Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Cytosine |
CytosineNoun1. A base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with guanine. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definition |
Health | A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Cytosine is one of the 5 main nitrogenous bases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine.
The other names for cytosine are 2-oxy-4-aminopyrimidine and 4-amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinone. It has a chemical formula of C4H5N3O and a molecular weight of 111.10 atomic mass units.
Cytosine was first discovered in 1894 when it was isolated from calf thymus tissues. A structure was proposed in 1903, and was synthesized (and thus confirmed) in the laboratory in the same year.
Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, RNA or as a part of a nucleotide. As cytosine triphosphate (CTP), it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
In DNA and RNA, cytosine is paired with guanine. However, it is inherently unstable, and change into uracil (spontaneous deamination).
Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cytosine."
Crosswords: Cytosine |
| English words defined with "cytosine": deoxycytidine ♦ guanine. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "cytosine": Base Pair Mismatch, base pairing, base-pairing ♦ Cytidine, Cytidine Monophosphate, Cytidine Triphosphate ♦ Deoxycytidine Kinase, Deoxycytosine Nucleotides, DNA Modification Methylases, DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes ♦ Flucytosine ♦ GC Rich Sequence ♦ instructions de commande ♦ Poly C ♦ T-Phages. (references) |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Hall, CD, et al. Failure of Cytosine Arabinoside Therapy of HIV-1 Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. (references) | |
Scientists identified the gene which is believed to control the functions of several other genes in 1999. When functioning normally, the MECP2 gene contains instructions for the synthesis of a protein called methyl cytosine binding protein 2 (MeCP2), which acts as one of the many biochemical switches that tell other genes when to turn off and stop producing their own unique proteins. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Cytosine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 94.12% of the time. "Cytosine" is used about 17 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 94.12% | 16 | 87,710 |
| Noun (proper) | 5.88% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 17 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "cytosine": Cytosine-c. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
cytosine | 11 |
cytosine arabinoside | 3 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "cytosine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 胞嘧啶. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | cytosin arabinosid (cytosine arabinoside), G-C-procent (DNA base composition, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | cytosine. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | sytosiiniarabinosidi (cytosine arabinoside), guaniinin ja sytosiinin prosenttiosuus DNA:n emöksistä (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
French | cytosine. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Cytosin. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | κυταραβίνη (cytosine arabinoside), κυτοσίνη αραβινοσίδη (cytosine arabinoside), γραμμομοριακό ποσοστό G+C (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | citosina. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ytosinecay citosina. (various references) citarabina (cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside), proporción guanina-citosina (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine), proporción G-C (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine), arabinósido de citosina (cytosine arabinoside). (various references) cytarabin (cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "cytosine": cytosines. (additional references) | |
| |
"Cytosine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: chymosin, cimtidine, Citosan, cyosine, cytidine, cytopsin, cytosines, ketomine. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-i-n-o-s-t-y" | |
-1 letter: cystein, cystine, notices, section, society. | |
-2 letters: centos, cestoi, coneys, conies, contes, cosine, coyest, cytons, encyst, icones, incest, insect, nicest, nicety, noetic, notice, oscine, stoney, tocsin, tonics. | |
-3 letters: cento, cents, cesti, cines, cions, cites, coins, cones, coney, conte, coset, cosey, cosie, cotes, cyton, eosin, escot, icons, inset, neist, nites, noise, noisy, nosey, notes, onces. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-i-n-o-s-t-y" | |
+1 letter: cytokines, cytosines, obscenity. | |
+2 letters: cytogenies, isocyanate. | |
+3 letters: actinomyces, consistency, countryside, courtesying, cytokineses, cytokinesis, decryptions, encryptions, endocytosis, isocyanates, nonsystemic, pinocytoses, retinoscopy, sectionally, syncopative, tenaciously, trichogynes, tyrocidines. | |
+4 letters: acetylations, amylopectins, anticyclones, biosynthetic, chatoyancies, consentingly, consistently, constituency, countrysides, cybernations, cytogenetics, dicotyledons, gynecologist, gynecomastia, incestuously, infectiously, intercessory, intersociety, isoenzymatic, licentiously, lysogenicity, lysolecithin, nonnecessity, nonsymmetric, omnisciently, phenocrystic, polycentrism, polytechnics, pyrotechnics, pyrotechnist, secretionary, skyrocketing, streptomycin, synchroneity, thiocyanates. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Quotations: Non-fiction 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Expressions 6. Expressions: Internet 7. Translations: Modern 8. Derivations | 9. Anagrams 10. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
