОБ ЪЕНОЩЕ; |
| Spanish | Tus descendientes serán como el polvo de la tierra. Te extenderás al occidente, al oriente, al norte y al sur, y en ti y en tu descendencia serán benditas todas las familias de la tierra. |
| Swedish | Och din säd skall bliva såsom stoftet på jorden, och du skall utbreda dig åt väster och öster och norr och söder, och alla släkter på jorden skola varda välsignade i dig och i din säd. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "east": eastbound, easter, easterlies, easterly, eastern, easterner, easterners, easternmost, easters, easting, eastings, easts, eastward, eastwards. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "east": abreast, beast, breast, cineast, feast, least, northeast, outfeast, redbreast, southeast, yeast. (additional references) | |
Words containing "east": beastie, beasties, beastings, beastlier, beastliest, beastliness, beastlinesses, beastly, beasts, breastbone, breastbones, breasted, breasting, breastplate, breastplates, breasts, breaststroke, breaststroker, breaststrokers, breaststrokes, breastwork, breastworks, cineaste, cineastes, cineasts, cotoneaster, cotoneasters, feasted, feaster, feasters, feastful, feasting, feasts, leasts, leastways, leastwise, northeaster, northeasterly, northeastern, northeasternmost, northeasters, northeasts, northeastward, northeastwards, oleaster, oleasters, outfeasted, outfeasting, outfeasts, redbreasts, seastrand. (additional references) | |
| |
"East" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aelst, Aesch, aest, Akast, avast, ceast, dast, eant, eaos, eart, eas, easat, eash, eask, easo, easte, eastex, easts, Eastt, eaty, eaz, ebast, Ecas, Eerst, Eesti, eett, eezit, ehas, eis, eisi, eist, Ejaz, Elst, enst, eosat, Eosg, eqats, erast, erst, esa, Esag, esat, esst, esta, esth, esti, Etats, eus, eust, evats, exs, exst, ezs, gesamt, heast, iast, Ieast, neast, peast, uesat, veast, weast, yast. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "east" (pronounced ē"st) |
| 3 | ē" s t | beast, ceased, deceased, decreased, feast, fleeced, greased, increased, leased, least, ne, northeast, pieced, policed, priest, released, southeast, yeast. |
| 2 | -s t | aftertaste, against, aghast, agonist, agriculturalist, agronomist, alarmist, alchemist, alkahest, allergist, almost, amassed, amethyst, amidst, amongst, amorist, analyst, anarchist, anatomist, anesthesiologist, anesthetist, angriest, angst, animist, annexed, announced, antagonist, anthropologist, anticommunist, antitrust, apologist, apprenticed, aquarist, archaeologist, archivist, armrest, arrest, arsonist, abreast, absolutist, absurdist, accessed, accompanist, ablest, abolitionist, abortionist, accost, aced, acquiesced, activist, addressed, adjust, advanced, affixed, artist, assed, assessed, assist, astrophysicist, atheist, attest, August, axed, backlist, backrest, balanced, ballast, balloonist, baptist, barest, based, bassist, Bast, behaviorist, behest, bequest, best, biased, bicyclist, biggest, biochemist, biologist, bitterest, blackest, blacklist, blast, bleakest, blessed, blest, blitzed, bloodiest, bluest, bluntest, boast, boldest, bombast, boost, bossed, botanist, bounced, boxed, braced, bratwurst, bravest, breakfast, breast, briefest, brightest, broadcast, broadest, brownest, burst, bused, busiest, bussed, bust, buttressed, bypassed, calloused, canoeist, canvassed, capitalist, cardiologist, careerist, caricaturist, cartoonist, cast, caste, catalyst, Celeste, cellist, centrist, chartist, chased, chaste, chauvinist, cheapest, checklist, cheesiest, chemist, chest, chloroplast, choicest, cist, clarinetist, classed, classicist, cleanest, clearest, climatologist, climaxed. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: ates, eats, etas, sate, seat, seta, teas. | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-s-t" | |
-1 letter: ate, eat, eta, sae, sat, sea, set, tae, tas, tea. | |
-2 letters: ae, as, at, es, et, ta. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-s-t" | |
+1 letter: abets, antes, asset, aster, baste, bates, beast, beats, betas, caste, cates, cesta, dates, easts, etnas, fates, feast, feats, fetas, gates, getas, haets, haste, hates, heats, least, mates, meats, nates, neats, paste, pates, peats, rates, sated, satem, sates, saute, seats, septa, setae, setal, skate, slate, spate, stade, stage, stake, stale, stane, stare, state, stave, stead, steak, steal, steam, stela, stoae, sweat, tabes, taces, taels, tajes, takes, tales, tames, tapes, tares, tasse, taste, tates, tawse, taxes, teaks, teals, teams, tears, tease, teats, tepas, tesla, testa, texas, toeas, tsade, twaes, vesta, waste, yeast, zetas. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Frequency | 17. Names: Derived from 18. Names: Company Usage 19. Expressions 20. Expressions: Internet | 21. Translations: Modern 22. Translations: Ancient 23. Bible Trace 24. Abbreviations | 25. Acronyms 26. Derivations 27. Rhymes 28. Anagrams | 29. Bibliography |
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