Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Diabetes Mellitus |
Diabetes MellitusNoun1. Diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria; "when doctors say `diabetes' they usually mean `diabetes mellitus'". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
As of 2002, about 17 million United States nationals suffer from diabetes. For at least 20 years, diabetes rates in North America have been increasing substantially. The Centers for Disease Control has termed the changes an epidemic. This is a medically and economically important disease, well in the top 10 and perhaps in the top 5, and is becoming rapidly more so (see big killers).
Long-term diabetes mellitus can have detrimental effects on numerous organs of the body. Prolonged high blood glucose levels lead to endothelial damage - manifesting as microvascular or macrovascular damage. This can lead to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. They include:
Generally diabetes cannot currently be cured (except experimentally in some Type 1 diabetics) but it often can be treated effectively and there is emerging solid evidence that diabetes mellitus Type 2 can be prevented in people with impaired glucose tolerance6.
Traditionally the goal of treatment was prevention of either hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic coma and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Several large studies have made it clear that the effort needed to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal (fasting levels below 126 mg/dl) as possible is well worth while. The risk of complications is inversely proportional to how well controlled blood glucose levels are kept. Studies have recently shown that the effect of close control is a long term one as well. More recent studies of Type 2 diabetes also stress the need for stringent blood pressure control. Much of the vascular damage that is associated with diabetes mellitus seems to be due, in large part, to prolonged uncontrolled high blood pressure, which is common in diabetics.
The aim today is to avoid or minimize chronic diabetic complications as well as to avoid acute problems due to too high or too low blood glucose. For Type I diabetics, the chief tool is external insulin (in one or more types), usually injected. For Type 2 diabetics, treatment usually begins with diet, exercise, and weight reduction. Many patients require some form of oral hypoglycemic agents but a substantial fraction of them eventually require insulin as well since there is a considerable number of patients who eventually fail to respond to the currently available oral hypoglycemic agents. In all cases, regular patient self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is desirable.
The management of diabetes is usually a major ongoing influence on patients' lives and activities.
"Diabetes" is a Greek word meaning "a passer through; a siphon". "Mellitus" comes from the Greek word "sweet". Apparently, the Greeks named it thus because the excessive amounts of urine that a diabetic (when in a hyperglycemic state) would excrete attracted flies and bees because of the glucose content. The ancient Chinese would test for diabetes by observing whether ants were attracted to a person's urine.
Passing abnormal amounts of urine can be a symptom of several diseases (most commonly of the kidneys), and the word diabetes is connected with many diseases. The most common are diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
Insulin is a hormone that enables blood glucose molecules to enter about 2/3 of the cells of the body (primarily muscle and fat cells). It also controls many other body mechanisms, from fat processing (in liver and fat cells), protein synthesis (by controlling amino acid uptake in cells), and electrolyte balance (by controlling potassium uptake in cells). It is the central hormone involved in controlling metabolism. It is produced in the endocrine part of the pancreas, which consists of clumps of specialised cells scattered throughout that organ (the 'Islets of Langerhans'). Hyperglycemia (too high blood glucose levels) results if the amount of insulin is not sufficient to cause the cells to take up the glucose from the blood, or if those cells which require insulin to absorb glucose no longer respond adequately to it. This can have two major causes, which may occur together:
In Type 2 diabetes there is almost always a slow onset (years), but in Type 1, particularly in children, onset may be quite fast (weeks or months).
Early symptoms of Type 1 diabetes are often polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst and concomitant increased fluid intake). There may also be weight loss despite normal or increased eating, increased appetite, and unreduceable fatigue. These may also be symptoms of Type 2, though usually not until a later, more 'severe' stage.
Thirst develops because of osmotic effects - excess glucose from the blood is eventually excreted by the kidneys but this causes fluid loss, which must be replaced.
Dangerous signs to watch out for include the smell of acetone on the patient's breath (a sign of ketoacidosis), Kussmaul breathing (rapid, deep breathing), and any altered state of consciousness or arousal (hostility and mania are both possible, as is confusion), the worst form of which is the so-called "diabetic coma". Early symptoms are polyuria, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, with lethargy and somnolence a later development, progressing to unconsciousness and coma if untreated.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a complication of diabetes, particularly of Type I diabetes and is an absolute medical emergency. It arises from excess fat breakdown and the production of fatty acids and acetyl CoA. The liver converts the latter to ketone bodies, particularly acetoacetate. DKA is an extremely dangerous and often fatal condition. Today, in diabetics, reduced cellular uptake of glucose is typically due to insufficient insulin production. DKA is more common in Type I diabetics because they do not secrete significant amounts of their own insulin. It is uncommon in Type II diabetics, even in those who require insulin due to partial or complete failure of their beta cells. Type 2 diabetics have their own similar, and equally dangerous, problem called hyperosmotic diabetic coma.
The brain continues to use glucose from the blood (nerve cells do not require insulin to absorb glucose), and can use ketone bodies themselves when present, but is unable to survive acidosis if it is too severe or continues too long. The ketone bodies are acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Oddly, only two are, chemically, ketones. DKA is usually accompanied by hyperglycemia which also causes osmotic diuresis, leading to excessive losses of water, sodium and potassium. These are also dangerous and can cause problems up to and including death.
A patient with DKA is almost always dehydrated, acidotic, and hyperglycaemic. The patient urgently requires IV fluids and, almost always, insulin. A bicarbonate infusion may be necessary if the pH of the blood is suffieintly low. DKA is an urgent medical emergency.
Hyperosmotic diabetic coma has similar symptoms, but a different cause. In anyone with very high blood glucose levels (usually considered to be above 300 mg/dl) water will be osmotically driven out of cells into the blood. The kidneys will be dumping glucose, and the water necessary to carry it, from the blood. that water will, eventually come from within cells, and if continued, will eventually cause death. Electrolytes (potassium ion, sodium ion, etc) will be lost also. The combination of changes, if prolonged, will cause symptoms similar to keotacidosis, including loss of consciousness. As with DKA, treatment is medically urgent and must be carefully done. Such patients are in crisis.
Patients with hyperglycemia (too much blood glucose) also will eventually (months, up to a few years) die without treatment for the same basic reason: cell starvation as glucose (fuel) cannot get into about 2/3 of the cells. Protein will be used for fuel production (catabolism regardless of the damage caused. Muscle cells are prominently affected and muscle wasting follows.
The treatment in one case is to raise blood glucose levels, and in the other to adjust blood chemistry values back to something more nearly normal, including lowering glucose levels. In hypoglycemia, if patient is conscious, feeding with some simple carbohydrate may be sufficient to normalize blood glucose. Unconscious patients cannot swallow and may choke; medical intervention will usually be needed. In severe hyperglycemia, medical treatment is generally required because of its complex, interconnected, and quite dangerous biochemical disturbances.
Diabetes is currently a life-long disease -- with several possible serious complications -- which requires complex therapy, education and life-style modifications to minimize bad outcomes. At this writing, there is no cure for either Type 1 or 2 diabetes and treatment is a longterm continuous effort. The goals of the management of diabetes are several: not only near-normal glycemic control, but also prevention of hypoglycemia episodes, thus reducing the risk of long-term complications and preserving quality of life for patients.
Several major studies (involving very large numbers of patients) have shown, clearly and convincingly, that keeping blood glucose levels as close as possible to the normal, nondiabetic, range really does prevent, slow, and delay chronic diabetic complications: diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, microangiopathic and macroangiopathic damage as well as neuropathy1,2. Close control should be undertaken with care, as keeping blood glucose levels 'normally' low leaves less room for medication error and so increases the possibility of a (possibly dangerous) hypoglycemic episode.
There are several different ways of delivering drugs for treating Type 2 diabetes: insulin injections, insulin pumps, pills, and implants. Common drugs in pill form (for Type 2 ONLY) include metformin, and the sulfonylureas (e.g, Orinase, Diabinase, and Tolinase among many others).
Hypoglycemia means an excessively low blood glucose level. It arises in diabetics who have too much insulin (from injections or from insulin release stimulating drugs -- usually pills) for the amount of food they eat and exercise they get. On days when, for whatever reason, less food is taken, less insulin will be required; the previously satisfactory amount may now be too much and cause a hypoglycemic reaction. When more exercise is gotten, less insulin will be required, and vice versa; exercise increase glucose uptake by body cells nominally under insulin control for glucose uptake. Since there are many different insulin preparations, since foods vary in their effect on blood glucose levels (even if they have exactly the same calories), and since the 'glucose absorption' effect of exercise varies depending on many factors, getting the right amount and timing of diabetic medication (most particularly insulin) is not trivial. For most diabetics, it takes time and effort to 'get the hang of it'. Adjusting insulin and other diabetic drugs is hardly impossible, but it is not simple, nor trivially safe either. The consequences of making a error include death (from coma), and so great caution, and useful expert advice, are both mandatory. Especially for newly diagnosed diabetics, medication changes should be done only in consultation with a physician.
Illness, surgery, and stress also affect glucose levels, so all diabetics should be aware that their insulin and other drug routines may have to change if any of these occur. Previously prepared "sick day rules" may be a reasonable approach, but must actually be suitable to the diabetic situation during illness, stress, etc.
Regular urine glucose testing is only slightly more useful, except perhaps in an emergency. It reflects all glucose levels since the last urination, not only what they are now.
There are multiple suppliers of blood glucose meters (all of which must be approved by the FDA in the US). Differences among them include size of the blood droplet required, whether the blood sample may be applied to a test strip before or after it is inserted in the meter, length of delay until results are available, size and packaging of the disposable test strips and compatibility with computer programs for keeping records of readings and other information.
The difference in cost for each test strip varies substantially - cumulative strip costs over even short periods completely swamp all other factors in meter cost. How often to test, and what to do with the results should be closely connected with medication schedules (especially for insulin), food, and exercise.
A useful laboratory test of long term diabetic glucose control is to measure the patient's blood level of glycosylated haemoglobin (ie, "HbA1c"). Non-diabetics have an HbA1c level of less than 7%; it's a good target for diabetics. Higher HbA1c levels indicate poorer glucose level control in the recent past (up to 3 months in most people); the higher, the poorer. But an HbA1c reading is not at all useful for checking the need for medication, food, or exercise just now, which is when you must make the decision(s). There is now a commercial test kit for doing this at home.
Results from a significant study in the journal Lancet5 suggest that diabetics should be treated with a statin drug irrespective of their cholesterol levels. The treatment seems to reduce, by 24-27%, the rate of myocardial infarction, coronary death, stroke, as well as the need for peripheral arterial revascularization procedures. At this writing, the reason is thought to be an anti-inflammatory effect and possibly other factors operating independent of the hypolipemic effect.
Distinct forms of microangiopathy are damage to the retina of the eye (diabetic retinopathy) and damage to the kidneys (nephropathy). The damage seems to be primarily due to high glucose levels, probably via assorted reactions between glucose and assorted proteins which changes their behaviour and so the behaviour of the tissue in which the protein is found (eg, small blood vessel walls). Keeping glucose levels at or near 'normal' reduces the risk of any of these complications of diabetes mellitus without any question.
There are distinct forms of neuropathy as well. Peripheral neuropathy
affects the feet and lower legs, and eventually fingers and hands with numbness. Combined with vascular damage leading to slower healing, the effect is to greatly increase the risk of trauma (can't feel the pebble or pin or developing blister) and the risk of spread of serious infection. Autonomic neuropathy can cause problems with balance, with intestinal coordination, with automatic compensating adjustments of many kinds.
Several studies have demonstrated that, for both types of diabetes mellitus, the rate and severity of these long term complication is substantially reduced, or eliminated, by keeping blood glucose levels at or near 'normal'. Testing is important.
The Declaration of St Vincent was the result of international efforts to
improve the care accorded to diabetics. Diabetes is enormously expensive for healthcare systems and governments. In North America, it is the largest single non-traumatic cause in adults of amputation, blindness, and dialysis (from kidney failure).
Work in the Puget Sound area of N. America (by the heath organization Group Health) shows that, over its large and varied patient population, specially retaining information for diabetic patients, keeping it up to date, and basing their continuing care on that data reduced total healthcare costs for those patients by US$1000 per year per patient for the rest of his life. Recognition of this reality drove the Hawkes Bay initiative which established such a system, and resulted in various activities throughout the world including the Black Sea Telediab project which produced elements of a distributed diabetic record and management system as an open source computer program.
Until 1922, when insulin was first discovered and made available, a clinical diagnosis of diabetes was an invariable death sentence. Non-progressing Type II diabetics almost certainly often went undiagnosed then. Many still do.
The endocrine role of the pancreas and of insulin in metabolism was not fully clarified until 1921, when Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert Best managed to isolate a preparation of the hormone insulin at the University of Toronto in Canada. This led to the development of an effective treatment - insulin injections - in 1922. For this, Banting received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923. The two researchers did not patent their discovery and the therapy rapidly spread around the world.
Etymology
Causes and types
There are several types of diabetes mellitus:
The older names, juvenile or insulin-dependent (IDDM) for Type 1, and adult-onset, or non-insulin dependent (NIDDM), or obesity-related, for Type 2 diabetes, are discouraged as they are misleading. Type 2 diabetes sometimes requires treatment with insulin, and is increasingly diagnosed among juveniles. Many Type 2 diabetics have reduced insulin production even though they are not likely to have the classic autoimmune caused by Type 1.
Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are genetically linked. Type 1 diabetes may be triggered by infection, stress, or environmental factors (eg, substances of one kind or another). There is clearly a genetic element in the susceptibility of individuals to some of these triggers; it has been traced to particular HLA genotypes. There is an even stronger genetic link in Type 2 diabetes; those with Type 2 ancestors or relatives have very much higher chances of developing Type 2. It is also often connected to obesity, which is found in approximately 85% of (North American) patients diagnosed with that form of the disease. Age is also thought to be a contributing factor, as most Type 2 patients in the past were older. The exact reason for this is unknown.Presentation (signs and symptoms)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic coma
The brain requires many things to function correctly, but two things are critically important at all times: oxygen and glucose. Breathing (lungs) and blood circulation (heart and blood vessels) supply the oxygen, without which brain cells very quickly (minutes) die. Blood circulation also supplies glucose, without which brain cells starve (they maintain very little internal glucose stores) and brain function is immediately (also minutes) impaired. The level of consciousness is altered, physiological functions are impaired, and ultimately the patient with hypoglycemia (too little blood glucose) will die if untreated.Diabetes Treatment
Monitoring of blood glucose levels
Sensible treatment of diabetes depends almost entirely on blood glucose testing, since grossly observable signs and symptoms almost never appear immediately and urine tests only summarize high blood glucose levels since the last urination. The food you ate hours ago is still being digested and absorbed, the insulin you injected can have glucose lowering effects for as long as 24+ hours or can be over as quickly as 2 hours(depending on the nature of the insulin preparation), and the timing of insulin pill effects also varies. And, since blood glucose levels change regularly and rapidly (hours or so), portable meters are a very good choice. Testing only during visits to a clinic, doctor's office, or hospital is entirely inadequate as a basis for almost every decision about food, exercise, drug dosage and timing.Prognosis
short term -- acute problems
Since insulin became available, short term results have been excellent for diabetics. Impurities in insulin preparations have been decreasing steadily since 1922, and allergic reactions with them. Insulin has never been purer, by and large, than it is now. The acute problems of diabetes mellitus, such as DKA, are fully treatable today. They are not always treated properly, in part because many people don't pay sufficient attention to their diabetes, and in part because some care givers have not taken into account the discoveries of the past few years about best treatments for diabetics. long term -- chronic problems
The long-term consequences of diabetes mellitus are another story. Long term complications of diabetes mellitus include damage to small blood vessels (microangiopathy), larger blood vessels (macroangiopathy), kidneys nephropathy, and to the peripheral and autonomous nervous system (diabetic neuropathy). Each of these causes its own symptoms, most of them unfortunate.Public Health, Policy and Health Economics
History
References
See also: diabetes dictionary, endocrinology, diabetes insipidus, diabetic coma, List of Celebrities With Diabetes.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Diabetes mellitus."
Synonym: Diabetes MellitusSynonym: DM (n). (additional references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Histopathology of kidney showing nodular glomerulosclerosis characteristic of diabetes mellitus (PAS stain). Credit: CDC. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Glucose appears in the urine in diabetes mellitus. (references) | |
Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. (references) | ||
VVC is often associated with pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and antibiotic therapy. (references) | ||
Economic History | Uae | The onset of middle-aged-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases will also be significant. (references) |
Japan | Japan's aging population is generating increased demand for pharmaceutical treatments for problems of cardiovascular, central nervous system, digestive system, diabetes mellitus, etc. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
Expression using "diabetes mellitus": Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "diabetes mellitus"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||
Danish | diabetes mellitus (diabetes), sukkersyge (diabetes). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Dutch | diabetes mellitus, suikerziekte (diabetes). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
French | diabète sucré (diabetes), maladie de Willis. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
German | Diabetes verus, Diabetes mellitus, Zuckerkrankheit (diabetes), Zuckerharnruhr. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Greek | σακχαρώδης διαβήτης. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Italian | diabete mellito. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | iabetesday ellitusmay diabetes Mellitus. (various references) diabetes mellitus. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Misspellings | |
"Diabetes Mellitus" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: diabetet mellitus. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-d-e-e-e-i-i-l-l-m-s-s-t-t-u" | |
-4 letters: bimetallists, subsatellite. | |
-5 letters: bimetallist, debilitates, dissimulate, distillates, tessellated. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)44 69 61 62 65 74 65 73 4D 65 6C 6C 69 74 75 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000100 01101001 01100001 01100010 01100101 01110100 01100101 01110011 00100000 01001101 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101001 01110100 01110101 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)D i a b e t e s   M e l l i t u s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0044 0069 0061 0062 0065 0074 0065 0073 004D 0065 006C 006C 0069 0074 0075 0073 |
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)387567687186718524771787875868785 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Anagrams 12. Orthography | 13. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 辭典 , 辞典 , 字引 , 辞林 , 字書 , ディーゼル電気車 , 言海 , 辞彙 , 辞書 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; vertaal, transmetoj, transferoj, نقل من لغة إلى أخرى, ترجم الأفكار الي أعمال, ترجم, بهج لأقصى حد, преправям от старо, премествам, обяснявам, изяснявам, тълкувам, прибирам в рая, превеждам, кърпя, traduir, 翻译, 翻譯 , 翻 , 繙 , přenést, přeložit, překládat, oversætte, vertalen, translateren, overzetten, týða, kääntää, traduire, übersetzen, μεταφράζω, לתר'ם, fordít, þýða, tradurre, トランスフォー 断層 , トランスレート , 번역하십시", chyndaa, oversette, tradusí, tłumaczyć, traduzir, traduce, переводить, prevoditi, prevesti, preneti, traducir, översätta, tercüme yapmak, tercüme etmek, переміщувати, пояснювати, перекладатися, перекладати, trosi, for translate; 翻译, siirros, translation, übersetzend, μετάφραση, תר'ום, traslazione, 번역, tãlmãcire, traductorio, traduciendo, översättandet, översätter, for Translating; transferues, المترجم, الترجمان, преводач, 译者, překladatel, kodeomsætter, omregner, isolertransformer, skilletransformer, omsætter, Oversætter, oversætterprogram, oversaetter, kääntäjä, Traducteur, Übersetzer, Mεταφραστής, μετασχηματιστής απομονώσεως, μεταβιβαστής, μεταφράστησ, μεταφραστής, αποκωδικοποιητής, מתר'ם, תור'מן, fordító, traduttore, 訳者 , 翻訳者 , 翻訳家 , トランスフォー 断層 , トランスレーター , トランスレータ , ほ"やくしゃ, ほ"やくか, やくしゃ, 통역, glareyder, chyndaader, tradutor, tãlmaci, translator, traducãtor, tãlmãcitor, переводчик, tumač, traductor, um-húmushi, översättare, tercüman, транслятор, гравірувальник, перекладач, cyfieithydd, for translator; Engels, anglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, الإنجليزية, الأنكليزي, إنكليزي, ترجمة إنكليزية, اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, anglès, Ingles, 英语, 英國 , 英文 , 英 , 英語 , anglicky, anglan, inglise, enskt, englantia, englantilainen, anglais, Ingelsk, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, angle, angleze, א 'לית, angol, ensku, enskur, enska, Béarla, inglese, 영국, oluzungu, luzungu, englesch, anglisy, Inggris, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, english, inglês, anglés, inglestataq, inglesta, englezesc, английский, Igilisi, beurla, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, angleško, ingiriisi, ingiriisiga, sekgowa, inglés, kiingereza, sí-Ngísi, engelsk, peret‘ne, เกี่ยวกับประเทศอังกฤษ, ชาวอังกฤษ, าษาอังกฤษ, sekgoa, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова, Saesneg, ngale, isilungu, isiNgisi, for English; Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, الألبانية, الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian; Arabies, arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic; asturiano, for asturian; aimará, aimara, for aymara; Baskies, Bask, واحد من الباسكيين, الباسكي, Vascu, жакетче, баскски език, баскски, баска, Basko, 巴斯克 , 巴斯克語 , baskiskur, baskiskt, Basque, Baskysk, baskisch, baske, baszk, Bascais, basco, バスに乗る , バスク , Bascish, Bascagh, basc, баскский, баск, baskijski jezik, baskijski, baskijac, vascuence, vasco, bask'lar veya bask dili ile ilgili, bask kabilesinden kimse, футерування, баскський, облицювання, блузка у талію, for Basque; Beier, 巴法力亚, bavarois, bayer, βαυάροσ, bajorországi, bajor, bavarese, Baveyragh, bávaro, bavarski, bavarac, bajersk, bavyera, bavyeralı, баварський, баварець, for Bavarian; μαυροπόδαροσ, for blackfoot; breizhat, 不列"尼人, Breton, Bretone, 브리타니 사람, Britaanagh, Bretonagh, Britaanish, bretão, Llydaweg, for Breton; Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian; каталонски, каталонец, catal , katalánský, Katalaansk, katalanisch, katalane, katalanin, katalán, catalano, catalão, catalan, каталонский, Katalana, katalonski, katalonac, catalán, katalansk, katalonyalı kimse, katalonyalı, katalonya veya dili ile ilgili, katalonya lehçesi, for catalan; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; ضارب للإصفرار, корнуолски език, корнуолски, 康沃", cornwallština, cornwallský, cornique, kornisch, aus cornwall, carnwalli nyelvjárás, corwaldi kelta, della cornovaglia, Kernowish, Kernowagh, Cornish, Cornagh, relativo cornualha, dialeto da cornualha, limbã din cornwall, din cornwall, корнуоллский язык, корнуоллский, stanovnik kornvala, kornvalski, córnico, från cornwall, kornisk, cornwall ile ilgili, корнуольський, корнійська мова, Cernyweg, for cornish; Kroaties, хърватски, Croasyano, 克羅地亞語 , chorvatský, kroatiskt, croate, Kroätysk, kroatisch, horvát, croato, croácio, croata, croat, хорватский, hrvatski, hrvat, de croacia, kroatisk, hırvat, хорватська мова, хорватський, хорватка, хорват, for Croatian; Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; الاسبرانتو لغة دولية, Esperantu, есперанто, 世界语, esperanton, espéranto, εσπεράντο, אספר טו, eszperanto, eszperantó, エスキモー犬 , エスペラント , эсперанто, Eseperano, esperanto, Kiesperanto, าษาที่ประ"ิษฐ์ขึ้นเพื่อใช้เป็น าษากลางในการสื่อสารระหว่างประเทศ ซึ่งรากศัพท์ส่วนใหญ่, esperanto dili, tiếng etperantô, for esperanto; Ests, Est, estonez, من أبناء إستونيا, أستونيه, أستونى, Estoniu, естонски, естонец, естонски език, Estonyano, 爱沙尼亚, estonský, ester,estlænder, Estlander, Estlands, eesti, estonianskt, virolainen, estonien, Estysk, Este, Εσθονός, észt, estone, Estoinagh, estônio, estoniano, estónio, eston, эстонец, эстонский, Esotonia, estonski, estonac, estonski jezik, estonio, estländare, ชาวเอสโตเนีย, เกี่ยวกับประชาชน าษาหรือวั'นธรรมของเอสโตเนีย, าษาเอสโตเนีย, for Estonian; 费罗族, føroyskur, färöisk, färöbo, for Faeroese; Farsi, Parsi, persiskt, Fasi, for Farsi; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; فلمنكي, الفلمنكية لغة, الأرنب الفلمنكي, фламандски, фламандски език, 佛蘭'語 , 佛兰'语, vlámský, vlaams, Flaamsk, flandrisch, flämisch, פלמי, flamand, flamand nyelv, fiammingo, "랑"르, Flandrynish, Flandrynagh, flamengo, фламандский, flamanski jezik, flamanski, flamenco, flamländsk, flaman diline ait, flaman dili, flaman, фламандська мова, фламандський, Fflemeg, for flemish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Fries, фризийски, фризиец, Frison, Frysk, Friese, fríz, frisone, Freeshlannish, Freeshlannagh, frisão, frizian, фризский, фриз, frizijac, frizijski, frisio, fris, frizye'li kimse, frizye'li, frizye dili, frizye ile ilgili, фризький, фризька мова, for Frisian; Galicies, Gallegu, Galasyano, 利西亚人, Gallicisch, galisiskt, galicien, Galisysk, galego, galega, galicisch, galizisch, galizier, galicier, galiziano, galéc, Kalisia, gallego, galicia'ya ait, galicia'lı kimse, галісі"ць, галичанин, for Galician; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; guarani, for guarani; Criollu haitianu, Chabacano, haitiskt, crioulo haitiano, for Haitian Creole; Hawaïes, Hawaianu, Hawayano, 夏威夷, Hawaiaans, hawaiien, hawaiisch, hawaiinerin, hawaiiner, hawaiano, virar esquerda, hawaiisk, hawaiian, คนฮาวาย, าษาฮาวาย, hawaii'ye ait, hawaii'li, hawaii, гавайський, гава"ць, гавайська мова, for Hawaiian; Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, يهودي, عبري, اليهودية, اللغة العبرية, العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Yslands, islandez, إيسلندي, исландски, 冰岛, islandský, islandsk, Ýslands, islandais, isländisch, ισλανδικόσ, izlandi nyelv, izlandi, íslensku, íslenskar, íslenskur, íslenskan, islandese, Eeslynnish, Eeslynnagh, islandês, islândes, исландский, islandski, islandés, isländsk, izlanda'ya ait, izlandaca, izlanda, ісландська мова, ісландський, tiếng băng đảo, for Icelandic; Indonesies, indonezian, الماليزي أحد أبناء ماليزيا, اللغة الأندونيسية, Indonesiu, индонезийски език, индонезийски, 印度尼西亚语, 印度尼西亞語 , indonéský, indonéština, indonésan, indoneser, Indonesisch, Indisch, Indonesiër, indonesiskt, indonesialainen, indonésien, Yndonesysk, Indonesier, Ινδονήσιος, indonéz, indonesiano, インドネシア語 , インドネシア", 인도네시아, Indoneesagh, indonésio, indonésia, индонезийский, индонезиец, Indtasisian, indonezijski, indonežanin, indonesio, indones, Indonesyo, endonezya'ya ait, endonezyalı, endonezya dili, endonezya, індонезі"ць, індонезійський, індонезійська мова, індонезійка, người In-ddô-nê-xi-a tiếng In-ddô-nê-xi-a, for Indonesian; Iers, irlandez, الأيرلنديون, إيرلندي, اللغة الأيرلندية, ирландска стока, сприхавост, келтски език, ирландски език, ирландски, ирландец, Irlandano, 爱"兰, irský, irština, írskt, irlantilainen, irlandais, Iersk, irisch, ιρλανδόσ, ιρλανδικόσ, אירי, אירל "י, ír, gaelach, irlandese, Yernagh, Erinagh, Airihi, irlandês, irisação, irlandezi, ирландский, irski jezik, irski, irci, irlandés, irländsk, ชาวไอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับชนชาติ าษาและวั'นธรรมไอร์แลน"์, าษาไอร์แลน"์, irlandalı, irlandaca, ірландський, ірландська мова, ірландський народ, Gwyddelig, for Irish; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; lombard, банкер, ломбардец, лихвар, банкерски, italský teolog, lombardisch, lombarde, lombardin, lombardiai, lombardo, ростовщик, ломбардский, лангобард, банкир, lombardski, lombarđanin, langobardisk, langobard, for lombard; oluganda, for Luganda; lëtzebuergesch, for Luxembourgish; Македонски, Македонец, 马其顿语, Makedonský, Macedonisch, macédonien, Mazedonisch, Mazedonier, όακεδόνασ, όακεδονικόσ, maqedon, Macedóniai, macedón, Macedone, 마케도니아, Masseydoanagh, macedónio, Macedonean, Македонский, makedonski, makedonski jezik, makedonac, Macedónico, Macedonisk, Macedonier, ชาวมาเซอะโ"เนีย, Makedonya, Makedonya'lı, Македонський, Македонець, for Macedonian; madagaskar, малгашки език, мадагаскарец, мадагаскарски, patřící republice malagasy, madagasker, Malagassische, Malagassiër, madagaskarilainen, Madagassin, Madagasse, Μαλγάσιος, madagaszkári, malgascio, malagasy, malgaxe, málaga, малагасийский, малагасиец, malagasi, madagaskarski, madagaskarac, malgache, madagascarí, madagask, ชาว Madagascar, madagaskar'lı, madagaskar dili, малагасійський, мадагаскарський, мальгашка, мальгаш, малагасійська мова, for malagasy; Slams, Maleis, malajas, малайски, малайски език, 馬來 , malais, malaiisch, malaie, Malaye, malaiin, maláj, malese, Yn Valay, malaio, malaxar, malaiez, малайский, малаец, malajski jezik, malajski, malajac, malayo, malajisk, malayalı, malaya, malaya dili, мала"ць, малайська мова, малайський, малайка, người Mã lai tiếng Mã lai, for Malay; gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manský, manština, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, Manninish, Manninagh, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man dili, man adası, менський діалект, менський, for manx; Maori, 毛利人, Maori-taal, maori bennszülött, citrusfélék betegsége, új-zélandi bennszülött, マオリ族 , マオリぞく, Маори, язык Маори, maor, Maorí, ชาวเมารี เป็นชนพื้นเมืองของนิวซีแลน"์, Yeni Zelanda Yerlisi, Yeni Zelanda Yerli Dili, Мова Маорі, Маорі, for Maori; маи, привидност, илюзия, mayasprache, マネーフロー分析 , マヤ , maia, เผ่าอินเ"ียนแ"ง, สิ่งลวงตา, maya, maya dili, мова майя, майя, for maya; mohok, фигура при пързаляне с кънки, индианец мохаук, hasonélű táncfordulat, egy indián törzs neve, モノカルボン酸 , モホーク , maometano, индеец-могавк, mohikanac, ชนชาวเผ่าอินเ"ียนแ"งเผ่าหนึ่ง, าษาอินเ"ียนแ"ง, for mohawk; Noorweegs, Noor, Noors, نرويجى, النرويجية, النرويجى, اللغة النروجية, Noruegu, норвежки, норвежка, норвежки език, Norwedyan, 挪威语, norský, nordmand, norskur, norskt, norjalainen, Norvégien, Noarsk, Noar, Noarweechsk, Norweger, Νορβηγός, νορβηγόσ, νορβηγικόσ, norvegjez, norvég, Norðmaður, norvegese, 노르웨이, Norlannish, Loghlynish, Loghlynagh, Norlannagh, norsk, noruechi, Norweg, norueguês, norvegian, norvegianã, норвежец, норвежский, norveški jezik, norvežanin, norveški, noruego, norrman, Norveçce, norveççe, norveç, norveçli, Norveçlí, норвезька мова, норвезький, норвежці, норвежець, người Na-uy tiếng Na-uy, Norwyeg, for Norwegian; anglishtja e bastarduar, إنجليزي مبسط, англо-китайски жаргон, sabir, σπασμένα αγγλικά, keleti kikötők tört angolsága, pidgin english, "サの斜" , "ジンイングリッシュ , trivial, пиджин-инглиш, kreolska verzija engleskog jezika, inglés macarrónico, pidginengelska, uzakdoğuda konuşulan ingilizce ile karışık dil, for pidgin english; Pools, polonisht, polak, përmirësoj, صقل, هذب, حك, بولندي, جلو, جلا, جود, أنهاه بسرعة, رقة, حسن, نظف بشدة, لمع الجلد, لمع, ورنشة, مادة ملمعة, تهذيب, مسح, اللغة البولندية, دهان الأحذية, Polacu, лъскавина, лъскам се, лъскам, лакирам, лак, изисканост, полиране, полирам, политура, подобрявам, изтънченост, изглаждам, излъскване, полски, гланц, елегантност, лустро, шлифовам, полски език, шлифовка, поправям, излъскам, блясък, Polandino, 磨光 , 琢磨 , 波蘭語 , "亮剂, 劖 , polština, polský, pudsemiddel til fodtoej, polermiddel, politur, polere, schoensmeer, pussa, pólska, pólskur, kiillottaa, polir, Poalsk, polieren, στίλβωση, στιλβώνω, λουστράρω, פול י, פול ית, לצחצח, ל"בריק, לשפשף, לשוף, צחצוח, למרוק, לטוש, ל"ב"יק, לתמרט, ללטש, למרק, למרוט, lengyel, lucentezza, 光沢 , すい"う, ポーランド", とぎ, たくま, せ"れ", "うたく, みがき, 광택, cur sollyssid er, gloasey, Polynnish, scooirey, follid, gloas, gloasaghey, sollyssid, polako, pòlshi, pòlesh, polski, polonés, polonez, polon, полировать, полировка, польский, польский язык, лоск, обделать, глянец, отделка, вычистить, snasaich, lìomh, pasta za cipele, polirati, politirati, politura, poljski, poljski jezik, polaco, limpiar, polera, polsk, parlaklık, perdah, polonya dili, perdahlamak, parlatma, parlatmak, polonyalı, Polonyali, polonya, політура, поліровка, полірування, полірувати, польський, польська мова, обтісувати, робити вишуканим, лиск, шліфувати, тонкість, vẻ thanh nhã, nước láng nước đánh bóng, nước bóng, vẻ tao nhã, llathru, caboli, gloywi, for Polish; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; provansal, провансалски, провансалец, provence-i, provenzale, provençal, прованский, provansalski jezik, provansalski, provenzal, provensalsk, провансалець, прованський, провансальська мова, провансальський, for provencal; qheshwata, qheshwallata, limba quechua, indian din tribul quechua incaş, quechua, for Quechua; Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian; cigan, الغجري, цигански език, цигански, циганин, romština, bohémien, γύφτοσ, αθίγγανοσ, τσιγγάνοσ, roma, zingaro, zingaresco, lingua degli zingari, Romanee, Romanish, rom, цыганский, цыган, romski, romano, romani, ชาวยิปซี, çingeneler, çingenece, çingene, циганська мова, циганка, циган, циганський, for romany; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; самоански, самоанец, самоански език, samoanisch, samoaner, người Xa-mô-a tiếng Xa-mô-a, for samoan; Skots, skocez, шотландски, 苏 兰, skotský, Schots, skotskur, skotlantilainen, écossais, schottisch, σκωτσέζικο, σκωτικόσ, skót, skozur, scozzese, 스"틀랜", Albinagh, escocês, scoţian, шотландский, škotski jezik, škotski, škotlanđani, escocés, skotsk, iskoçyalı, шотланський, шотландці, шотландський діалект, for Scottish; 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian; сицилиански, сицилианец, 西西里人, sicilský, Siciliaans, sicilien, Sizilianer, σικελόσ, σικελικόσ, szicíliai, 시 리아, Shisslagh, siciliano, sicilian, сицилийский, житель сицилии, sicilijski, sicilijanski, sicilijanac, siciliansk, sicilianare, sicilyalı, sicilya, сицилійський діалект, сицилійський, сицилі"ць, for sicilian; Sloween, Slloven, Словенец, 斯洛文尼亚语, Slovinský, Slovinec, Slovinština, slovener, Sloveen, slovenialainen, Slovène, Slowenin, Slowene, Σλοβένος, Szlovén, Sloveno, 슬로 니아 사람, Sloveanagh, Esloveno, Slovenesc, Sloven, slovenački, slovenske, slovensko, Slovence, Словенець, Словенський, for Slovene; сомалийски, сомалиец, езикът сомали, Somalisch, Somaliër, somalialainen, Somalien, Somalier, Σομαλός, somalo, 소말리, somaliano, somali, soomaali, somalí, сомалійський, мова сомалі, сомалі"ць, for somali; Sotho-taal, Sotho, sutu, sí-Sûtfu, umSuthu, isiSuthu, for Sotho; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; 斯"希裡語 , 斯"希裡 , Swahili-, Swahili, szuahéli nyelv, szuahéli, スワ'リ語 , スワ'リ", suaíli, soahili, Siuahili, suajili, kiswahili, ชาวแอฟริกาตะวันออก, суахілі, for Swahili; swazilænder, swazimaalainen, Swasi, swazi, suazilandês, suazilandés, suazi, sí-Swati, swaziländare, isiSwati, for Swazi; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; Tagalu, tagalòg, Filipaina, tagalog, สมาชิกของชาวมลายูในเกาะลูซอนของฟิลิปปินส์, าษาอินโ"นีเซียที่ใช้กันในฟิลิปปินส์, for Tagalog; Tahitiaans, Tahitiaan, tahitisch, tahitianer, tahitiano, tahitili, tahiti dili, tahiti, for Tahitian; Tailandes, 泰國 , 泰文 , 泰国, 泰 , thailænder, Thailander, Thai, Thais, thailendskt, thaimaalainen, Thaïlandais, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, 泰語 , たい", 타이 말, tailandês, tailandés, thailändare, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, คนไทย, Taylandlı, Tayland Dili, Tayland, Tai Dili, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський, for Thai; Tswana, Tswana-taal, sí-Tjwána, setswana, umTswana, for Tswana; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; Тюркменски Език, turkmener, Turkmeen, Turkmeense, turkmenistanilainen, Turkmène, Turkmene, Turkmenin, Τουρκομάνος, turkmeno, turcomano, turquemeno, turquemene, turkmenistanier, for Turkmen; 乌克兰, for Ukranian; Vietnamees, vietnamez, vietnamisht, виетнамски език, виетнамски, Vietnamis, 越南語 , 越南 , 越南语, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamec, vietnamština, vietnameser, vjetmanskt, vietnamilainen, vietnamien, Fjetnameesk, vietnamese, vietnamesisch, Vietnamesin, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, ベトナ 人 , ベトナ じ", 트남, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnam, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt, for Vietnamese; Wallies, i uellsit, gjuha e uellsit, shkel premtimin, populli i uellsit, ik pa paguar, ويلزي, الولزية لغة إقليم ويلز, تهرب من دفع الرهان, не си плащам дълга, измъквам се от задължение, уелски език, уелски, 威"士, 威爾士語 , waleština, waleský, Wels, valisiskt, gallois, walisisch, δεν πληρώνω τα οφειλόμενα, ουάλλοσ, ουαλλικόσ, walesi, Breatnais, gallese, Bretnagh, galês, gallés, limba velşã, din ţara galilor, velş, уэльский, velški jezik, podvaliti, velški, velšanin, galés, walesisk, galler ile ilgili, sözünü tutmamak, gal dili, bahisleri ödemeden kaçmak, şartları yerine getirmemek, ödemeden kaçmak, у"льський, валлійська мова, валлійці, валлійський, не віддати гроші, Cymreig, for Welsh; jalofo, wolof, for wolof; Xhosa, Xhosa-, sí-Choza, isiXhosa, umXhosa, for Xhosa; Zoeloe, Zuluano, Zoeloetaal, sulumál, Zoulou, ζουλού, zulu, zulù, Soolooish, Sooloo, zulo, zolo, зулусский, Sulu, zulu jezik, zulú, sí-Zulu, zulu-, เผ่าซูลูในแอฟริกา, zulu dili, zulu kabilesinden kimse, zulu kabilesi, зулуський, зулус, зулуська мова, umZulu, isiZulu, for Zulu; |
